Naga College Foundation

Reviewer Sheet
P.E III (Athletics)

Athletics
The types of sports in which athletes compete in running, walking jumping and throwing events.
Track events consist of running and walking races of various distance.

Athletics History
Prehistory means literally "before history", from the Latin word for "before," præ, and historia.)
A writing system ( Cuneiform – Wet Clay Tablet)  is any conventional method of visually representing verbal
communication.
Running, jumping, and throwing have been sporting activities since the beginning of history. These skills
were used both hunting and in war.
The ancient Greeks, Persians, and Romans used running as part of their military training.
The only event of the first recorded Olympic Games ( Traditionally 776 B.C ) was foot race (stadion foot
race) of approximately 205 yards (185 meters). Soon long jumping and javelin throw were added. These
events developed naturally from hunting and war.
Pheidippides a soldier, an ancient “day-runner” who carried the news of the Persian landing at
Marathon of 490 BC to Sparta (a distance of 149 miles) in order to enlist help for the battle.
The Olympic stadion race for men, ran in honour of Zeus.
The stadion for women, ran in honour of Hera.

The Track and Field

The Track
Outdoor running tracks are oval in shape and usually are laid in a stadium.
International Amateur Athletics Federation (IAAF)
International Track Association (ITA)
The IFFA rules specify that an outdoor running track should measure no less than 400 meters around –
most modern outdoor tracks are exactly that length. Older tracks consist of dirt or cinders, but most new
tracks are made of waterproof synthetic material and can be used in rainy weather.

Indoor tracks
Have wooden or synthetic surface, and they usually have banked turns. According to IAAF rules, the
preffered measurement for an indoor track is 20 meters.

Outdoor tracks
Are divided into six lanes or eight lanes runners must stay in their lanes for all races up to 400 meters and
until they pass the first curve of 800 meter races. IAAF rules state that a lane should measure from 1.22 to
1.25 meters in width.
The field
Most field events take place in an area enclosed by the track. But in some meetings one or more throwing
events are held outside the stadium to protect other athlete and spectatos who crowd the field area or to
avoid damaging the artiificial turf that covers many athletic fields. The field includes runways for the jumping
events.

The Track events

Track events
It includes variety of races. Short races, called sprints, stress maximum speed, while distance races
requires more endurance. In certain running races, such as hurdles and steeplechase, runners must go
over barriers. Other races, called relays, involve team of runners.

Running races
On outdoor track cover distance from 100 meters to 10 000 meters. Indoors, races many measure from 50
meters to 5, 000 meters. Cross – country races and road races are run outside the stadium. Cross- country
competitors run over a terrain such as hills and fields.

Hurdles
Races are events in which competitors run over obstacles called Hardles. Most of this races have 10
hurdles spaced at equal intervals.

Two types of hurdle races

Intermediate hurdle race: Intermediate hurdles are 91 centimeters high for men and 76 centimeters high
for women.
High hurdle race:
Men’s high hurdlesare 107 centimeters high and womens high hurdles are 84 centimeters high.
Intermediate hurdle races cover 400 meters or 440 yards in men’s and women’s competition.

Steeplechase
Is a race, usually of 3,000 meters over two kinds of obstacles, hudles and water jumps. Runners must
clear 91 centimeters hurdle 28 times. These hurdles are sturdier than the one used in hurdles races, and
runners may put a foot on top of them as they pass over them. Runners must cross water jumps seven
times.

Walking races
It is an events in which athletes must follow certain rules of walking. The front foot must touch the ground
before the rear foot leaves the ground walking. While the foot is touching the ground, the must be unbent
for at least one moment. Walkers are entitled to one warning for improper form before they are disqualfied.

Relays
Are run by teams of four runners. The first runner carries a baton about 30 long. After running a cetain
distance, called a leg, the athetes hands the baton to the next team member. This exchange may occur
within a zone 20 meters long. The runners do not pass the baton within this zone, their team is disqualifi
Field events
These events takes place in specially prepared areas, usually within the oval track.
Consisting competitions:
 Four Jumping events
1. Long jump
2. Triple jump
3. High jump
4. Pole vault
 Four Throwing events
1. Discus
2. Hammer
3. Javelin
4. Shot put

Jumping events

(long jump)
Once called broad jump is competed in a single jump into a pit filled with sand. To begin in the long jump,
the competitor sprints down a long runway and leaps from take-off board. If the athlete steps past the board
before jumping, the jump is a foul. A jumps length is measured from the edge of the take-off board to the
nearest mark an athlete makes in the sand.

(Triple jump)
Originally called the hop,step,and jump consist of three continious jumps, the first two completed on the
runway. On the first jump, the athletes take off one foot and lands on the same foot. At the end of the third
jump, the athlete lands on both feet in a pit of sand.

(high jump)
The athlete needs to run towards the bar from any angle within a large, semicircular runway. The athlete
may use any style of jumping, but he or she must take off from one foot. In most popular modern style,
called Fosbury flop, jumpers go over with their back to the bar and their head clearing first.

(pole vault)
The athletes uses a long pole usually made of fiberglass. They begin their vault by sprinting down the
runway, carrying the pole with both hands. As they nears the vaulting pit, their rams the far end of the pole
into the wood metal box embedded in the ground. As the pole straightens, helping to trust them into the air,
they pulls thereselves higher and turn their body to face the ground. Before they release the pole, they
athlete gives a final push with their arms to add to their height.

Throwing events
Requires athletes to propel an object as far as they can.
Sports equipments:
Discus : is a saucer-shaped object usually made out of wood with metal rim. The athlete grips the discus
with one hand, spins around about times (540 degrees , and release it with a sidearm motion to make sail
through the air.
Hammer : consistof a steel wire with metal ball attached to one end and a handle fastened to the other
end. Using both hands, the power grasp the handle and spins around three or four times before realeasing
it.
Javelin : is a spear made of a metal or wood. The thrower holds the javelin a cord grip near the center, runs
with it, and then releases it with an overhand throw while running.
Shot : is a metal ball. Competitors put (push) the shot rather than throw it. The sot must be held against the
neck to prevent any throwing motion. The athlete begins with a strong shove from one leg and finishes with
a powerful push of the arm.

Multiple events
This are the combined competitions, in which athletes in several different events over a period of two days.
The athletes recieve a score for their performance in each events, and the winner is the athlete who
recieves the total highest score.
Decathlon: is a 10 – event competition for men. It takes place over two days.

First day: Second day:

1. 100 meter run 1. 110 Hurdles
2. Long jump 2. Discus
3. Shot put 3. Pole vault
4. High jump 4. Javelin
5. 400 meter run 5. 1,500 meter run

Heptathlon : is a seven- event competition for women. It also takes place over two days.

First day: Second Day:

 100 m Hurdles  Long Jump
 High Jump  Javelin
 Shot put  800m Run
 200m Run

Pentathlon :
A one-day competition of five events, is rarely held today. The hepathathlon replaced the pentathlon for
women in 1981.

The Referees
 Referee is the person of authority in a variety of sports who is responsible for presiding over the
game from a neutral point of view and making on-the-fly decisions that enforce the rules of the
sport, including sportsmanship decisions such as ejection.
Four main groups of Referees:
 Field judge
 Time keeper
 Track jugde
 Starters

Field judge :
Is part of a team of officials who oversee the Throwing and Jumping events at an athletics meeting.
Timekeeper :
Timekeeper is a person who measures time with the assistance of a clock or stopwatch. In addition, the
timekeeper records time, time taken, or time remaining during events such as sports matches.
Starter:
The primary goal of any competent starter must be to ensure all runners receive a fair and equal start for
each race.
Track judge:
The Judges, who must all operate from the same side of the track or course,shall decide the order in which
the athletes have finished and, in any case where they cannot arrive at a decision, shall refer the Matter to
the Referee, who shall decide.

Basic Equipments:
Batons:
Small, very light wooden or metal stick that is passed from one runner to the next during a relay race.
Discus :
A disk, typically wooden, plastic, orrubber with a metal rim, that is thrown for
distance in athletic competitions.
Hardle :
Barrier used as an obstacle in certain track events; it is placed at regular intervals on the circuit and its
height varies depending on the event.

Steeplechase :
Hurdle that the runners must clear in the steeplechase event; it is 36 inches high.
Starting pistols:
Firearm used by a judge to signal the start of a race by firing blanks into the air.
Stopwatch:
A special watch with buttons that start, stop, and then zero the hands, used to time races.
Landing mats:
Landing mats are usually blue, but can also be almost any other color. Mats come in a range of sizes, from
very small mats used on the beam, very large mat used in the foam pits.
Starting block:
Starting blocks are a device used in the sport of track and field by sprint athletes to hold their feet at the
start of a race so they don't slip as they push out at the sound of the gun.