Laplace Transform

AMIE(I) STUDY CIRCLE(REGD.
)
CIRCUIT THEORY
LAPLACE TRANSFORM A Focused Approach 
Laplace Transform
The one sided Laplace transform of causal signals f(t) = 0 for t < 0, is defined as

F ( s )  L[ f (t )]   f (t )e  st dt (1)1
0
where s =  + j (complex frequency variable)

L = Laplace transform notation
The inverse Laplace transform of f(t) of F(s) and is given by the following complex domain
integral
1   j
2 j 
f (t )  F ( s )e st ds (2)
 j
Symbolically transform pair(eq.1 and 2) may be written as

F(s) = L[f(t)] (3a)
f(t) = L-1[F(s)] (3b)
Also f (t )  F ( s) (4)
LAPLACE TRANSFORM VS. FOURIER TRANSFORM

 The j or  in the Fourier transform has the same position s in the Laplace transform.
 The limits of integration in the two transforms are different. In the Laplace transform
it is one sided i.e. from 0 to  whereas in Fourier transform it is two sided i.e. from -
to .
 The contours of integrations in the inverse transforms are different. In the Fourier
transform it is along the imaginary axis whereas in the Laplace transform it is
displaced by .
 The Laplace transform of f(t) is identical with the Fourier transform of f(t) multiplied
by the convergence factor e-t.
Example
Find the Laplace transform of

i. (t), an impulse function
ii. u(t), a unit step function
iii. e-tu(t)
1
In some books X(s) or I(s) is used instead of F(s).
II FLOOR, SULTAN TOWER, ROORKEE – 247667 UTTARAKHAND PH: (01332) 266328 Web: www.amiestudycircle.com 1/37
AMIE(I) STUDY CIRCLE(REGD.)
CIRCUIT THEORY
Solution
(i) As per definition


L[ (t )]    (t )e  st dt
0

   (t ) e  st
0  st  0  dt

   (t )dt
0
1
or  (t )  1 (5)
(ii)

L[u (t )]   u (t )e  st dt
0

  e st dt
0
1 
  e  st
s 0
 1/ s
u (t )  1/ s (6)
(iii)

L[e  t u (t )   e  t e st dt
0

  e (  s ) dt
0
1

s 
1
e t u (t )  (7)
s 
Example
t
Find Laplace transform of 
0
f (t )dt , given that L[f(t)] = F(s).
Solution
L   f (t)dt      f (t)dt  e
t
0

0
t
0
 st
dt
The integration is carried out by parts where we let
 u.dv  uv   v.du

CIRCUIT THEORY
t
u   f (t )dt , du  f (t )dt
0
1  st
dv  e  st dt , v  e
s
 

t e  st t 1 
Hence L
0
f (t )dt 
s 
0
f (t )dt 
s 0
f (t )e  st dt
0
Now, the first terms vanishes since e-st approaches zero for infinite t and at lower limit
t
0
f(t)dt
t 0
 0.
Hence L   f (t)dt    F s(s)

0
t
TABLE OF LAPLACE TRANSFORM

Some of the transform pairs have already been obtained in the examples earlier. In table 1
some commonly used transform pairs are presented. You should memorize this table.
Table 1: Laplace Transform Pairs

f(t) F(s)
(t) 1
u(t) 1/s
t.u(t) 1/s2
tn.u(t) n!
s 1n
e-tu(t) 1/(s+)
te-tu(t) 1/(s+)2
tne-tu(t) n!
( s   ) n 1
cos0t.u(t) s
s  0 2
2
sin0t.u(t) 0
s  0 2
2
e-tcos0t.u(t) s 
( s   ) 2  0 2
e-tsin0t.u(t) 0
( s   ) 2  0 2
CIRCUIT THEORY
PROPERTIES OF LAPLACE TRANSFORM
Properties of the Laplace transform are helpful in obtaining Laplace transform of composite
functions and in the solution of linear integro-differential equations. Since properties are
proved below and other useful properties are presented in Table 2. memorize these properties
of Laplace transform.
Table 2: Properties of Laplace Transform

Operation f(t) F(s)
Addition f1(t) + f2(t) F1(s) + F2(s)
Scalar multiplication f(t) F(s)
df/dt or f’(t) sF(s) – f(0)
Time differentiation
d2f/dt2 or f”(t) s2F(s) – sf(0) – f’(0)
t
1
 0
f (t )dt
s
F ( s)
Time integration
t
1 1 0

f (t )dt
s
F ( s )   f (t )dt
s 
Time shift f(t – t0)u(t – t0) F(s)e  st0 ; t0  0
Frequency Shift f(t)et F(s - )

Frequency differentiation -tf(t) dF(s)/ds
f(t)/t 
Frequency integration s
F ( s )ds
f(t),   0 1 s
Scaling F 
  
Time convolution f1(t)*f2(t) F1(s)F2(s)
Frequency convolution f1(t)f2(t) F1(s)*F2(s)
Initial value f(0) lim sF ( s )

s 
Final value f() lim sF ( s )

s 0
Linearity
f1 (t )  F1 ( s )
and f 2 (t )  F2 ( s)
Then af1 (t )  bf 2 (t )  aF1 ( s)  bF2 ( s) (8)
where a and b are constants.
CIRCUIT THEORY
Proof
 
L[af1 (t )  bf 2 (t )]  a  f1 (t )e  st dt  b  f 2 (t )e st dt
0 0
 aF1 ( s )  bF2 ( s ) (9)
Frequency Shift
If f (t )  F ( s)
Then f (t )e t  F ( s   ) (10)

Proof

L[ f (t )e t ]   f (t )e t e  st dt
= F (s   )
0

(11)
  f (t )e ( s a )t
dt
0
Time Shift
If f (t )  F ( s )
Then f (t  t0 )u (t  t0 )  F ( s )e  st0 (12)
Proof
 
L[ f (t  t0 )u (t  t0 )]   f (t  t0 )u (t  t0 )e  st dt =  f ( )u ( )e  s (  t0 ) d  (13)
0 0
where (t – t0) = 
As f() is causal, the lower limit in integral of Eq. 13 can be changed to 0. Thus

L[ f (t  t0 )u (t  t0 )]  e  st 0  f ( )e  s d  = e st0 F ( s)
0
(14)
Time Differentiation
 df (t ) 
L   sF ( s )  f (0) (15)
 dt 
and, in general
 d n f (t )  n 1 1 n2 1 ( n 1)
  s F ( s )  s f (0)  s f (0)...  f
n
L (0) (16)
 dt 
Proof
 df (t )   df (t )
L   0 e  st dt
 dt  dt
Integrating by parts, we get
CIRCUIT THEORY
 df (t )   
L   f (t )e
 st
 s  f (t )e  st dt (17)
 dt  0 0
Existence of F(s) guarantees f (t )e st 0

t 
Hence Eq. 17 becomes

 df (t ) 
L   sF ( s )  f (0) (18)
 dt 
Time Integration
L   f ( )d   F s(s)
t
0
(19)
and
0
F ( s )  f ( )d
L  t
 
f ( )d 
s

s
(20)
Initial Value Theorem

If the function f(t) and its derivative f’(t) are Laplace transformable then
f (0)  lim sF ( s ) (21)
s 
Proof
We know that L[f’(t)] = sF(s) – f(0) [from eq. 18)
By taking the limit s   on both sides
lim L[ f '(t )]  lim[ sF ( s )  f (0)]
s  s 

or lim  f '(t )e st dt  lim[ sF ( s )  f (0)]
s  0 s 
As s, the integration on L.H.S. becomes zero.


i.e. 0 s 
lim[ f (t )e  st ]dt  0
0 = lim sF ( s )  f (0)
s 
i.e. f (0)  lim sF ( s)

s 
Final Value Theorem

If f(t) and f’(t) are Laplace transformable then
f ()  lim sF ( s) (22)
s 0
Proof
CIRCUIT THEORY
We know that L[f(t)] = sF(s) – f(0)
By taking the limit s 0 on both sides, we have
lim L[ f (t )]  lim[ sF ( s )  f (0)]
s 0 s 0

or lim  f (t )e st dt  lim[ sF ( s )  f (0)]
s 0 0 s 0

0
f (t )dt  lim[ sF ( s )  f (0)]
s 0
 f (t ) 0

But  lim f (t )  lim
t  t 0
Hence lim f (t )  lim  lim sF ( s )  f (0)

t  t 0 s 0
Since f(0) is not a function of S, it gets cancelled from both sides
Hence lim f (t )  lim sF ( s )
t  s 0
I.e. f ()  lim sF ( s )

s 0
Time Scaling Theorem

A scale change is performed to a time variable function f(t) by introducing t0 in the time
domain where t0 is a +ve constant. The new function being f(t/t0).
 
Now L[ f (t / t0 )]   f (t / t0 )e  st dt  t0  f (t / t0 )e  ( t0 .s ) t / t0 d (t / t0 )
0 0
Let t / t0  T

 L[ f (t / t0 )]  L[ f (T )]  t0  f (T )e t0 sT dT
0
 L[ f (t / t0 )]  t0 F (t0 s)
Complex Translation Theorem

Complex translation theorem states that
e at f (t )  F ( s  a )
 
Now F ( s )   f (t )e  ab   te  at dt taking f(t) = 1
0 0
on integration, we have
 
 te  at  1  at   e at 
 te 0   a 

 
 at
F (s)    e dt  
 a  0 0 a  0
1 1
= (1)  
a a
= F ( s  a)
CIRCUIT THEORY
Example
Find f(0) or f(0+) of the signal whose Laplace transform is

( s  1)
F (s) 
( s  3)( s  2)
Solution
From initial value theorem

s ( s  1)
f (0)  lim sF ( s )  lim 1
s  s  ( s  3)( s  2)
Example
Find the final value of a continuous signal x(t )  [2  e 3t ]u (t ).
Solution
Laplace transform of signal x(t) can be found as

X ( s )  L[ x(t )]  L[(2  e 3t )u (t )]

or X ( s )   (2  e 3t )u (t )e  st dt (i)

Using the definition of unit step function, we have

1, t  0
u (t )   (ii)
0, t  t
Substituting the value of u(t) in eq (i)
 
X ( s )   (2  e 3t ).1.e  st dt   [2e  st  e ( s 3t ) ]dt
0 0

  1   1 
or X ( s )  2  e  st dt   e  ( s 3) t dt  2  e  st    e  ( s 3)t 
0 0
 s   ( s  3) 0
2 1 2( s  3)  s 3s  6 3( s  2)
or X ( s)      (iii)
s s3 s ( s  3) s ( s  3) s ( s  3)
Now x()  lim[ sX ( s )] (iv)

t 
Substituting the value of X(s) in equation (iv), we get

 3( s  2)   3( s  2)  3(0  2)
x()  lim  s.   lim   2
s 
 s ( s  3)  s 
 ( s  3)  (0  3)
Hence the final value of signal x(t) is 2.
CIRCUIT THEORY
Example
Find the initial value of the function whose Laplace transform is

( s  a ) sin   b cos 
V (s)  A
(s  a)2  b2
Solution
Applying initial value theorem we have

f (0)  lim sF ( s )
s 
( s  a ) sin   b cos 
= lim sA
s  (s  a)2  b 2
s ( s  a ) sin   b cos 
= lim A
s  ( s  a) 2  b 2
Divide numerator and denominator by s2.
 a b
1  2  sin   2 cos 
f (0)  lim A 
s  s
2 2
s 
 a b
1     
 s s
Applying the limit2, f(0) = A sin.
Problem
Find the final value of the function whose Laplace transform is

s6
F (s) 
s ( s  3)
Answer: 2
Problem
Find the initial value of the continuous signal if its Laplace transform is given as
2s  1
X ( s) 
s2 1
Answer: 2
Problem
Find the initial and final values of function if its Laplace is given by
2
For limit, read any standard mathematics book. In the present case, remember 1/ = 0.
CIRCUIT THEORY
17 s  7 s  s  6
3 2
X ( s) 
s 5  3s 4  4 s 2  2 s
Answer: 0, 3
Problem
Find the initial and final value of the current whose current transform I(s) is given by
0.32
I (s) 
s ( s  2.42s  0.672)
2
Answer: 0, 0.477
Time Convolution
[ f1 (t ) * f 2 (t )]  F1 ( s) 2 ( s ) (23)
where
f1 (t )  F1 ( s )
f 2 (t )  F2 ( s )
Proof
t
[ f1 (t ) * f 2 (t )]   f1 ( ) f 2 (t   ) d  (i)3
0
As f1(t) and f2(t) are causal, upper limits in Eq. (i) can be changed from t to . This is because
f2(t) = 0, t<0 or f2(t - ) = 0,  >t. Thus

f1 (t ) * f 2 (t )   f1 ( ) f 2 (t   ) d  (ii)
0
Taking the Laplace transform
L[ f1 (t ) * f 2 (t )]  

0 
0


f1 ( ) f 2 (t   ) e  st dt (iii)
Let t -  = dt = d. By interchanging order of integrations, we can write Eq.(iii) as


L[ f1 (t ) * f 2 (t )]   f1 ( )
0  0


f 2 ( )e s d e  s d  (iv)
It then follows from Eq. (iv) that

L[ f1 (t ) * f 2 (t )]  F1 ( s) F2 ( s) (24)
These and other properties of the Laplace transform are listed in table 2.
3
In some books  is used instead of 
CIRCUIT THEORY
Example
Evaluate the convolution integral when x1 (t )  e 2t and x2 (t )  2t .
Solution
We know that the convolution of two integral functions x1(t) and x2(t) is expressed as
t
x1 (t )  x2 (t )   x1 ( ) x2 (t   )
0
Then we have
t t
x1 (t )  x2 (t )   2 e2( t  ) d  e 2t  2 e 2 d
0 0
Simplifying, we get
t
 e 2 e 2  2 t  te
2
e 2t 1 
 2  2 

2 t
x1 (t )  x2 (t )  2e  1.  2 e  2  
 0  4 4 
The last equation may be written as
 1 e 2t 
x1 (t )  x2 (t )  t    u (t )
 2 2 
Example
Use the convolution theorem of Laplace transform to find y (t )  x1 (t )  x2 (t ) if

3t
x1 (t )  e u (t ) and x2 (t )  u (t  2) .
Solution
We have x1 (t )  e3t u (t )
1
Therefore X 1 (s) 
s3
Also x2 (t )  u (t  2)
e 2 s
Therefore X 2 (s) 
s
1 e 2 s e 2 s
Hence X ( s )  X 1 ( s ). X ( s2 )  . 
s3 s s ( s  3)
Problem
Determine convolution between two functions f1(t) = 2.u(t) and f2(t) = e-3t.u(t) where u(t) is a
unit step function.
CIRCUIT THEORY
Answer
2
f1 (t ) * f 2 (t )  [1  e3t ]
3
Hint: Use of Eq. 23 of time convolution
f1(t)*f2(t) = F1(s)F2(s)
f1(t) = 2u(t)  F1(s) = 2/s from table 1
f2(t) = e-3tu(t)  F2(s) = 1/(s+3) from table 1
Example
Find the Laplace transform of cost and Sint.
Solution
1
As e t u (t )  (from table 1)
s 
1
e j0t u (t )  (i)
s  j0
1
and e j0t u (t )  (ii)
s  j0
Adding and subtracting Eq. (i) and (ii), we get
s e j0t  e  j0t
cos 0t.u (t )  2 because cos t 
s  0 2 2
and
0 e j0t  e  j0t
Sin0t.u (t )  because Sin0t 
s  0 2
2
2
Example
Find the Laplace transform of the following signal

d  t
f (t )  [e u (t )] (i)
dt
Solution
f(t) = -e-t(t)u(t) + e-t(t) (ii)

 
L[ f (t )]    e  t e st dt   e  t e  st (t ) dt (iii)
0 0
 
F (s)     (t )dt (iv)
s  0
CIRCUIT THEORY
 s
= 1  (v)
s  s 
Example
Find the Laplace transform of the triangular pulse.
Solution
According to figure, we have
2 T
 T t for 0  t 
2
x(t )   (i)
2 T
2  t for  t  T
 T 2
We know that

X ( s )  L[ x(t )]   x(t )e  st dt (ii)
0
Substituting the value of x(t) from equation (i) into equation (ii), we obtain
T /2  2   st T  2   st
X ( s)    t  e dt  T /2  2  t  e dt
0
T   T 
2 T /2  st T 2 T
or X ( s)  
T 0
te dt  2 e st dt   t.e  st dt
T /2 T T /2
T /2 T T
2   te st   e st   e st  2   te st   e st 
or X ( s)    2    2   2        2 
T    s   s  0   s T /2 T    s   s T /2
Simplifying, we get
2 1 4 e  sT /2 2 e sT
X ( s)    . 2
T s2 T s2 T s
Example (AMIE Summer 2012, 6 marks)
Find Laplace transform of  (t  T )  3 (t )   (t  3T )
Solution
We know that
CIRCUIT THEORY
L (t )  1
and L (t  t1 )  e  t1s
Therefore given function becomes

L(t  T )  e Ts
L[3 (t )]  3
and L(t  3T )  e 3Ts

Overall Laplace transform is
eTs  3  e3Ts
Problem
Find the Laplace transform for the following signals:
 
(a) 1  e 3t u (t )
(b)  (t )   (t  5)
sin t 0t 
(c) f (t )  
0 oherwise
1
(d) (sin at  at cos at )u (t )
2a 3
Answer
1 1 
(a) F ( s )    
s (3  s ) 

(b) F ( s )  1  e5 s
1
(c) F ( s ) 
(1  s )
e2
 s
 1
1
(d) F ( s ) 
(s  a 2 )2
2
LAPLACE TRANSFORM OF PERIODIC FUNCTIONS

Time shift theorem is very useful in determining the transform of periodic time functions. let
function x(t) be a casual periodic waveform which satisfies the condition x(t) = x(t + nT) for
all t > 0 where T is the period of the function and n = 0, 1, 2, ……
Now, we can write
1 T X 1 (s)
X ( s) 
1  e  sT 
0
x(t )e  st dt 
1  e  sT
CIRCUIT THEORY
Example
A half cycle sine wave function is given by v(t )  sin t . Determine Laplace transform.
Solution
2 t
v(t )  sin t  sin [  2 f  2 / T ]
T
This function will be positive for 0  t  T / 2 , T being the time period. Also it is observed
that half cycle sine wave has unity amplitude.
Observing following figures, it is noticed that half cycle sine wave shown is actually a
combination of two sine waves given by relations
 t
v1  sin 2  u (t )
 T
 2  T   T 
and v2  sin  t   u  t  
 T  2   2 
when v2 is shifted by T/2 from v1.
Addition of v1 and v2 graphically gives the desired half cycle of the sine wave
2 t 2  T  T
 v(t )  sin u (t )  sin t  u t  
T T  2  2
Utilising Laplace transform methods
2 / T   .s 
T
V (s)  2 1  e 2

 2   
s 
2

 T 
CIRCUIT THEORY
Example
Determine the Laplace transform of the periodic rectangular waveform shown in figure.
Solution
Here the period is 2T.

1  2T x(t )e  st dt 
2 sT  0
L[ X (t )] 
1 e  
1  T Ae  st dt  2T ( A)e  st dt 
2 sT  0 T
or X ( s) 
1 e  
1   A  st T A  st 2T 
or X ( s)  ( e ) 0  ( e )T 
1  e 2 sT  s s 
1  A  sT A 
or X ( s)  2 sT 
(e  1)  (e2 sT  e  sT ) 
1 e s s 
1  A  sT A 2 sT 
or   s (e  1)  s (e  e  sT ) 
1  e2 sT 
1 A
or X ( s)  2 sT
. (1  2e  sT  e2 sT )
1 e s
1 A 
or X ( s)  2 sT 
(1  e  sT ) 2 
1 e s 
A (1  e  sT ) 2 
or X ( s)    sT  sT 
s  (1  e )(1  e ) 
A  (1  e  sT )  A  sT 
or X ( s)  .  sT 
 tahh  
s  (1  e )  s  2 
Problem
Obtain the Laplace transform of the given periodic waveform.
CIRCUIT THEORY
A
Answer: X ( s )   sT
[1  e  sT  sTe sT ]
Ts (1  e )
2
Hint: Period is T. For this

1  T
x(t )e  st dt 
1  e  sT  0
x( s ) 

INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORM

As per the definition of inverse Laplace transform
1   j
2 j 
f (t )  F ( s )e st ds (25)
 j
Finding the inverse Laplace transform involves complex integration, which is cumbersome.
However, using the uniqueness property of the Laplace transform, inverse transform can be
found by looking at table 1. A rational F(s) can be first broken up into simple factors by
partial fractioning. This procedure is demonstrated by some examples.
Example
Obtain the inverse Laplace transform of

s 2  3s  1
(a) F ( s ) 
s ( s  1)( s  2)
1
(b) F ( s ) 
s ( s  1)
2
2s 2  6s  6
(c) F ( s ) 
( s  2)( s 2  2 s  2)
Solution
(a)
Step 1: Let us first do partial fractioning of F(s)
s 2  3s  1 A B C
F (s)    
s ( s  1)( s  2) s s  1 s  2
[This is a case of distinct real poles]
S ( s  1)( s  2)  B( s)( s  2)  C ( s )( s  1)
=
s ( s  1)( s  2)
CIRCUIT THEORY
A( s  2 s  2)  B( s  2s )  C ( s 2  s )
2 2
=
s ( s  1)( s  2)
( A  B  C ) s 2  (3 A  2 B  C )  2 A
=
s ( s  1)( s  2)
Comparing coefficients of numerators on both sides
A+B+C=1
3A +2B + C = 3
2A = 1
Solving A = 0.5, B = 1 and C = -0.5
s 2  3s  1 0.5 1 0.5
F (s)    
s ( s  1)( s  2) s s 1 s  2
Step 2: Using table (1), we get
1 2t
f(t)  0.5u(t)  e  t u(t)  e u(t)
2
(b)
Step 1: Let us first do partial fractioning of F(s)
1 A B C
F (s)    2 [This is a case of repeated poles]
s ( s  1) s s ( s  1)
2
As ( s  1)  B ( s  1)  C ( s 2 )
=
s 2 ( s  1)
A( s 2  s )  B( s  1)  Cs 2
=
s 2 ( s  1)
( A  C )s 2  ( A  B)s  B
=
s 2 ( s  1)
B=1
A+B=0
A+C=0
Solving
B=1
A = -1
C=1
CIRCUIT THEORY
1 1 1 1
 F (s)    2
s ( s  1) s s
2
s 1
Step 2: From table (1), we get
f (t )  (t  1  e t )u (t )
(c)
Step 1: Partial Fractioning
2s 2  6s  6 A Bs  C A( s 2  2 s  2)  ( Bs  C )( s  2)
  =
( s  2)( s 2  2 s  s ) s  2 s 2  2 s  2 ( s  2)( s 2  2 s  2)
A=1
B=1
C=2
1 s2 1 s 1 1
Hence F ( s )   2   
s  2 s  2 s  2 s  2 ( s  1)  1 ( s  1) 2  1
2
Step 2: From table (1), We get
f (t )   e2t  e t cos t  e t sin t  u (t )
Example
Find inverse Laplace transform of

3s 2  s  1
2 s 2  3s
Solution
Here powers of numerator and denominator are same. Hence first divide numerator by
denominator. We get
1  2s
F (s)  1 
 3
2s  s  
 2
1  2s
Now let us first partial fraction by using method already discussed in above
2 s ( s  3 / 2)
examples.
1  2s 1 4
We find  
2 s ( s  3 / 2) 3s 3( s  3 / 2)
CIRCUIT THEORY
1 4
 F (s)  1  
3s 3( s  3 / 2)
1 4
 Inverse of F(s) =  (t )  u (t )  e (3/2) t
3 3
Problem
Find the inverse Laplace transform of

1
(a)
( s  1) 2
s4
(b)
s  10 s  24
2
2s  3
(c)
( s  1)( s 2  4 s  5)
Answer
(a) te-2tu(t) (b) e-6t u(t) (c) 0.5[(3sint – cost)e-2t + e-t]u(t)
APPLICATIONS OF LAPLACE TRANSFORMATION IN NETWORK

ANALYSIS
Step Response of Series R-L Circuit
In the series RL circuit shown in figure, let us consider that the switch S is closed at time t =
0.
For the step response, the input excitation is x(t) = V0.u(t). Applying Kirchoff's voltage law to
the circuit, we get following diff equation:
di (t )
L  Ri (t )  V0 .u (t )
dt
Taking Laplace transform, the last equation becomes
V0
L[ sI ( s )  i (0)]  RI ( s ) 
s
Because of presence of inductance L, i(0+) = 0, i.e. the current through an inductor can not
change instantaneously due to conservation of flux linkages.
CIRCUIT THEORY
V 1 V L 1 1  V0  1 1 
Therefore I (s)  0 .  0.      
L  R  L R  s s  ( R / L)  R  s s  R / L 
ss  
 L
Taking inverse Laplace transform
V0
i(t )  1  e R / L 
R
Step Response of Series R-C Circuit

For the given circuit, integral-differential eq. is
1 t
C 
i (t )dt  Ri(t )  V0u (t )
This can be written as

1 t 1 0
C 0
i(t )dt   i(t )dt  Ri (t )  V0u (t )
C 
1  I (s)  1 V
   L[q (0 )]  RI ( s )  0
C s  C s
1  I ( s ) q (0 )  V
or     RI ( s )  0
C s s  s
Now q(0 ) is the charge on the capacitor C at time t = 0+. If the capacitor is initially
uncharged, then q(0+) = 0.
1  V
Hence I (s)   R   0
 Cs  s
V0 / R
or I (s) 
1
s
RC
V0 t / RC
Therefore i(t )  e
R
CIRCUIT THEORY
Step Response of Series RLC Circuit
Following figure shows the series RLC circuit.
Integral Diff equation is
di(t ) 1 t
L  Ri (t )   i(t )dt  V0u (t ) (i)
dt C 
Eq. (i) can be written as

di(t ) 1 t 1 t
L Ri (t )   i (t )dt   i (t )dt
dt C  C 0
Taking Laplace transform, the last equation would become
1 1 I ( s ) V0
L( sI ( s )  i (0 )]  RI ( s )  L[q (0 )]  . 
C C s s
1 q (0 ) 1 I ( s ) V0
or L[ sI ( s )  i (0 )]  RI ( s )   . 
C s C s s
Now due to the presence of indicator L, we have i(0+). Also, q(0+) is the charge on the
capacitor C at t = 0+. If the capacitor is initially uncharged, then q(0+) = 0. Putting these two
initial conditions in last equation, we get
I ( s ) V0
LsI ( s )  RI ( s )  
Cs s
 1  V V0 V0
or I ( s )  Ls  R    0  
 Cs  s Ls 2  Rs  1 l ( s  p1 )( s  p2 )
C
R 1 L
where p1 , p2   R2  4
2L 2L C
V0 / L
Hence i(t )  [e p1t  e p2t ]
( p1  p2 )
Step Response of Series RLC Circuit

Following figure shows the circuit of parallel RLC circuit.
CIRCUIT THEORY
Let the switch S be opened at time t = 0, thus connecting the d.c. current source I0 to the
circuit.
Applying Kirchoff's current law to the circuit, we get the following integro-differential
equation
dV 1 t
C  GV   Vdt  I 0u (t ) (i)
dt L 
The last equation can be written as under
dV 1 0 1 t
C  GV   Vdt   Vdt  I 0u (t )
dt L  L 0
1 1 V (s) I 0
C[ sV ( s )  V (0 )  GV ( s )  [ (0 )]  . 
L L s s
where  (0 ) is the flux linkage and equals to Li (0 ) .
Now, the initial conditions are inserted.
Due to presence of capacitor C, V (0 )  0 , since the voltage across a capacitor change
instantaneously. Also, the current in the inductor L during the time interval - to 0. hence
 (0 )  0 .
Example
In the circuit of given Figure, the switch S has been open for long time and is closed at t = 0.
For e(t)=3u(t), find i(t), t>0.
;
Solution
Applying the KVL to the circuit after S is closed.

di (t )
e(t )  3u (t )  2i (t )  2 (i)
dt
Taking the Laplace transform of Eq. (i), we get
3
 2 I ( s )  2{sI ( s )  i (0)} (ii)
s
CIRCUIT THEORY
where i(0) = initial condition.
Before the switch is closed the circuit has reached steady state with inductance acting as a
short circuit. Therefore,
3
i(0) = = 1A
(1  2)
From Eq. (ii), we now get
3 = 2s(I(s) + 2s2I(s) – s
Rearranging we get
s3
I (s)  (iii)
2 s ( s  1)
Partial fractioning of Eq. (iii) yields the following result.
13 2 
I (s)     (iv)
2  s s 1
Taking the inverse Laplace transform of Eq. (iv), we get
i(t) = (1.5 – e-t)u(t)
Example
In the circuit of figure the switch S is closed at t = 0. Determine the currents i1(t) and i2(t).
Solution
Applying the KVL to loops I and II

di1 (t )
8i1 (t )  2  20  i1 (t )  i2 (t )   100 (i)
dt
di2 (t )
10i2 (t )  2  20  i2 (t )  i1 (t )   0 (ii)
dt
Taking the Laplace transform of Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
100
8 I1 ( s )  2 sI1 ( s )  2i1 (0)  20  I1 ( s )  I 2 ( s )   (iii)
s
20  I 2 ( s )  I1 ( s )   10 I1 ( s )  2 sI 2 ( s )  0 (iv)
CIRCUIT THEORY
Before the switch is closed the left part of the circuit has reached steady state within the
inductance acting as a short circuit. Therefore,
100
i1 (0)   3.57A
28
Substituting this value in Eq.(iii) and rearranging both eq. (iii) and (iv), we have
100
(2 s  28) I1 ( s )  20 I 2 ( s )   7.14 (v)
s
20 I 2 ( s )  (2 s  30) I 2 ( s )  0 (vi)
From Eq. (vi), we have

s  15
I1 ( s )  I 2 ( s) (vii)
10
Substituting this in Eq. (v), solving for I2(s) and factorizing its denominator, we get
5(100  7.14 s )
I 2 ( s)  (viii)
s ( s  24.5)( s  4.5)
By partial fractioning, we can write
4.54 0.77 3.77
I 2 ( s)    (ix)
s s  24.5 s  4.5
Taking the Laplace inverse on both sides
i2 (t )   4.54  0.77e 24.5t  3.77e 4.5t  u (t ) (x)
( s  15)(7.14 s  100)
Now I1 ( s )  (xi)
2 s ( s  4.5)( s  24.5)
6.8 0.73 3.96
or I1 ( s )    (xii)
s s  24.5 s  4.5
Taking the inverse Laplace transform, we get
i1 (t )   6.8  3.96e4.5t  0.77e24.5t  u (t ) (xiii)
Problem
In the series RL circuit shown in figure, determine current i(t).
V0  t
Answer: i(t )  te where  =R/L.
L
CIRCUIT THEORY
Problem
In the circuit of Figure, the switch S has been open for a long time and is closed at t = 0.
Find i(t), t>0.
Answer: i(t )   5  2.5e 10t  u (t )
Example
In a series RLC network R = 0.5, L = 1 H and C = 1 F. If the initial voltage on the

capacitor is 4 V, find i(t) following switching of a voltage 10 u(t) into the circuit. Assume zero
initial condition for the inductor and the polarity of charge on the capacitor as shown in
figure.
Solution
Since R = ½ ; L = 1H, C = 1F
1 1 1 s2  s  2
 Z ( s )  R  Ls   s 
Cs 2 s 2s
2s 2s
 Y ( s)  
s  s  2 ( s  0.25  j 0.968)( s  0.25  j 0.968)
2
Here Z(s) is impedance and Y(s) is admittance in s domain.

Now I ( s )  Y ( s)V ( s )
or i(t )  Y (t )V (t )
=  K1e[ 0.25 j 0.968]t  K 2e[ 0.25 j 0.968t  10u (t )
= 10 Ke 0.25t cos[0.968t   ]u (t )
Due to zero initial condition of the inductor
CIRCUIT THEORY
i(0)  i(0)  0
 0  10 K cos 
or    / 2 (giving also K = 0)
di
Also, (i.e. drop across the inductor) = 10 – 4 = 6 V
dt t 0 
[Because At t = 0+, drop across the inductor is the difference of supply voltage and initial
voltage on the capacitor]
   
or 6  10 K [0.25cos   0.968sin  ]  10 K  0.25cos  0.968sin( ) 
 2 2 
Solving K  0.62
Hence i(t )  0.62 x 10e0.25t cos[0.968t  (  / 2)]u (t )
 i(t )  6.2e 0.25t sin(0.968t )u (t )
Example (AMIE W12, 10 marks)
A series RL circuit is energized by a d.c. voltage of 1.0 V by switching it at t = 0. If R = 1.0

, L = 1.0 H, find the expression of the current using convolution integral.
Solution
See following circuit.
Here Z ( s )  R  sL (Assuming zero initial condition)
1 1 1
 y( s)   .
R  sL L s  R / L
Taking the inverse transform
1 (  R / L )t
y (t )  e
L
Also, in Laplace domain, I(s) = Y(s).V(s) or using convolution integral
i (t )  y (t ) * v(t )
t 1 t (  R / L )(t  )
i(t )   y (t   )v( )d 
L 0
or e 1d
0
CIRCUIT THEORY
1
= (1  e(  R / L ) t )
R
However R = 1  and L = 1 H
 i(t )  1  e t
Example
In a series LC circuit, the supply voltage being v = Vmaxcos(t), find i(t) at t = 0+ following
switching at t = 0 with zero initial conditions. Assume L = 1 H; C = 1 F.
Solution
See following figure.
Application KVL at t = 0+ in Laplace domain

 1  sV
I ( s )  Ls    Lv  2 m
 Cs  s 1
 1  sV
or I (s)  s    2 m
 s  s 1
sVm V s2 s 2V
or I (s)   2 m 2  2 m2
 1  ( s  1)( s  1) ( s  1)
( s 2  1)  s  
 s
Before, we find the partial fraction expression, the roots are +j, -j, +j and –j.
s 2Vm s 2Vm
 I (s)  
( s  j )( s  j )( s  j )( s  j ) ( s  j ) 2 ( s  j ) 2
K1 K1 * K2 K *
=    2
(s  j ) (s  j ) (s  j ) s  j
2 2
s 2Vm j 2Vm Vm
 K1  i ( s )( s  j ) 2   
s j ( s  j )2 s j
(2 j ) 2 4
1 d ( s  j ) 2 Vm 2 s  Vm s 2 x 2( s  j ) V
K2  (s  j )2 I ( s)  j m
(2  1)! ds s j
(s  j) 4
s j
4
CIRCUIT THEORY
Vm V
 K1*  ; K2*  j m
4 4
Vm / 4 V / 4  jVm / 4 jBVm
Thus I (s)   m 2 
(s  j) (s  j)
2
s j s j
Vm  1 1 j j 
=
4  (s  j )2  ( s  j )2  s  j  s  j 

Inverse of Laplace transform gives
Vm
I (t )  te jt  te  jt  jeit  je jt 
4
Vm  e jt  e  jt e jt  e  jt 
= t
2.  (2 )
j j
4  2 (2 j ) 
Vm
= [t cos t  sin t ]
2
CIRCUIT THEORY
ASSIGNMENT
CIRCUIT THEORY AND CONTROL
Q.1. (AMIE W05, S07, 08, 10 marks): State and explain (prove) the following: (i) Initial value theorem (ii)
final value theorem (ii) Convolution integral.
Q.2. (AMIE W11, 12 marks): State the initial and final value theorems. Compute the Laplace transform of the
function
f (t )  (1  3e 2t  4te 2t )u (t )

Verify the initial value theorem for this function.
1 3 4
Answer: F ( S )    ; LHS = RHS = 4
s s  2 ( s  2) 2
Q.3. (AMIE S12, 6 marks): State the time scaling property of Laplace transform. Prove it.
 1 1 
Q.4. (AMIE W06, 8 marks): Evaluate the inverse Laplace transform of  . 
 ( s  1) ( s  2) 
e  t 3t
Answer: (e  1)
3
Q.5. (AMIE W11, 8 marks): Find the inverse transformation of the function
s 2  6s  8
F (s) 
s 3  4 s 2  3s
8 3 t 1 3t
Answer: f (t )   e  e
3 2 6
Q.6. (AMIE S07, 4 marks): Determine the final value of f(t), if
s
F (s) 
( s  5s  3)( s  1)
2
Answer: 0
Q.7. (AMIE S07, 6 marks): Determine
1
L1
s  4s  3
2
using convolution theorem.
e t 4t
Answer:
4
 e  1
Q.8. (AMIE S08, 8 marks): Find the Laplace transform of the following functions:
(i) tu (t ) (unit ramp function)

 at
(ii) te u (t )
(iii) sinh(bt )u (t )
Answer: (i) 1/s2, (ii) 1/(s + a)2 (iii) b/(s2 - b2)

CIRCUIT THEORY
Q.9. (AMIE S08, 7 marks): Obtain the inverse Laplace transform of the following:
12( s  2)
s ( s 2  4 s  8)
Answer: 3 1  3e 2t cos 2t 
Q.10. (AMIE S13, 5 marks): Current I(S) in a network is given by
2S  3
I (S) 
S 2  3S
Find i(t) the current at any time “t”.
3t
Answer: i (t )  u (t )  e
Q.11. (AMIE W08, 7 marks): Find the inverse Laplace transform of the following:
1
X ( s) 
( s  52 ) 2
2
1
Answer: f (t )  sin 5t  5t cos 5t 
250
Q.12. (AMIE S10, 5 marks): Find the inverse Laplace transform for
F ( s )  (7 s  2) / ( s 3  3s 2  2s ) .
t
Answer: f (t )  u (t )  5e  6e 2t
Q.13. (AMIE S09, 2 marks): Derive the Laplace transform of the function f(t) = t.
Answer: 1/s2
Q.14. (AMIE W11, 5 marks): Only one half cycle (starting t = 0) is present for a sinusoidal wave of amplitude
2V and time period 0.02 s. Find the time domain equation and calculate the Laplace transform for this half
cycle.
Q.15. (AMIE W09, 8 marks): Determine the Laplace transform of the following periodic function.
5 10   1 2 1 3 
Answer:   2  . 2  . 2  ....
s  s  2
2 ( s  4 ) 3 ( s  9 )
2 2

Q.16. (AMIE S10, 7 marks): For the given signal, find the Laplace transform.
CIRCUIT THEORY
t
Answer: f (t )  u (t )  5e  6e 2t
Q.17. (AMIE S09, 6 marks): In the given network, switch K is opened at time t = 0, the steady state having
established previously. With switch K open, draw the transform (s-domain) network representing all elements
and all initial conditions. Write the transform equation for current in the loop. From that expression, also find
the current i(t) in the loop.
2 t
Answer: 2e (1  2t )
Q.18. (AMIE S05, 6 marks): In the network shown in given figure, the switch is kept in position 1 for a long
time and then moved to position 2 at t = 0. Determine the current expression i(t) using Laplace transform.
2500 t
Answer: i (t )  4  2e
Q.19. (AMIE S06, 8 marks): Find the particular solution of the circuit shown below.
V  t 
R
Answer: i (t )  1  e 
L
R 
Q.20. (AMIE S12, 8 marks): A step voltage V(t) = 100 u(t) is applied to a series RLC circuit with L = 10 H, R
= 2  and C = 5F. The initial current in the circuit is zero but there is an initial voltage of 50 V on the
capacitance in a direction which opposes the applied source. Find the expression for the current in the circuit.
(0.2  j 0.3) t
Answer: i (t )  (0.5  j 0.33)e  (0.5  j 0.33)e  (0.2 j 0.3) t
CIRCUIT THEORY
Q.21. (AMIE W12, 10 marks): The circuit shown in figure is initially under steady state condition with switch
S closed. Switch S is opened at t = 0. Find the voltage across the inductance, L, as function of “t”. Use Laplace
transform method.
CIRCUIT AND FIELD THEORY
Q.22. (AMIE W07, 08, S05, 09, 10 marks): Write short notes on Initial and Final value theorems.
Q.23. (AMIE S08, 12, 10 marks): State and prove (i) convolution theorem (ii) complex translation theorem of
Laplace transform.
Q.24. (AMIE S10, 6 marks): What is convolution? State and prove convolution theorem.
Q.25. (AMIE W11, 10 marks): Establish analytically the concept of convolution using Laplace transformation
of two functions.
Q.26. (AMIE W08, 3 marks): A function in Laplace domain is given by
2 1
F (s)  
s s3
Obtain its value by final value theorem in time domain.
Answer: 2
Q.27. (AMIE S05, 6 marks): Find the value of i(0) using the initial value theorem for the Laplace transform
given below:
2s  3
I (s) 
( s  1)( s  3)
Obtain its inverse form.
Answer: 2
Q.28. (AMIE W12, 10 marks): State and briefly explain the initial and final value theorem in Laplace domain.
A function in Laplace domain is given by
2( s  4)
F (s) 
( s  3)( s  8)
Find the initial and final values.
Answer: 1, 0
3t
Q.29. (AMIE W08, 5 marks): If f1 (t )  2u (t ) and f 2 (t )  e u (t ) , determine the convolution between
f1(t) and f2(t).
Q.30. (AMIE W08, 7 marks): A 10 V step voltage is applied across a RC series circuit at t = 0. Find i(t) at t =
0+ and obtain the value of (di/dt)t=0 assuming R = 100  and C = 100 F.
Answer: 0
CIRCUIT THEORY
Q.31. (AMIE W09, 8 marks): In a Laplace domain, a function is given by
 ( s   ) sin   cos  
F (S )  M  
 (s   )  
2 2
( s   ) 2   2 
Show by initial value theorem
lim f (t )  M sin 
t 0
Q.32. (AMIE S05, 4 marks): A pulse voltage of width 2 seconds and magnitude 10 volts is applied at time t = 0
to a series R-L circuit consisting of resistance R = 4 and inductor L = 2 Henry. Find the current i(t) by using
Laplace transformation method. Assume zero current through the inductor L before application of the voltage
pulse.
 5 5 t 
 e  u (t )  5 1  e  (t  2) 
u ( t  2)
Answer: 
2 
Q.33. (AMIE S10, 8 marks): A step voltage of 100 t u(t) volts is applied across a series RC circuit where R = 5
K-ohm and C = 4 F. Find the voltage drop across the resistor R and show that it is approximately equal to 2V.
Q.34. (AMIE S09, 5 marks): A function in Laplace domain is given by
s 1
I (s) 
s ( s  4 s  4)
2
Obtain its inverse transform.
1 1 1
Answer: i (t )  u (t )  te 2t  e 2t
4 2 2
Q.35. (AMIE W09, S10, 7 marks): Obtain inverse Laplace transform of I(s) when
250
I (s) 
( s  625)( s  2)
2
2 t 5 5
Answer: i (t )  0.4e  e  j 25t  e j 25t
(25  j 2) (25  j 2)
Q.36. (AMIE S08, 12, 12 marks): Find the inverse Laplace transform of the following
s 1 s2
(i) F ( s )  (ii) F ( s ) 
s  s 2  6s
3
s  2s 4  s3
5
1 3 2 t 2 3t
(i) Answer: f (t )    e  e (ii) f (t )  8  5t  t  8e  te
2 t t
6 10 15
Q.37. (AMIE S09, 5 marks): A pulse waveform is shown in following figure. Obtain its Laplace transform.
Answer: 20
CIRCUIT THEORY
Q.38. (AMIE S05, 8 marks): Find the current i(t) in a series RC circuit consisting R = 2 and C = 1/4 farad
when each of the following driving force voltage is applied:
(i) ramp voltage 2r(t - 3)
(ii) step voltage 2u(t - 3)
1
Answer: (i) i (t )  u (t  3)  e2( t 3) .u (t  3)  (ii) i (t )  e 2( t 3) .u (t  3)
2
Q.39. (AMIE W05, 8 marks): Find the current response i(t) when a step voltage is applied by closing the
switch k. Assume Q0 be the initial charge on the capacitor. Use Laplace transform method.
 E Q0   t / Rc
Answer: i (t )    e
 R Rc 
Q.40. (AMIE S05, 8 marks): In the network, the switch S is closed and a steady state is attained. At t = 0, the
switch is opened. Determine the current through the inductor.
Answer: i (t )  4 cos10 t
4
Q.41. (AMIE S09, 5 marks): In following figure, switch S is closed at t = 0. Switch S2 is opened at t = 4 ms.
Obtain I for t > 0.
Q.42. (AMIE W06, 8 marks): Prove that the Laplace transform of any time function f(t) delayed by time a is
e as times the transform of the function F(s).
Q.43. (AMIE W06, 8 marks): A staircase voltage v(t) shown in figure is applied to an RL network consisting
of L = 1 H and R = 2. Write the equation for the staircase voltage in terms of step function. Find the Laplace
transform of v(t). Find the current i(t) in the circuit. Draw the waveform of current i(t). Assume zero current
through the inductor L before applying the voltage.
CIRCUIT THEORY
Answer: u (t  2)  u (t  4)  u (t  6)  u (t  8)  u (t  10)  5u (t  12)

Q.44. (AMIE W06, 10, 10 marks): In the given network, switch K is opened at time t = 0, the steady state
having established previously. With switch K open, draw the transform network representing all elements and
all initial conditions. Write the transform equation for current in the loop. Also find the current i(t) in the loop.
2 t
Answer: i (t )  4te  2e2t
Q.45. (AMIE W07, 8 marks): In following figure, obtain the expression of transient current using Laplace
transform, when the switch is suddenly closed at time t = 0. Also plot i(t) vs. t.
5 t
Answer: i (t )  5(1  e )
Q.46. (AMIE W07, 12 marks): In given figure, the circuit is connected to voltage source t = 0+. After 0.1 sec,
resistance R1 is suddenly short circuited. Using Laplace transform, obtain the expression of current for time t =
0+ to t = 0.1 sec and t = 0.1 sec to t =  sec.
10 0.25t
Answer: i (t )  5.6833  e
3
Q.47. (AMIE S08, 12, 8 marks): For the figure shown, find the current i(t) using Laplace transform method.
Given that i(0+) = 2 A and vc(0+) = 4 V.
CIRCUIT THEORY
2( s 2  10 s  8)
Answer: I ( s )  ; Now find inverse Laplace transform using partial fraction method.
( s 2  4)( s 2  2 s  4)
Q.48. (AMIE S12, 10 marks): Find an expression for the value of current at any instant after a sinusoidal
voltage of amplitude 600 V at 50 Hz applied to a series circuit of resistance 10 ohm and inductance 0.1 Henry,
assuming that the voltage is zero at the instant of switching (t = 0). Also, find the value of transient current at t =
0.02 sec.
Answer: 2.34 Amp.
Hint:
Q.49. (AMIE S08, 10 marks): Find an expression for the value of current at any instant after a sinusoidal
voltage of amplitude 600 V at 50 Hz is applied to series circuit of resistance 10  and inductance 0.1 H,
assuming that the voltage is zero at the instant of switching (t = 0). Also, find the value of transient current at t =
0.02 sec.
Answer: 97.42  j[5.915cos 0.066]
Q.50. (AMIE W11, 10 marks): In a LC circuit shown in figure, the initial current through the inductor being 2
A, the initial voltage is 10 V. Assume L = 1 H and C = 0.5 F. Find the voltage across the capacitor at t = (0+)
using Laplace transformation technique.
 1 
Answer: V (t )  10  cos 2t  sin 2t 
 2 

Laplace Transform

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Document Informationclick to expand document informationApplication of Laplace transforms for solving transient equations of electrical circuits. Initial and final value theorems. Unit step, impulse and ramp inputs. Laplace transform for shifted and singular functions.

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AMIE(I) STUDY CIRCLE(REGD.

where s =  + j (complex frequency variable)

Symbolically transform pair(eq.1 and 2) may be written as

LAPLACE TRANSFORM VS. FOURIER TRANSFORM

Find the Laplace transform of

(i) As per definition

The integration is carried out by parts where we let

Hence L   f (t)dt    F s(s)

TABLE OF LAPLACE TRANSFORM

Table 1: Laplace Transform Pairs

Table 2: Properties of Laplace Transform

Time shift f(t – t0)u(t – t0) F(s)e  st0 ; t0  0

Frequency Shift f(t)et F(s - )

Initial value f(0) lim sF ( s )

Final value f() lim sF ( s )

Then af1 (t )  bf 2 (t )  aF1 ( s)  bF2 ( s) (8)

where a and b are constants.

 aF1 ( s )  bF2 ( s ) (9)

Then f (t )e t  F ( s   ) (10)

Then f (t  t0 )u (t  t0 )  F ( s )e  st0 (12)

Existence of F(s) guarantees f (t )e st 0

Hence Eq. 17 becomes

Initial Value Theorem

As s, the integration on L.H.S. becomes zero.

i.e. f (0)  lim sF ( s)

Final Value Theorem

Hence lim f (t )  lim  lim sF ( s )  f (0)

I.e. f ()  lim sF ( s )

Time Scaling Theorem

Complex Translation Theorem

Find f(0) or f(0+) of the signal whose Laplace transform is

From initial value theorem

Find the final value of a continuous signal x(t )  [2  e 3t ]u (t ).

Laplace transform of signal x(t) can be found as

Using the definition of unit step function, we have

Now x()  lim[ sX ( s )] (iv)

Substituting the value of X(s) in equation (iv), we get

Find the initial value of the function whose Laplace transform is

Applying initial value theorem we have

Find the final value of the function whose Laplace transform is

Let t -  = dt = d. By interchanging order of integrations, we can write Eq.(iii) as

It then follows from Eq. (iv) that

Evaluate the convolution integral when x1 (t )  e 2t and x2 (t )  2t .

The last equation may be written as

Use the convolution theorem of Laplace transform to find y (t )  x1 (t )  x2 (t ) if

Find the Laplace transform of cost and Sint.

Adding and subtracting Eq. (i) and (ii), we get

Find the Laplace transform of the following signal

f(t) = -e-t(t)u(t) + e-t(t) (ii)

Find the Laplace transform of the triangular pulse.

According to figure, we have

Example (AMIE Summer 2012, 6 marks)

Find Laplace transform of  (t  T )  3 (t )   (t  3T )

Therefore given function becomes

and L(t  3T )  e 3Ts

Find the Laplace transform for the following signals:

LAPLACE TRANSFORM OF PERIODIC FUNCTIONS

Here the period is 2T.