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    Exam 4 Study Guide

    Uploaded by

    Katie Balcuns
    This document provides a study guide for Cognitive Psychology Exam 4, covering chapters on deductive reasoning, decision making, and cognitive development across the lifespan. It defines key terms related to these topics and poses applied questions to test understanding. Some of the major concepts discussed include deductive reasoning techniques like syllogisms and propositional logic, heuristics and biases that influence decision making such as the representative heuristic and confirmation bias, and age-related changes to memory and metamemory from childhood to older adulthood. The study guide is intended to help students learn and apply concepts from these chapters in preparation for the exam through defining terms and contemplating applied scenarios.

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    Exam 4 Study Guide

    Uploaded by

    Katie Balcuns
    86 views4 pages
    This document provides a study guide for Cognitive Psychology Exam 4, covering chapters on deductive reasoning, decision making, and cognitive development across the lifespan. It defines key terms related to these topics and poses applied questions to test understanding. Some of the major concepts discussed include deductive reasoning techniques like syllogisms and propositional logic, heuristics and biases that influence decision making such as the representative heuristic and confirmation bias, and age-related changes to memory and metamemory from childhood to older adulthood. The study guide is intended to help students learn and apply concepts from these chapters in preparation for the exam through defining terms and contemplating applied scenarios.

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    This document provides a study guide for Cognitive Psychology Exam 4, covering chapters on deductive reasoning, decision making, and cognitive development across the lifespan. It defines key terms related to these topics and poses applied questions to test understanding. Some of the major concepts discussed include deductive reasoning techniques like syllogisms and propositional logic, heuristics and biases that influence decision making such as the representative heuristic and confirmation bias, and age-related changes to memory and metamemory from childhood to older adulthood. The study guide is intended to help students learn and apply concepts from these chapters in preparation for the exam through defining terms and contemplating applied scenarios.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    86 views4 pages

    Exam 4 Study Guide

    Uploaded by

    Katie Balcuns
    This document provides a study guide for Cognitive Psychology Exam 4, covering chapters on deductive reasoning, decision making, and cognitive development across the lifespan. It defines key terms related to these topics and poses applied questions to test understanding. Some of the major concepts discussed include deductive reasoning techniques like syllogisms and propositional logic, heuristics and biases that influence decision making such as the representative heuristic and confirmation bias, and age-related changes to memory and metamemory from childhood to older adulthood. The study guide is intended to help students learn and apply concepts from these chapters in preparation for the exam through defining terms and contemplating applied scenarios.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 4

    Cognitive Psychology Exam 4 Study Guide

    Chapter Twelve: Deductive Reasoning and Decision Making


    Deductive Reasoning
    Define Keys Terms

    • Deductive reasoning
    • Conditional reasoning task (Propositional reasoning task)
    • Syllogism
    • Propositional calculus
    • Propositions
    • Antecedent
    • Consequent
    • Affirming the antecedent
    • Affirming the consequent
    • Denying the antecedent
    • Denying the consequent
    • Dual-process theory
    • Type 1 processing
    • Type 2 processing
    • Belief-bias effect
    • Confirmation bias

    Applied Questions

    1. Differentiate between conditional reasoning and syllogism. Think of examples for each.
    2. “if I study for my exam, then I will get a good grade.” Which type of deductive reasoning is this?
    Identify the antecedent and the consequent.
    3. “He is a golden retriever, therefore he is a dog.” Try to create a propositional calculus for the
    previous statement where you: affirm the antecedent, affirm the consequent, deny the
    antecedent, and deny the consequent. Think about which are valid and which are invalid.
    4. Describe the relationship between confirmation bias and affirming the antecedent and denying
    the consequent.
    5. Why is the belief-bias effect and confirmation bias considered examples of top-down
    processing?
    6. Let’s say that you can’t decide between moving to California or New York after college. How can
    creating a pros/cons list reduce confirmation bias during big decision making?
    Decision Making 1: Overview of heuristics
    Define Key Terms

    • Decision making
    • Heuristic
    • Representative
    • Representativeness heuristic
    • Small-sample fallacy
    • Base rate
    • Base-rate fallacy
    • Baye’s theorem
    • Likelihood ratio
    • Conjunction rule
    • Conjunction fallacy
    • Availability heuristic
    • Illusory correlation
    • Social cognition approach
    • Anchor
    • Anchoring and adjustment heuristic (anchoring effect)

    Applied Questions

    1. Differentiate between deductive reasoning and decision making. When would you use each? Try
    to come up with a few specific situations in your daily life.
    2. What is the general role of heuristics in decision making?
    3. Create an example of each key term: representative heuristic, availability heuristic, and the
    anchoring and adjustment heuristic.
    4. Discuss possible issues that could arise when using each heuristic inappropriately.
    5. What important statistical evidence does the representative heuristic lead us to ignore?
    6. How can illusionary correlations explain stereotypes? Provide an example. How is this related to
    the social cognition approach?

    Decision making 2: Application of decision-making research


    Define Key Terms

    • Framing effect
    • Prospect theory
    • Overconfidence
    • Crystal-ball technique
    • Planning fallacy
    • Groupthink
    • Hindsight
    • Hindsight bias
    • Ecological rationality
    • Default heuristic

    Applied Questions

    1. Explain how the wording of a question and our own background information can lead to the
    framing effect.
    2. Why is it important to consider both the possible gains and losses when making big decisions?
    3. How can planning fallacies be avoided to maximize test preparation?
    4. Discuss possible reasons for overconfidence.
    5. Try to come up with an example from your personal life where groupthink impacted your
    decision making processes.
    6. Let’s say that you get a 100% on exam 3. When you see your exam grade, you exclaim to your
    classmates, “I knew I was going to get a 100% on the exam!” Explain how you are expressing
    hindsight bias in this situation. What are possible explanations for the hindsight bias?
    7. What is the current perspective of heuristics on decision making?

    Chapter Thirteen: Cognitive Development Throughout the Lifespan


    The lifespan development of memory
    Define Key Terms

    • Lifespan approach to development


    • Conjugate reinforcement technique
    • Spaced learning
    • Massed learning
    • Source monitoring
    • Script
    • Memory strategies
    • Utilization deficiency
    • Prospective memory
    • Explicit memory task
    • Implicit memory task
    • Recognition memory
    • Chunking
    • Cognitive slowing

    Applied Questions

    1. Summarize the research regarding memory in children and older adults.


    2. Discuss some possible factors that influence infants’ memory.
    3. Compare and contrast children and older adult’s memory to adults’ memory (working and long-
    term memory). What are some possible explanations for age differences in memory other than
    age itself?
    4. What are some techniques/tasks that are used to test children’s memory? What about elderly
    adults’ memory?
    5. Discuss possible memory strategies that can help children improve their memory.
    6. What are some possible factors that influence children’s eyewitness testimony?
    7. Describe the new sets of challenges of conducting research in children and older adults.
    8. How might individual differences affect one’s performance on a memory task?

    The Lifespan Development of Metamemory


    Define Key Terms

    • Metacognition
    • Metamemory
    • Theory of mind
    • Metacomprehension

    Applied Questions

    Children

    1. Review and discuss the research on metamemory in children.


    2. Compare/contrast the metamemory of each age group: 2 years old, 7 years old, and 18 years old

    Define Key Terms

    • Dementia
    • Memory self-efficacy

    Applied Questions

    Elderly

    1. What did you find surprising about the research on metamemory in elderly people?
    2. Compare the metamemory of a young adult to that of an elderly adult.

    *Review Section Summaries and Chapter Review Questions*


    Good Luck!

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