Chapter 2

Chapter II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This chapter presents the related literature and studies after the thorough and in-depth
search done by the researchers. This will also present the synthesis of the art, theoretical and
conceptual framework to fully understand the research to be done and lastly the definition of terms
for better comprehension of the study.
A. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Standards for plastic like, being waterproof, being non-toxic near food, having a high
resistance to chemicals or can biodegrade safely and easily. These are one of the few standards for
plastic that the researchers wish to achieve.
Petroleum-based plastic are plastics that biodegrade at a slow pace which can take up to
1000 years from landfills. Even plastic bags that we use in our everyday life biodegrades anywhere
from 10 to 100 years. (The Balance Small Business, 2019) Bioplastics are the kind of plastic that
is degradable and is/or derive from renewable resources and not based in petrochemicals. It can be
used to reduce the problem of contaminating the plastic waste that suffocates and contaminates the
environment. (Acciona, 2015) The number of different bio–based plastics resins available in the
market is growing every day. Corn starch is the most used raw material for composing a
compostable plastic, which is converted into polymer with the same properties as conventional
plastics. Other compostable resins are made of cellulose, soybean protein, potato starch, and
petroleum. (Worldcentric, 2014)

Bioplastic is a term too broad to use and describe a wide range of plastic materials that are
either derived from renewable resource or biodegradable or both. So, it is generalized into three
groups according to their properties: bio-based and biodegradable bio plastics, bio-based and
durable (non-biodegradable) bio plastics, petrochemical-based and biodegradable bio plastics.
Bio–based and biodegradable bio plastic are mad e using renewable resource, an example is plant
biomass, and under certain environmental conditions, it will biodegrade. Bio–based and durable
bio plastics are made also using renewable resource but are design to have longer lifespan. The
use of renewable resource makes these kinds of bio plastic more sustainable. Petro–chemical based,
and biodegradable bio plastics are materials which are petrochemical-based but can be
biodegraded by microbes in the ocean, compost or soil. (Science Learning Hub, 2013) The
property of Dalandan that can be an alternative source for Bioplastic is, D-limonene. D-limonene
is the chemical property present in all citrus-type of fruits which will make it biodegrade faster.
Dalandan can biodegrade through UV rays (sunlight), Bacteria and Natural gases.
B. REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES
The researchers are conducting a research on, “Efficacy of Dalandan (Citrus aurantium)
peels as an alternative ingredient for Bioplastic.”
"What we've discovered is that you can release the chemical and energy potential of orange
peel using microwaves." The technique works by focusing high-powered microwaves on plant-
based material, transforming the tough cellulose molecules of the plant matter into volatile gases.
Those gases are then distilled into a liquid that researchers say can be used to make plastic. The
process works at 90 percent efficiency, and it can be used on a variety of plant waste beyond orange
peels. (Phys, 2011)
Because, “Orange peels Bioplastic” was a success because of the fact that many people use
“Orange peels Bioplastic” as delivery packaging bags or food packaging bag, it highly impacts the
world for having a fruit-type Bioplastic that can easily biodegrade through microwaves or natural
gases. Wherein not only oranges peels can be used to make Bioplastic, but any other types of fruits.
The researchers are using Dalandan peels, because dalandan and oranges are part of the
same family, Citrus Family. If dalandan and oranges are in the same family, then they have similar
properties or components. Orange peels are particularly good for this technique because they are
rich in a key chemical, D-limonene, which is also an ingredient in many cleaning products and
cosmetics. (MNM, 2011)
Dalandan and oranges being part of the Citrus family has a chance that makes dalandan,
have the chemical property, D-limonene. Which makes dalandan an alternative ingredient for
Bioplastic. Since there are already studies about Orange peels as ingredient for Bioplastic, the
researchers plan to make Dalandan peels as an alternative ingredient for Bioplastic.

C. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Experimental Research
Efficacy of
Dalandan (Citrus Process:
aurantium) Peels as
an Alternative
Source for
1. Preparation of raw materials
Bioplastic.
2. Making the Bioplastic
3. Preparation of different proportion
4. Testing and experimenting
5. Data and analysis
Product
Testing the product at

Brgy .17, Ilawod, Legazpi
City
Effective Not Effective
Formulating Conclusion based on the

data that is gathered

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Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

for better comprehension of the study.

A. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

plastic that the researchers wish to achieve.

petroleum. (Worldcentric, 2014)

durable (non-biodegradable) bio plastics, petrochemical-based and biodegradable bio plastics.

B. REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES

peels as an alternative ingredient for Bioplastic.”

peels. (Phys, 2011)

cosmetics. (MNM, 2011)

researchers plan to make Dalandan peels as an alternative ingredient for Bioplastic.

Testing the product at

Effective Not Effective

Formulating Conclusion based on the

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