Anti-lock Braking System

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 Purpose of ABS
• Maintain Stability of Vehicle in all type of road surfaces (Ex: Dry asphalt, Wet asphalt,
Ice, Split road etc.,)

• Maintain Steerability during braking in all surfaces

• Maintain Fail safe logic in the advent of failure in the electronic system

• Reduces the stopping distance in certain road conditions

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 ABS Basics

Why do wheels lock during Braking?

When the Brake force applied is more than the friction between Road and Tire then than
wheel will lock.
Wheels will lock under critical Braking systems like
Panic Brake due to unanticipated obstacle
Braking on wet or Slippery surfaces
Effects of Wheel Lock:
Front wheel locking – Loss of Steerability & Vehicle going out of control
Rear wheel locking – Loss of stability, Jackknifing in Tractors
More Tyre wear - Strong Abrasion of Tyres
How to avoid Wheel lock
Individual wheel brake pressure to be controlled precisely based on - Road condition
Load and Speed condition
Brake lining condition

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 Consequences of Wheel lock

1) Substantial Reduction in braking force from the road, hence higher

stopping distance since rolling Mu > Skidding Mu.
2) Reduction in Lateral stability, hence vehicle can spin out
3) Increased Tyre wear

It is not possible for a driver to continuously control individual wheel

cylinder pressure precisely based on - Road condition & dynamic Load
condition on each wheel.

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 ABS Function

 To continuously detect impending wheel lock during braking and if wheel

lock is foreseen, then to continuously modulate the brake pressure of that
wheel to just avoid the wheel lock.

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 ABS System Block Diagram

Wheel Speed Sensor-FL Wheel Cylinder-FL

Wheel Speed Sensor-FR ABS ELECTRONIC Wheel Cylinder-FR

CONTROL UNIT WITH
Wheel Speed Sensor-RL PRESSURE MODULATOR Wheel Cylinder-RL

Wheel Speed Sensor-RR Wheel Cylinder-RR

ABS Warning Lamp

Vehicle Battery

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Typical ABS System – Brake Schematic circuit with ABS

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 ABS Working Process and components

A Polewheel is fitted to the Rotating wheel hub on all four wheels.

A Magnetic sensor is mounted on each wheel In close

proximity to the Pole wheel, The Sensor generates
electrical pulses when the Polewheel rotates.

The rate at which the pulses are generated is the measure of

each wheel speed.

This wheel speed signal is transferred to the Electronic control unit (ECU)

When the wheel is about to lock, the ECU sends the signal to the corresponding
Modulator Valve Solenoid, which releases pressure from the Brake Chamber of that wheel
brake. When the Wheels recovers sufficiently pressure is re-applied again by the ECU by
switching off the signal to the Modulator valve.

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 Principles of the ABS control:

• Wheel Reference speed for each wheel is generated

• The vehicle speed is estimated based on individual wheel reference speeds

• The wheel slip for each wheel is continuously monitored

• If the wheel slip exceeds a predetermined threshold value, ABS control begins

• Pressure release - start of ABS control

• Pressure hold - from start of wheel recovery to end of recovery

• Pressure Apply / hold cycles - from end of recovery till wheel slip exceeds

once again the predetermined threshold value

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 ABS System Components

Pole wheel Wheel Speed sensor

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 Pole wheel/Sensor Combination

Product Description:
The wheel speed sensor is a magnetic sensor
consists of a permanent magnet and coil assembly.

Function:
It generates electrical pulses when the pole wheel
rotates. The rate at which the pulses are generated
(frequency) is a measure of the wheel speed.

Fitment:
It is fitted with a special bush with spring clips to
retain the sensor in position. The sensor pushed at
the pole wheel by ~10 kg force so that optimum
clearance is achieved after pole wheel rotation..

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Electronic Control Unit with Pressure modulator

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 ABS ECU Block Diagram

Watch Dog
Wheel speed Speed signal
Timer and voltage
sensors Input module
reset logic

16 or 32 Bit
Power Microcontroller Feedback
Vehicle
Supply module
Battery
module

High power Pressure modulator

Vehicle Diagnostics Solenoid driver (Electrical
Communication circuitry Solenoids)
Thro CAN protocol
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Speed Signal Input Module

• It takes input from Wheel speed sensors

• Converts the wheel speed signals into Digital signals

• It filters the noises from external environments

Power Supply module

• It converts vehicle 12V into 5V digital supply.

• It suppresses the EMI/EMC signals from external environment

• Protects the ECU from any abnormal voltage spikes from Alternator

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Watch dog Timer and Reset Logic

• Resets the microcontroller during any software faults.

• Resets the microcontroller during any low voltage condition

Feedback module

•It gives the closed loop circuit for ABS System

•It converts solenoid high voltage signal into Microcontroller compatible low voltage signals

•It provides the instantaneous status of the signals applied to the solenoid and hence
microcontroller can further fine tune the control program

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 ABS – Facts to be understood

• ABS does not apply the brake by itself, neither it can increase the magnitude of
the brake intensity applied by the driver

• ABS does not come in to action unless there is a possibility of a wheel lock during
braking

• ABS does not save the driver from reckless driving

• If ABS is not working due to a fault, the normal brake system continues to work in
its full capacity.

• When ABS is not working on one wheel, the ABS of the opposite diagonal wheels
will still function normally to provide partial benefits.

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 ABS Videos

Driver Tips
ABS Winter Test

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ABS Configurations

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 Sensor & Pole wheel Fitment

Polewheel

Axle Bracket

Sensor

Mounting Bracket

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 POLE WHEEL FAULT – DAMAGED OR CONTAMINATED TOOTH

DAMAGED TOOTH CORRECT TOOTH CONTAMINATED TOOTH

• If Pole Wheel run-out is observed – Remove Hub with Pole wheel
- Locally apply heat to Pole wheel
- Press Pole wheel to correct run-out
- Else replace Pole wheel
• Damaged Tooth - Replace Pole wheel
• Contaminated Tooth - Clean Pole wheel

Note:

If error persists, check for wheel bearing adjustment

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 Driver tips

Do what good drivers have always been doing;

Brake just the way you always have
Apply brakes as normal as you do
During a brake application that could result in a wheel lock, ABS
automatically releases and applies the brakes much faster than you could do
with the brake pedal.
Always remember that you are the most important element in the safe
operation of your vehicle
ABS is not an excuse to take unnecessary risks. Always drive carefully and
stay a safe distance away from the vehicle in front of you.

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 Driver tips
Safety aspect
ABS and other integrated functions improve safety, however it cannot extend
performance beyond the limits of physics, e.g. it cannot prevent
consequences related to tailgating ( excessive vehicle velocity in a curve)
System failure
Should a system failure occur the driver should continue to drive normally
since normal brake function is guaranteed to full capacity.
ABS system failure should be corrected at the end of the trip.
Keep ABS working
Do not ignore the fault for a prolonged period. Keep the system fault free to
ensure maximum safety.

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 Next Session
Next Step after ABS:
ESP ( Electronic Stability Program )
CMS ( Collision Mitigation System )

Thanks for your Attention 23