mgmt1223 2011 PDF
mgmt1223 2011 PDF
mgmt1223 2011 PDF
I SA N DUN
AR I A
W
WO
NDIAL
RLD HE
MO
RI
A
T
GE I
MO
PAT R I
january, 2011
Contents
part 1: VISION AND MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
1. Introduction
1.1 Background 1-1
1.2 The Need for A WHS Management Plan 1-1
1.3 Purpose of the Plan 1-2
1.4 Preparation of the Management Plan 1-4
1.5 User of the Plan 1-5
1.6 Monitoring the Plan 1-5
1.7 Reviewing the Plan 1-6
1.8 Structure of Document 1-6
4. Significance
4.1 Statement of Outstanding Universal Value 4-1
4.2 The Influence of the Civilisation Exchanges 4-2
4.3 Centre of Historic Administration 4-5
4.4 Important Ports of the East-West Trade along the Straits of Malacca 4-8
4.5 Cities of Migrants and Multiculturalism 4-11
4.6 Eclectic Architecture as a Fusion of Migrants’ Influences 4-12
4.7 Cities for Commerce and Living 4-13
4.8 Exchanges of Civilisations, Cultures and Religious 4-16
4.9 Inter-ethnic Assimilation 4-17
4.10 Religious Pluralism in Melaka and George Town 4-18
4.11 The Shophouse as An Outstanding Example of An Architectural Type 4-23
5. Analysis of Strength, Opportunities, Challenges & Threats
5.1 Strengths and Opportunity 5-1
5.2 Challenges and Treats 5-5
Vision and
Management
Strategies
CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT PLAN AND SPECIAL AREA PLAN : PART 1 1-1
1 Introduction
1.1 Background
1.1.1 In 2008, the World Heritage Committee in
its 32nd annual session held in Quebec
City, Canada inscribed both Melaka and
George Town as a World Heritage Site,
known as Melaka and George Town:
Historic Cities of the Straits of Malacca.
The two historic cities, situated along
the Straits of Malacca, have developed
over 500 years as trading centres and
settlements, benefitting from the cultural
exchanges between East and West.
The influences of Asia and Europe have
endowed the cities with an intrinsic
multicultural heritage imbued with both
intangible and tangible values.
Annexure C:
HERITAGE BUILDINGS FORM AND
STYLES FOR GEORGE TOWN WHS
• The annexure provides details on
building styles for heritage buildings
in George Town.
Name of Property
2.1.1 Melaka and George Town, Historic Cities
of the Straits of Malacca.
George Town
Country: Malaysia
2.1.1 Both the Historic City of Melaka and the
Historic City of George Town, Penang
are located on the west of Peninsular
Malaysia, and are bordered by the historic
Straits of Malacca to their west.
Straits of
Malacca
Kuala Lumpur
Melaka
Figure 2.2: Map showing location of Malaysia and the Straits of Malacca
Figure 2.3: The Historic City of Melaka, boundary of Core and Buffer Zone and coordinates
BUFFER ZONE
134.03 hectare
CORE ZONE
38.62 hectare
ST
RA
ITS
OF
MA
LA
CC
A
5
4
7 1
11 10
13 R
VE
RI
AKA 9
EL
M
8
3
12
6
ST LEGEND
RA
ITS 1 Bukit China
OF
2 Melaka River Mouth
MA
LA 3 Malacca High School Field
CC
A 4 Tengkera Police Station
5 Hang Tuah Stadium
6 Jalan Merdeka
2 7 Jalan Munshi Abdullah
8 Melaka Tengah Police Station, Jalan Kota
9 Melaka District Police Office, Jalan Banda Kaba
10 Kampung Ketek
11 Kubu Fire Station
12 Dataran Pahlawan Mall
13 Jalan Laksamana 5
Figure 2.5 : Location of Proposed Amendment Boundary
BUFFER ZONE
242.8 hectare
CORE ZONE
45.3 hectare
R
VE
RI
A
AK
EL
M
ST
RA
ITS
OF
MA
LA
CC
A
Bukit China
Ja ER
la IV
n R
Sy K
A
ed ELA
Ab M
du
l Az
iz
ter
ome
1 kil
2
STR
AITS
OF
MAL
ACC
A
Malacca High
School
Figure 2.10 : Malacca High School Field Inscribed Boundary (Buffer Zone)
Proposed Amendment Boundary (Buffer Zone)
Justification:
1. Boundary of the Buffer Zone at Jalan
Tengkera runs in the middle of the
rows of shophouses.
g
ran
Be
jah
Ga
ee
W
lan
Tengkera Police im
Ja
gK
Station
4
On
Ja
lan
la
n
Ja
Te
ng
ke
ra
Justification:
1. To avoid disecting buildings
and lots.
Stadium Hang
Tuah
UTEM
Dataran
Pahlawan Mall
6
Jalan
Merde
ka
Justification:
1. To standardise the boundary
following the inner side of
the road.
Justification:
1. To avoid disecting buildings
and lots.
Jalan Kota
Melaka Tengah
Police Station
Figure 2.15 : Melaka Tengah Police Station, Jalan Kota Inscribed Boundary (Core Zone)
Proposed Amendment Boundary (Core Zone)
Justification:
1. The site has historical significant
(Portuguese Fort).
Civic Zone
Melaka District
Police Station
Ja
lan
9
Ba
nd
aK
ab
a
Figure 2.16 : Melaka District Police Station, Jalan Banda Kaba Inscribed Boundary (Core Zone)
Proposed Amendment Boundary (Core Zone)
Hulu
n Po
Jalan Masjid
mpung
Jala
Melaka Ri
a
10
Jalan K
ve
r
Kampung Ketek
Justification:
1. To follow the physical boundary for
easier identification on site.
11
Dataran Pahlawan 12
2.3.16 The inscribed boundary in the Dossier
disecting Dataran Pahlawan Mall, thus
the proposed amendment is to follow the
cadestral and physical boundary on the
site.
Justification:
1. To avoid disecting buildings
and lots.
12
Justification:
1. To follow the physical boundary for
easier identification on site.
Ja
la
n
Tu
n
Ta
n
Ch
en
Ja g
la Lo
n ck
La
ks
am
an
a
5
13
100°
100°
100°19’
100°20’
19' 48.
20' 53.20”
53.2 0 ”
53.20”
885 2 ”
5° 25’
5° 24' 30.7870”
30.7870” Longitude
Longitude
Figure 2.21: The Historic City of George Town, boundary of Core and Buffer Zone and coordinates
1891
1869
1969
1916
2010
Figure 2.29: St. Paul’s civic zone and its relationship to the Straits of Malacca
Figure 2.30: Panorama of George Town, taken from the Penang Postcard Collection 1899-1930s and 2010 (Nasution,
Wade, 2003)
1798
1803
1893
2010
Figure 2.31: Urban morphology of George Town
British at bay, and with the defeat of the the Kapitan China system was associated
Portuguese, the Dutch had realised their with the triad society or the Thian Ti Hui.
dream. But they could not retard the China was defeated by the Manchus and
trade in Melaka. In the Malay Peninsula, Chinese patriots who were repressed
Melaka became the main base for the fled their country to neighbouring states,
Dutch who also concluded treaties with including Melaka, formed secret societies
other Malay states, such as Perak and and aimed to gather enough support to
Selangor, which were rich in tin. In fact, drive away the Manchus. Thus, Melaka
at the end of the 18th Century, Melaka also became a haven for Chinese patriots
rose again as a Southeast Asian entrepot who became successful in wealth and
of par excellence. More Asian traders, influence, so that they could help regain
especially Chinese and Bugis traded here China from their enemies. This tradition
again. Although the Dutch continued was to continue when China fought for the
to monopolise the trade in the Straits of 1911 revolution.
Malacca, they were less restrictive that
the Portuguese. In fact, they resented the 3.7.5 Christianity continued to spread during
Portuguese more, for the European wars the Dutch period. Surprisingly it was
between the Catholics and Protestants the Catholic Church, St. Peter’s Church,
to which the Portuguese and Dutch which was first built in Melaka. The Dutch
respectively were adherents, were also government allowed a Dutch Catholic to
continued here. construct it in 1710 on a piece of land
given by the government. The Dutch
3.7.3 After the conquest of Melaka, the Dutch Protestants only built their own church,
merely took over the infrastructure left Christ Church, in 1753. This became the
behind by the Portuguese. They occupied oldest Protestant Church in Malaysia.
the fortress, A Famosa and renamed it Jalan Gereja (Church Street) where it
Porta de Santiago. The coat of arms of stands today was named after it. The
the Dutch East India Company and the church which was built of red bricks
date 1670 were engraved on the gate. St. specially imported from Holland had tall
Paul’s College was used as part of the slender windows with arched heads,
fortress and later as a burial ground for massive walls and heavy wooden ceiling
high ranking Dutch officials. The Dutch beams. Today the church is still in service
later built their own fortress on St. John’s and devotees still use the original pews
Hill which was armed with eight cannons. during Sunday prayers.
In 1650 the former Governor’s residence
was converted into the red terracotta 3.7.6 Events in Europe also changed the
Stadthuys (Government House) for the history in Melaka. Holland was defeated
Dutch Governor and his retinue. by Napoleon and the Dutch king had to
take refuge in England. The monarch then
3.7.4 The Dutch were more interested in agreed to hand over Melaka and other
trade than in religion. They introduced possessions in the East to the British for
tax farming system, and heads of the protection until the Napoleonic wars were
different communities were appointed to over. Thus, Melaka came into British
help Dutch officers administer the state. hands between 1795-1818. By this time
The penghulu (Malay headman) system (1786) the British had already occupied
was continued, so was the Kapitan Cina Penang which was named the Prince of
system. It was probably at this time that Wales Island.
indeed, “…with the assistance of Malacca, of Bangkok, was the first to build the
the whole of the Malay rajas in the Straits Assumption Church. In 1817 another
and to the Eastward might be rendered not church was built not far from the first. It
only subservient but if necessary tributary”, was the Anglican Church of St. George.
was almost prophetic in relation to later The man responsible was the Chaplain of
expansion of British influence in the Malay the EIC, Rev. Robert Sparke Hutchings.
States. In Melaka, a twin-towered Gothic church
dedicated to St. Francis Xavier was built
3.8.5 Under the single government of the in the mid 1880’s by the French Father
Straits Settlements in 1826, the British P. Fabre. Hence Penang and Melaka
EIC began to put the administration of became centres of European Christian
Melaka and Penang in order. In Melaka, missionaries in the East.
the EIC took over the Dutch administrative
structure and continued with it, and the 3.8.7 In 1867 Penang officially became a
traditional Malay system of administration British colony, which brought about the
was thus continued. For example, the introduction of a British administration
penghulu (headman) who was normally as well as a public works department.
appointed from ancestral bureaucrats was The Public Works Department engineers
absorbed into the colonial administrative began to canalise streams and rivers,
bureaucracy. Under the British EIC, build hospitals gaols and police stations
different communities were allowed and plan for the reclamation of Weld Quay.
to administer themselves, led by their Accordingly, the engineers are followed by
respective headmen. However, to avoid the establishment of private architecture
direct confrontation from the local Malays, companies that bring in new architectural
the British were more protective towards forms to accommodate the change in the
them. In addition, the position of Kapitan increasing importance of the car.
China (Chinese Headman) and Kapitan
Keling (Indian Headman) were chosen
from the most prominent and influential
personalities of the communities. In
Penang, Francis Light reported that a
Kapitan China from Kedah had visited him
with boat-loads of Chinese to settle down
in Penang. He was Kapitan Loh Lay Huan
whom Light had him appointed as the first
Kapitan China in Penang. The position of
Kapitan China became an institution in the
British EIC administration of the Straits
Settlements.
Melaka and George Town, Malaysia are Criterion (iii) : Melaka and George Town
remarkable examples for historic colonial are living testimony to the multi-cultural
towns on the Straits of Malacca that heritage and tradition of Asia, and
demonstrate a succession of historical and European colonial influences. This multi-
cultural influences arising from their former cultural tangible and intangible heritage
function as trading ports linking east is expressed in the great variety of
and West. These are the most complete religious buildings of different faiths, ethnic
surviving historic city centres on the Straits quarters, the many languages, worship
of Malacca with a multi-cultural living and religious festivals, dances, costumes,
heritage originating from the trade routes art and music, food, and daily life.
from Great Britain and Europe through
Middle East, the Indian subcontinent and Criterion (iv) : Melaka and George Town
the Malay Archipelago to China. Both reflect a mixture of influences which have
towns bear testimony to a living multi- created a unique architecture, culture,
cutural heritage and tradition of Asia, townscape without parallel anywhere in
where the many religions and cultures East and South Asia. In particular, they
met and coexisted. They reflect the demonstrate an exceptional range of
coming together of cultural elements from shophouses and townhouses. These
the Malay Archipelago, India and China buildings show many different types and
with this of Europe, to create a unique stages of development of the building
architecture, culture and townscape. type, some originating in the Dutch or
Portuguese periods.
The site was inscribed as a World
Heritage Site with the following statements
of Outstanding Universal Value:
Criteria (ii) : exhibit an important interchange of human values, over a span of time or within a cultural area
of the world, on developments in architecture or technology, monumental arts, town-planning or landscape
design.
“Melaka and George Town: Historic Cities of the Straits of Malacca ” represent exceptional examples
of multi-cultural trading towns in East and Southeast Asia, forged from the mercantile and civilization
exchanges of Malay, Chinese, Indian and European cultures.”
4.3 Centres of Historic 4.3.4 At the foot of St. Paul’s Hill facing the sea,
several large British plantation enterprises
Administration including Dunlop Estates, and Sime Darby
established their head offices to conduct
4.3.1 Up until recently, both the historic cities of
their business affairs. These companies
Melaka and George Town have functioned
were/are related to the plantation industry
as centres of administration. The physical
especially the rubber industry and reflect
imprint is seen in the various structures in
the role played by local Peranakan
the Civic Zone of the WHS.
Chinese especially Tan Chay Yan (who
in 1895 planted the first rubber plantation
in Tiang Dua outside Melaka Town) and
Tun Sir Tan Cheng Lock in pioneering the recorded the visit of Joao Batista, an
rubber industry. These imposing corporate Italian military engineer tasked with
buildings are now restored and adapted as surveying and improving the defenses of
Museums. Portuguese territories overseas, in 1588
and reported the fortifications had already
Fortaleza de Malaca, Melaka been completely transformed. By 1588
4.3.5 The Fortaleza de Malaca was once Melaka was already a walled city and the
an imposing part of Melaka urban citadel within the walls previously identified
environment of which the Porta Santiago as the A Famosa was referred to as the
and part of the foundations are visible Fortaleza Velha or Old Fortress. The
today. The moniker, A Famosa, is often seaward and riverside part of the city was
used to describe the Porta Santiago walled in stone while to the northeast and
or even the entire fortress itself. The east, roughly along the Jalan Banda Kaba
misconception arises from Alfonso and southward towards the Porta Santiago
D’Albuquerque’s plans immediately gate and the sea, was a timber palisade.
after the conquest of Melaka and the
completion of a timber fortress, to build
more substantial fortifications known as
the A Famosa or The Famous. In fact
what was the A Famosa was a Castle
and Keep, square in plan, with walls
eight-foot thick, built on the left bank of the
river close to the estuary on what was the
site of the ruins of the Great Mosque of
Melaka. Work by 1,500 forced labourers
began on the fortress in September 1511
and was completed the following January.
A sketch reproduced in Gaspar Correa’s
Lendas da India shows in 1550’s that the
square structure of the A Famosa square
and crenellated edifice was about the only
masonry building in Melaka and the town
was walled in nothing more than a timber
palisade.
Figure 4.1: St.Paul’s Church
4.3.6 It is recorded that soon after 1550 and
certainly by 1580, the Portuguese had 4.3.7 The Fortaleza da Malaca had then
doubts about the adequacies of the assumed its basic plan until its final
fortifications. The union of the Iberian destruction by William Farquhar in 1807.
monarchies in 1580 led to the fear that The Portuguese built a total of 4 bastions
their overseas possessions might come which were open air gun platforms and
under attack from the mortal enemy of the angling of these bastions utilised
the Spain; The Netherlands; which was the philosophy that had radiated out
beginning to strike out especially to the of Italy during the Renaissance. Dutch
East in search of the very same spice improvements to these fortifications
that inspired the Portuguese. Eredia included the renovation of the northeast
4.4.7 The settlement of Melaka expanded and before its rejuvenation as leisure and
beyond the confines of the Fortaleza da tourist resource. Today, the loading and
Malaca and the Upeh district or Bandar unloading activities still occur but at the
Melaka in the Dutch and British period. front of the buildings and these streets are
To the north of the Fortaleza da Malaca congested with trailers and trucks from the
Eredia recorded 38 buildings at Bunga wholesalers’ activities.
Raya and another 20 as far north as
Panckelaran (Pengkalan Rama). To the 4.4.9 Jalan Kampung Pantai located at the
north west along the coast beyond the centre of this stretch of roads dominates
earthern ramparts or tranqueira of the the trading activities. Jalan Kampung
Portuguese another 40 buildings were Pantai displays the character of a
noted including two in brick. South of the traditional Chinese street that opens up
Fortaleza at Banda Hilir 40 houses (2 in to a square addressing a Chinese temple.
brick) and along the axis to Bukit China A narrow lane and foot bridge links up
along what is Jalan Temenggong now this square with a tiny mosque on the
were 47 houses. other side of the river. It is noteworthy that
part of the area fronting Jalan Kampung
The Right Bank: Lorong Hang Jebat, Pantai was formerly known as Kampung
Jalan Kampung Pantai and Jalan Jawa which is the name of the settlement
Kampung Hulu, Melaka around the afore-mentioned mosque.
4.4.8 Jalan Kampung Pantai, Lorong Hang The decline of trading activities along the
Jebat and Jalan Kampung Hulu are streets river at these streets are expedited by the
that run parallel to the river and housed relocation of the customs and immigration
many retailers, merchants, wholesalers functions on reclaimed land at the mouth
and warehouses. In addition, there of the river as well as the construction of
were also many traditional retailers and larger warehouses there. The relocation
craftsmen located here and in the streets of all barter trade activities to Kuala Linggi
leading to these roads. This stretch of road deliver the coup de grace to the river as a
is evidence of the role of Melaka and in conduit of commerce.
particular the river played in the past as a
port and trading post. In the past, the river The Harbour and Jetties of George
was the main means of communication Town
and thus goods that arrived via ships and 4.4.10 The Penang harbour in its heyday, had
boats were unloaded and stored into the a number of piers: Victoria Pier (1888),
back of the buildings that backs onto the Church Street Pier/ Railway Jetty (1897)
river bank. Padang Nyiru across the river
from Lorong Hang Jebat was the location
of the Customs and Immigration offices
and the location of these offices would
be a convenience for the entrepot trade
that went on almost non-stop along the
river until the 1980’s. Property values
of properties with their backs onto the
river had always been higher than their
counterpart across the road except for
a short period in the 1980’s and 1990’s
when the river slowly declined as a
conduit for the transportation of goods Figure 4.4: Jalan Kampung Pantai, Melaka in 1930
place or socially to various degrees, and Goldsmith Street. The stretch of Jalan
among the permanent settlers, attendants Hang Kasturi between Jalan Tukang
and dependants were commonly of differ- Besi/Tukang Emas and Jalan Kampung
ent cultural origins were often considered Pantai is referred to in Chinese as Tofu
part of the same household. Cultural Street and there was once a thriving food
eclecticism could be seen in architecture, processing trade involving soya beans
interior furnishings, dress, food and other which also gave rise to the tinsmith and
elements of lifestyle. barrel makers. The latter is now confined
to a singular old man practicing the craft
learnt from his father and who had in
turn had learnt from his father in the back
lane between Jalan Hang Kasturi and
the graveyard of Hang Jebat. Several
tinsmiths and traditional sign and seals
carvers still survive till today. There were
no less than three traditional Chinese
timber clogs shops along Jalan Hang
Lekir; employing no less than 20 men at
various level of skills turning logs of wood
Figure 4.6: Weld Quay, taken from the Penang Postcard into timber clogs using nothing more than
Collection 1899-1930s (Nasution, Wade, 2003) a short adze and tiny timber plane. None
of the three establishment is in business
Ethnic Trades today.
4.5.3 The distribution of trade activities in the
historic cities of Melaka and George
Town are typically concentrated along
the lines of ethnic dominance of an area.
Different ethnic traders, such as the
4.6 Eclectic Architecture as
Chinese (Hokkiens, Cantonese, Hakkas), a Fusion of Migrants’
Hindu-Tamils, the Javanese, the Arabs, Influences
the Achenese and Indian Muslims would
associatively assemble together to 4.6.1 Various cultures have traded and settled
trade on particular streets or area. The in Melaka and George Town, and have
existence of trade societies based on marked a significant influence in the
ethnic differences further reinforces the eclectic and unique architecture of
strong ethnic divisions between the trades. the cities. The early architecture is an
Collectively this concentration of identities amalgamation of cross cultural values,
formed strong characters of these places. ideas, traditions and the memories of
immigrants and indigenous builders, and
Crafts and Products the adaptation to the availability of building
4.5.4 Names of places often reveal their origin. materials, skills, transportation and the
Blacksmith Street or Jalan Tukang Besi appropriateness to the tropical climate.
had one of the highest concentration of Juxtaposition of different building styles
blacksmith forges in Melaka. Two remain and typologies from those built by the
today but as recent as the 1960’s there Portuguese, the Dutch, the British, the
were less than 8 within that 100 metres Malay, the Chinese and the Indian mainly,
stretch. Similarly there were gold and had created a rich mixture of urban fabric
silver smiths working in the vicinity of in Melaka and George Town.
Criteria (iii): bear a unique or at least exceptional testimony to a cultural tradition or to a civilisation which is
living or which has disappeared.
“Melaka and George Town: Historic Cities of the Straits of Malacca ” are living testimony to the multi-cultural
heritage and tradition of Asia, where the greatest religions, and cultures met. The coexistence of distinct
faiths - both tangible and intangible - in particular the different religious buildings, is a testament to the
religious pluralism of Asia.
Festivals
4.8 Exchanges of 4.8.3 The communities of Melaka and George
Civilisations, Cultures Town celebrate many festivals throughout
and Religions the year. Many of these festivals, while
having religious connotations, are often
4.8.1 The Historic Cities of Melaka and George joined in celebration among the different
Town represent exceptional example of ethnic groups. These festivals create an
a multi-cultural trading towns in East and unparalleled atmosphere of a society that
Southeast Asia, forged from the mercantile is deeply entrenched in their own cultures,
and civilisation exchanges of the Malay, and the sharing of their joy to the rest of
Chinese, Indian and European cultures. the communities. Some of the festivals
are commemorated publicly and in great
Coexistence of Different Ethnic Groups splendour, with processions and stage
4.8.2 The different cultural groups and traditions
have helped to enrich further the beautiful
traditions and customs of these historic
cities. The fact that these various
communities are living side by side with
one another while practicing their own
individual traditions, customs and religion,
making both Melaka and George Town, as
vibrant living multi-cultural heritage towns.
beads and jewellery. Their culture Hindus but spoke Malay and adopted
is neither Chinese nor Malay, but a much of the Malay culture. They have
charming combination of both. Generally their own Hindu temples and shrines.
this community is not the result of inter-
marriages, for the community practiced Arab-Malays
strict segregation. They sent their 4.9.4 Distinct from the Jawi Peranakan were
children to English schools, and became the Arabs who had come to the Straits
government officers and professionals. In Settlements directly from Hadhramaut,
Melaka and George Town they are distinct or indirectly from India and other parts of
from the other Chinese communities. the Malay archipelago, and became more
significant in the 19th Century. They were
Jawi Peranakan known by their honorific titles, Sayyid
4.9.2 Another community such as the Baba but (Syed) or Sheikh, and were held highly by
of Indian origin, is the Jawi Peranakan of the local Malay community. Although there
Penang. They were locally born, the result were intermarriages between them and
of the union between South Indian Muslim local women, they preferred to distinguish
men and Malay women. Most of the men themselves and their children as Arabs,
were from Malabar and were traders, yet they also affirmatively considered
merchants and settlers, who had arrived themselves as Malays. Their sons were
in the late 18th and early 19th Century. often sent to Arabia or other Middle
Although the community still retained some Eastern countries for their education, the
South Indian customs and lifestyles, they girls were married off to Arabs. In George
assimilated rapidly into the Malay society, Town, most of them were wealthy traders
spoke Malay as their first language and and merchants involved in inter-island
identified themselves with Malay concerns. trade in batik and other textiles, spices
Reputed for their intelligence and language and tobacco of the Archipelago, brassware
ability, they were often employed by the and haberdashery of England and India
British as clerks, translators, interpreters and honey and religious literature of
and as munsyi (Malay teachers) to the Arabia. Over the years, this group also has
European communities. Some of the well identified themselves more with the Malays
known families were the Merican or the and speak the Malay language.
Marakayar. They were wealthy and ranked
second to the Arabs as leaders within
the Malay-Muslim community. One such
example was Kader Mydin, the Kapitan
Kling who built the Masjid Kapitan Kling.
4.10 Religious Pluralism
in Melaka and George
Chitty Town
4.9.3 Another sub-culture of the Indian
community is the Chitty. They were born 4.10.1 Within the Core and Buffer Zones of
in Melaka and their generations might Melaka and George Town there are 57
have been present since as far back as the (20 in Melaka and 37 in George Town)
days of the Melaka sultanate in the 15th places of worship, mainly the mosques,
Century. During this period the majority Chinese temples, Indian temples and
of the immigrants were males, and some churches. Many of these religious building
of them settled down and married local are located on the same road, for instance
women. However, they remained staunch on Jalan Masjid Kapitan Keling in George
Kapitan Kling Mosque, George Town Sumatra, Southern Thailand and the
4.10.4 The Kapitan Kling Mosque along Jalan northern states of peninsular Malaysia to
Masjid Kapitan Keling was named after purchase their tickets, shop and attend
Caudeer Mohudeen, the head of the religious classes while waiting for the Haj
Indian Muslim community credited to ships. Acheen Street Malay Mosque has
have built it around 1800. The name an octagonal-shaped minaret following the
“Kapitan Keling” is used to denote the 16th century Moghul architecture common
headman or leader of the South Indian in old mosques in Aceh. The 1798
Muslim community. He was the first Popham’s map marked this mosque as a
Superintendent of the mosque, and landmark of the Malay settlement.
brought in builders and materials from
India. The mosque was remodelled in Cheng Hoon Teng Temple, Melaka
1916 to its present appearance. The 4.10.6 The Chinese contribution to Melakan
exterior is ochre yellowed while the interior architectural styles, as has been
had white marble floors and a high ceiling. mentioned before, is most strongly
The interior aisles are formed by a series exemplified in commercial and religious
of horseshoe arches, crowned with King buildings, namely the shophouses and the
Edward’s plaques. The façade of the temples. The Cheng Hoon Teng Temple
building and its interior were decorated or the temple of the Evergreen Clouds in
with geometric designs. Melaka was built in 1645 and completed
in 1704 after several extensions and
additions. It is the oldest temple in the
country. The decoration of the temple
applied in physical and visual form of the
orthodox elements of Southern Chinese
architecture, with the color, symbolism
and fineness of detail and materials. It is
home to the three religious philosophies of
Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism.
Christ Church
4.10.7 Located at the northern end of the town
square, Christ Church is an important part
Figure 4.15 Kapitan Keling Mosque, Today
of the urban morphology of Melaka. It was
built as a place of worship by the Dutch in
1741 and completed in 1753. The building
Acheen Street Malay Mosque, George construction is unique in that each of the
Town roof beams are cut from a single tree and
4.10.5 Acheen Street Malay Mosque is located measured 48-foot (14.6metres) long and
in the Malay Settlement between Prangin 12-foot square. The walls are equally
River and the south part of Lebuh Chulia. massive, brick walls sitting on a plinth of
This mosque was founded in 1808 by laterite stone. It is tiled in the Dutch pan
Tengku Syed Hussain, a wealthy Arab tiles. Although it was completed in 1753
merchant prince who became Sultan of the records of the Church dates back to
Aceh. In the old days when the Muslim 1641 indicating that the congregation that
pilgrimage to Mecca was by sea rather worship here had been using another
than by air, Acheen Street was the centre building which was the former Catholic
of haj travel. Pilgrims came from Northern church on top St. Paul’s Hill. The British
in the lawn, which came from India as Sri Poyyatha Vinayagar Moorthi
seedlings, were planted by A.B.Mackean Temple, Melaka
in 1885. The ones still remaining today are 4.10.15 The Sri Poyyatha is a Hindu temple
survivors from the destruction wreaked by standing on the same street as Kampong
World War II. Hulu Mosque and Cheng Hoon Teng
Temple. Erected in 1781, this temple
Kuan Yin Temple, George Town enshrines the deity Vinayagar. In the back
4.10.14 The most important building for the room is a sculpture of the deity with the
Chinese communities in George Town is head of an elephant and the body of a man
the Kong Hock Keong, also known as the with four hands. The deity is believed to
Kuan Yin (Goddess of Mercy) Temple. It be capable of removing obstacles in one’s
is situated at the end of China Street on life.
a slightly elevated site as depicted in the
1798 Popham’s map. The temple is sited Sri Mahamariamman Temple, George
with its back towards the central hills on Town
the island and facing the sea with the hills 4.10.16 Situated at Queen Street, Sri
on the mainland in the distance across Mahamariamman Temple was built in
the channel. Stone tablets according to accordance with the saiva agamas with an
Yin Yang (feng shui). Its position on the antechamber, a hall, circumambient dome,
upper centre of the city grid on Jalan surrounding walls and an entrance. The
Masjid Kapitan Keling and facing China complexity of Hindu mythology is reflected
Street axis indicates the importance of in the sculpture gopuram, which is over
the building. Founded around c1800, this 23-feet high and features 38 statues of
temple architecture features a sweeping gods and goddesses and four swans
roof with ornate decorated copings and over the entrance. It is from this temple
ridges. Oracle sticks are a special features that the Navarathri procession starts
of this temple. Chinese opera or puppet every year. Built in 1833, this temple is
theatre is performed on the granite-paved dedicated to the Hindu goddess Sri Maha
forecourt on feast days, three times a year. Mariamman. Historically, it catered to the
tamil community of traders and stevedores
originating from South India.
“Melaka and George Town: Historic Cities of the Straits of Malacca ” reflect the coming together of cultural
elements from elsewhere in the Malay Archipelago and from India and China with those of Europe to create
a unique architecture, culture and townscape without parallel anywhere in the East and South East Asia. In
particular a range and exceptional architecture of shophouses and townhouses.
Shophouse
4.11.1 The dominant building type within the Core
Zones of Melaka and George Town is the
shophouse. There are more than 2,000
shophouses, mostly two and three storeys,
in WHS. The term ‘shophouse’ here refers
to a building form that is unique to the
settlements of the Straits of Malacca.
Typically the shophouses function as both
residence and shop, with the ground floor
used for commercial purposes, while the
Figure 4.19: Axonometric views of a typical townhouse
top floor(s) are for residential purposes. and shophouse
However, they may also refer buildings of
the same form that function exclusively as
residences.
the availability of building materials, skills,
(Refer to Annexure B for a more transportation and the tropical climate.
comprehensive description of the
shophouses) Construction and the Shophouse
4.11.3 The shophouses in the Historic Cities
Evolution of the Shophouse of Melaka and George Town share similar
4.11.2 The shophouses can be traced to the construction materials, techniques,
Dutch terrace buildings in Melaka and the ornamentations and elements. Most of
Chinese immigrants from the southern the buildings used soft burnt clay bricks
coastal provinces of China. They brought as the main construction material. The
with them both knowledge and methods of load bearing walls at both sides of the
building construction which then adapted shophouse support the roof load through
to the Malaysian urban shophouses. The timber joists which span across the width
resultant building type is one that features of the building. The upper floors, of local
a combination of vernacular, Chinese and timber planks, were placed on timber joists
European influences. It is a response to spanning between the party walls.
WHS, with shophouses being turned into different cultural beliefs and customs
boutique hotels and commercial premises, continue to live together, often along
and this, in turn, would impact upon the the same streets or in close proximity in
living population who may be uprooted. small enclaves in the cities. In the Core
The residential population in the WHS and Buffer Zones of Melaka and George
would now have new opportunities to Town, it is common to find the Chinese,
enhance their livelihood but at the same Indians, Eurasians, and the Malays living
time, they could find that their homes together, sharing common places and
being converted to other uses that understanding but yet each follows its
threaten their way of life, their families, own customary and cultural practices and
and their living space. religious beliefs.
5.1.5 The prospects of urban regeneration can 5.1.7 Religious pluralism is rife in the WHS
contribute towards retaining the living and is acceptable among the different
population in the Core Zone of the two communities. It is common to find
cities. However, urban regeneration would along the same street, the presence
likely change the characteristics of the of different religious buildings such as
residential population, attracting younger mosques, Chinese and Hindu temples,
people to move into such places to live and churches. The architecture of their
and work. At present, the Core Zone are places of worship often reflects a blend
characterised by a large proportion of of the cultural influences of the cultures
aging population particularly in George of the communities living nearby. There is
Town which could deplete the living interactions and acceptance among the
population eventually and erode the people of their religious pluralism in the
underlying values of these places as living WHS. Sometimes, such pluralism spills
space for a multi-cultural society. The over onto active shared places like the
potential for change to attract younger streets and open space. However, these
population into the WHS should be practices are often received with sensitivity
harnessed and organised, taking into and understanding. For example, religious
consideration the sensitive heritage values festivals of different communities in
of the cities through the careful nurturing George Town like Thaipusam, the Feast
of its the urban landscape to sustain the of the Hungry Ghost, the Festival of the
vitality and vibrancy of the WHS for its Nine Emperor Gods or Wesak Day entail
present and its future generations. road closures at certain times of the year
to allow for road processions. These
Multi-culturalism and Religious practices have been ongoing for decades
Pluralism without causing any problems among
5.1.6 The historic cities of Melaka and neither the people nor the authorities
George Town combine a unique blend who would take careful measures to
of architecture, culture and townscape accommodate these processions.
that reflects their historic past as trading
settlements in Southeast Asia. Their role 5.1.8 Multi-culturalism and religious pluralism
as trading ports in the Straits of Malacca are among the major attractions of the two
had brought together various communities, cities of Melaka and George Town. They
living in shared space, and practicing the have become key attractions for cultural
same cultural traditions as their ancestors tourism into the WHS. It is the blend of
used to do. Different communities with multi-culturalism and religious pluralism
Historic Port Cities with Thriving Local 5.1.16 The local economy within both properties
Economy in the WHS continues to thrive, adapting
5.1.14 As historic port cities, Melaka and George to new challenges through a change in the
Town have strong traditions in trading urban landscape and reuse of heritage
and commerce. Developments and buildings into hotels and restaurants.
economic growth have brought about Food business is an important mainstay
industrialisation and changed some parts of the local economy. It is now a major
of the local economy but the people tourist attraction in both cities. Tourist
living in the WHS have largely kept their pamphlets not only highlight historical
traditional businesses in trading, import and religious iconic monuments in the
and export, banking, and commerce. two cities, they also show food trails with
Some continue to provide services to location of food stalls and restaurants. The
support the main trading activity, and port blend of different cultures has resulted
operations. For example, in George Town, in a wide array of food, served in formal
the people living in the water villages next restaurants and street stalls that dot both
to the port were originally fishermen who cities. Involvement in the food business
have shifted away from fishing to providing provides jobs for the people living in
services to the ships in port. Today, they the WHS. Working in tourism-related
are looking forward to participating in the activities such as hotels and other forms of
tourism industry. accommodations is another source of jobs
for the local people. Alongside tourism,
5.1.15 As a result of their strong colonial ties, there is a spillover into retailing and
these cities have also built up a strong businesses that support the food industry
educational base, and these are reflected such as the production of ingredients for
in the presence of many religious the food industry.
educational institutions in both cities, some
of which have become iconic monuments. 5.1.17 The potential for cultural tourism for the
The culture of emphasising education WHS is tremendous. It could impose
as a part of their way of life under their considerable pressures to change the
colonial past is still maintained among the building use in the two cities to cater to the
people in the two cities. Private education expected influx of tourists. The desire to
is now emerging as a new economic regenerate to meet the emerging demands
activity in the WHS, with the adaption and of the tourism industry is in accordance
conversion of some heritage buildings in with the desire to sustain and keep the
the two cities to accommodate such uses. local economy thriving and jobs for the
The change reflects how the historic port people. The goals in supporting the local
cities continually adapt and respond to economy and create jobs and protecting
economic changes in order to survive and the cultural heritage of the sites should
thrive. not be in conflict but are seen to be in
tandem with each other to ensure the
WHS continues to be there for the benefit
of future generations.
in filling up spaces; and landlords have 5.2.9 Mass tourism is believed to raise traffic
difficulty in finding tenants who are willing congestion in the WHS. Both Melaka
to pay the rents they think they deserve. George Town, like many growing cities,
There are also other indirect impacts as have encountered difficulty with their
the aging population lacks the necessary increasing traffic generated from a rise in
occupational skills to engage in new private vehicle ownership over time. As
businesses, and to attract a wider range of such, the local authorities in the respective
new investments into the city Core Zones. areas have been taking various measures
to manage traffic congestion generated
5.2.6 The loss of residential population is internally. Special attention has been
compounded by the lack of living spaces given to WHS Melaka and George Town
to attract younger people, especially those because of their narrow streets and lack of
with families to live in the WHS. Most of parking spaces.
the younger people who work in the city
centre do not live there; those who do 5.2.10 However, with the rapid expansion of
stay with their parents but they have lower tourism in the two cities, traffic congestion
skills and are not able to afford places of has increased and at times, it threatens
their own. the livability of the site. The narrow streets
of the WHS would have to now cope with
5.2.7 The potential negative effects from tourist buses, more private motorcars, and
displacement and aging population are haphazard parking. The traffic problem is
follow: further compounded by inadequate public
transportation and pedestrian connectivity
• the slow out migration of traditional in the WHS. Attempts have been made
businesses away from the Core by the different levels of authorities to
Zone due to a lack of business, address these two problems in the WHS
• the closure of schools that are part of but their progress is remained slow and
the cities’ heritage, difficult. Even the use of buses in the
• the declining number of population to Core Zones of both cities has resulted
sustain the vibrancy of the cities, in damages to the heritage buildings.
• the loss of multi-culturalism, and In this respect, there is a need for a
• the gradual decline of traditional skills comprehensive appraisal of the approach
and crafts from the lack of available to tackle the traffic problem in the WHS.
replacement from existing population.
The Challenge of Gentrification in the
Mass Tourism and its Threats WHS
5.2.8 A major threat to the WHS is the pressures 5.2.11 Another threat is gentrification as building
generated by the onslaught of mass owners respond to new demands for their
tourism. The key strength of both sites buildings to cater to tourism and other
is their strong tourism attraction and new needs. Whilst, urban regeneration
potential and yet if they are not managed is welcomed, uncontrolled gentrification
properly, mass tourism could bring with it of the Core and the Buffer Zones without
undue pressures and challenges that may proper research and sufficient information
undermine the long term sustainability of and knowledge could undermine the
the WHS. architectural integrity and cultural values
of the WHS. Gentrification is known
to bring about a change that is alien
ES
DYNAMIC
S
recreation.
ITIYTY
HISTORIC
COCNONSSEER
BIILL
LIVING CITY
AB
ENVIRON-
AINA
INTANGIBLE
TN
RVVA
MENTAL
ASI
AIOT
T
U
SST N IO
SU N
SOCIAL/
TANGIBLE
CULTURAL
LIVABLE AUTHENTICITY
DIVERSE INTEGRITY
6.2 Conservation
Objectives
The preservation and conservation activities in the
WHS of Melaka and George Town aim to achieve
the following objectives:
6.3.10 A comprehensive and integrated planning 6.3.11 The identification and categorisation of
of the historic urban cultural landscape the elements of the historic urban cultural
is critical, where human, social and landscape constitutes an important
commercial elements are given equal preliminary step in the protection and
recognition as key elements in the urban conservation of the Outstanding Universal
landscape. This also means giving equal Values of Melaka and George Town.
recognition to the living and the built
aspects of the urban landscape and 6.3.12 The chart below uses keywords/phrases
recognition to the tangible and intangible to encapsulate the elements that comprise
components of each. both the living and built culture in an urban
landscape.
Physical Human,
Commercial
Landscape and Cultural
Principle 3
Retaining Association & Meanings
and cultural responsibilities for the cultural 6.4.15 Continuing, modifying or reinstating a
assets. They may relate to people living significant use may be appropriate and
or dead, and to groups, organisations and a preferred form of conservation. It may
other communities. require changes to significant fabric but
this should be minimized.
6.4.8 Significant association between people
and the cultural heritage should be 6.4.16 Use is a major component of the value
respected, retained and not obscured. and meaning of cultural heritage to a
community and should be continued.
6.4.9 Meanings denotes what a place signifies, Sometimes, but not always, a change
indicates, evokes or expresses. Meaning allowing entry and use by another
generally relate to intangible aspects community may still allow for some of the
of a place such as symbolic qualities, meaning to be continued.
memories, traditional practices and events.
Principle 5
6.4.10 Significant meanings should be identified Significance of Setting/Location
as part of understanding the cultural
heritage, and may require research. 6.4.17 To identify the setting, establish how the
place functioned in the past, and how
6.4.11 Opportunities for interpretation, its setting has changed; examine the
commemoration and celebration of these visual connections and views back and
associations should be documented and forth; identify features that are historical
preserved. characteristic of the setting.
6.4.12 Interpreting associations should 6.4.18 The reasoning behind the setting, and
be approached with respect for the the values it encompasses should be
associated people. Issues may arise described and the related places identified.
about who owns, and who has the right to
interpret people’s history. 6.4.19 The physical location of a place is part of
its cultural significance. A building, work
Principle 4 or other component of a place should
Compatible Use/Functionality remain in its historical location. Relocation
is generally unacceptable unless this is
6.4.13 The significance of cultural heritage is the sole practical means of ensuring its
directly related to their use, present or survival.
past. The use or function of the cultural
heritage item/practice/place/expression 6.4.20 If a component of a place is moved, its
is based on its cultural significance. Its characteristics and values should be
continued use may reflect the cultural respected. An appropriate use is one
identity and religious importance of a that retains significance fabric, is similar
specific cultural individual or group. to previous significant uses, and allows
associations and meanings to continue
6.4.14 A use is often of heritage significance
where the use of the site/artifact and the
related activity is the original use or a
use of long standing, and where the site/
cultural asset has historical or social value
because of that use.
Principle 8
Co-existence of Cultural Values
Strategy Strategy
A1 To strengthen and formalise A2 To effect the Conservation
management of WHS to ensure Management Plan into Special
coordinated implementation of Area Plan (SAP) in order to ensure
actions and programmes locally appropriate statutory protection for
the WHS
Actions
A1.1 Actions
Formation of a WHO as Special Purpose A2.1
Vehicle undertaking specific non-statutory To ensure that preparation and
function of conserving and managing the endorsement of the Conservation
WHS in partnership with local authorities Management Plan is undertaken following
(see Chapter 8). the process required as provided under
the Town and Country Planning Act 1976
A1.2 (Act 172).
Strengthen capacity of local authorities
(MBMB and MPPP) at both WHS to A2.2
carry out their statutory functions more To inform the public and local
effectively in close partnership with the stakeholders of the Conservation
WHOs (see Chapter 8). Management Plan and Special Area Plan
using provision of Section 16B of the Town
A1.3 and Country Planning Act 1976 (Act 172).
Increase role and participation of WHO in
the control and regulation of development A2.3
and building works in the WHS. To gazette the Special Area Plan in
compliance Section 16B of the Act
172. This is to ensure that sufficient
legal powers are entrusted into the
implementation of the Conservation
Management Plan.
A2.4
Until the Special Area Plan is gazetted,
the local authority and WHO may carry
out programmes to educate the public and
stakeholders.
Strategy
7.3.3 The Malaysian National Council of Local
B2 Ensure that new use of heritage
Government has issued a directive that
building takes into consideration
swiftlet farming would be prohibited in
the suitability of the use within the
George Town and Melaka WHS. At the
cultural landscapes
local level, implementation of the above-
mentioned directive would be carried
Actions
out in phases with complete removal by
B2.1
December 2013.
To enforce incorporation of a Cultural
Impact Assessment within a Heritage
Strategy
Impact Assessment report submitted for
B1 Ensure removal of activities or
change of use application to ensure that
building use that would potentially
new use reflect authenticity of OUVs.
affect OUVs
7.3.5 Information is key to ensure systematic
Actions
monitoring of use of buildings within
B1.1
WHS. A monitoring system using GIS to
To institute control on building use in the
track change of use and permits/approval
Special Area Plan (use classes) (see Part
granted for each buildings will allow easier
2 and 3 on Managing Use of Land and
tracking of illegal activities within WHS and
Buildings). The control include barring
thus faster enforcement. This will help
the issuance of licence to operate swiftlet
local authorities to manage changes within
breeding the in WHS.
WHS.
B1.2
To remove swiftlet breedings from WHS.
Strategy
B3 Ensure systematic monitoring of
7.4 Conservation of the
change of use of buildings within
Cultural Landscape
WHS
7.4.1 The intangible heritage and cultural
associations of both WHS is of enormous
Actions
significance and is an important link to
B3.1
the authenticity and integrity of OUVs for
To create and maintain a database on
Melaka and George Town. Appreciation
building use; matching the use with
of these intangible and cultural values
valuation information, licensing permits
require in-depth understanding which
given (including their expiry dates) and
in turn requires systematic mapping
planning approvals granted for each
and identification of the assets. Local
buildings in WHS.
communities are important resources
and their participation would be more
For George Town WHS, a socio-economic
meaningful and beneficial towards
and land use survey was commissioned
developing a clear strategy for
in 2010. The survey which focus on
conservation of cultural landscapes.
business and population within the WHS
can become starting base for regular
Strategy
updating of database on economic
C1 Promote interaction with an
activities and population of George Town
understanding of the unique
WHS. Future survey should include data
intangible heritage of the WHS
collection on license permit and planning
approval granted, which would be useful in
Actions
regular monitoring of building use in WHS.
C1.1
7.4.2 Develop technical tools for cultural
Similar survey should also be carried
inventory, cultural mapping and cultural
out for Melaka WHS for consistency with
asset categorisation.
George Town WHS.
C1.2
Mapping and categorisation of cultural
assets and identification of maps on:-
D1.1
Improve and update heritage building
7.6 Compatible
identification map to ensure accuracy Development
of categorisation of heritage buildings,
incorporating new findings and historical 7.6.1 Development on infill and replacement
information (see Part 2 and 3, Chapters 2). sites in the WHS should be a stimulus
to imaginative, high quality design and
D1.2 to be seen as an opportunity to enhance
Review existing heritage building the area. They should make positive
guidelines to further strengthen protection contribution to the overall setting of the
of heritage buildings. WHS and designed with respect for their
context, as part of a larger whole.
D1.3
Carry out regularised monitoring. Strategy
Education and awareness programmes E1 Reinforce the need to protect OUVs
should be carried out to enhance voluntary for all compatible development
complience. (infill and replacement)
Actions E1.3
D2.1 Commission historical research on infill
Provide grants to fund initiatives and and replacement sites to aid developers
technical assistance to building owners for and owners.
restoration and repair works.
E1.4
D2.2 Periodic monitoring of works done to
Improve monitoring of heritage buildings ensure compliance to approved plan and
restoration and repair works by increasing that conservation works employ the right
capacity of local authorities through technique and use the right materials.
provision of additional resources, training,
awareness programmes and knowledge
sharing workshops with other specialists.
F2.2
Disseminate research findings through
7.8 Views and Vistas
website, exhibitions, pamphlets, and site
7.8.1 People orient themselves by remembering
visits to sites of commendable heritage
certain features that include unique public
conservation or restoration.
views, defined entries, and landmarks.
These features also can set apart one
F2.3
place from another and are part of what
Offer awards for good conservation or new
defines the unique character of a place.
design projects.
Preserving these key features contribute
significantly to the preservation of the OUV
Strategy
of the WHS.
F3 Empowering participation of local
community in conservation
Strategy
G1 Preserve legibility of historic
Actions
townscape and important views
F3.1
To involve community in mapping and
Actions
defining their cultural assets.
G1.1
Identify important vistas and focal points
F3.2
within the WHS in the Special Area Plan
To engage community associations to
(see Parts 2 and 3, Chapter 3).
manage their cultural assets/properties/
sites.
G1.2
Ensure that all development in WHS
F3.3
respect important vistas and focal points
To strengthen communities's
and that visual study be carried out and
organisational capacity to manage own
included as part of the Heritage Impact
festivals, spaces, cultural events etc.
Assessment.
F3.4
To promote and publish WHO's activities
for greater appreciation of heritage by
communities and younger generation.
Actions
Actions
H4.1
H2.1
Draft design guidelines on street signages,
Ensure consistency and continuity in the
information nodes, and other physical
design of streetscape elements.
wayfinding elements on the WHS.
H2.2
Enforce the use of high quality,
sustainable, durable material in the design
of streetscapes.
H2.3
Include and integrate public art
improvements into street improvement
projects.
H2.4
Ensure that streetscape and pedestrian
projects meet universal design principles.
Strategy
7.12.3 Clogged drains have been cited to be
J1 Implement interim measures for fire
one of the cause for urban flash floods
protection
especially in George Town WHS. Highly
built up area of the WHS reduces
Actions
permeability of the surface thus leading to
J1.1
a high quantity water run-off.
To maintain pillar hydrant pressure by
separating water supply from domestic
Strategy
supply.
K1 Implement proposals for improving
urban infrastructure specified in the
J1.2
Special Area Plan
Installation of underground pillar hydrant to
avoid damaged by vehicles.
Actions
K1.1
J2.3
Coordinate with the relevant agencies
Regulating installation of decorative
responsible for infrastructure and utility
lighting across light pillars.
provision in implementing proposals in the
Special Area Plan.
J2.4
Regulate and enforce guidelines on
signage and advertising board.
Actions
J2.1
Set up working committee to undertake
preparation of risk management plan for
fire prevention strategy for each cities.
Funding P1 P2 P3 P4
Strategy Action Note
Source
2013-2014
2015-2016
2011-2012
Lead Supporting
>2016
MANAGEMENT OF THE WHS
A1 A1.1 Respective MBMB State Already
To strengthen Formation of a World State MPPP Government executed
and formalise Heritage Office (WHO) as Government in George
management of special purpose vehicle Town
WHS to ensure (SPV) undertaking specific
coordinated non-statutory function of
implementation conserving and managing the
of actions and WHS
programmes A1.2 MBMB - Local
locally Strengthen capacity of local MPPP authority
authorities (MBMB and MPPP) & Ministry
at both WHS to carry out of Housing
their statutory functions more and Local
effectively in close partnership Government,
with the WHOs Malaysia
A1.3 Respective MBMB WHOs own Continuous
Increase role and participation WHO MPPP fund
of WHO in the control and
regulation of development and
building works in the WHS
A2 A2.1 MBMB TCPD State
To effect the To ensure that preparation MPPP WHO Government
Conservation and endorsement of the or Federal
Management Conservation Management Government
Plan into Special Plan is undertaken following (see Chapter 8
Area Plan in the process required as for details)
order to ensure provided under the Town and
appropriate Country Planning Act 1976
statutory (Act 172)
protection for the A2.2 MBMB WHO -
WHS To inform public and MPPP TCPD
local stakeholders of the
Conservation Management
Plan and Special Area Plan
using provision of Section
16B of the Town and Country
Planning Act 1976 (Act 172)
Funding P1 P2 P3 P4
Strategy Action Note
Source
2013-2014
2015-2016
2011-2012
Lead Supporting
>2016
A2.3 TCPD MBMB
To gazette the Special Area Melaka MPPP
Plan in compliance to section and TCPD
16B of the Act. This is to Penang
ensure that sufficient legal
powers are entrusted into
the implementation of the
Conservation Management
Plan
A2.4 Respective TCPD and -
Until the Special Area Plan is State MBMB/
gazetted, the local authority Government MPPP
and WHO may carry out
programmes to education the
public and syakeholders
Target for
Implementation Body Implementation
Funding P1 P2 P3 P4
Strategy Action Note
Source
2013-2014
2015-2016
2011-2012
Lead Supporting
>2016
CONSERVATION OF CULTURAL LANDSCAPE
C1 C1.1 MBMB/MPPP WHO - Continuous
Promote Develop technical tools for
interaction with cultural inventory, cultural
an understanding mapping and cultural asset
of the unique categorization
intangible heritage C1.2 Respective MBMB/ WHO
of the WHS Mapping and categorization WHO MPPP assisted
of cultural assets and by MBMB,
identification of maps MPPP, DNH,
Ministry of
Tourism
Malaysia
C1.3 WHO DNH DNH Continuous
Training and technical MBMB
assistance for local groups MPPP
and the community concerns
on identification of their
cultural landscape
C1.4 WHO DNH DNH/ Continuous
Undertake pilot projects MBMB WHO
for conservation of cultural MPPP
landscape involving
community and local groups
participation.
C2 C2.1 WHO DNH WHO and Continuous
Protect and Engage stakeholders and MBMB respective
enhance the communities in identifying MPPP communities
cultural landscape significance of a place and
which includes encourage conservation
protecting the initiated by community
living communities C2.2 MBMB/MPPP WHO - Continuous
and their Include requirement for
connectivity to the Cultural Impact Assessment
cultural landscape as part of Heritage Impact
Assessment report submitted
to local authorities
C2.3 MBMB WHO & MBMB
Develop a manual to guide MPPP DNH MPPP
preparation of Cultural Impact
Assessment
Funding P1 P2 P3 P4
Strategy Action Note
Source
2013-2014
2015-2016
2011-2012
Lead Supporting
>2016
BUILT HERITAGE CONSERVATION
D1 D1.1 WHO MBMB/ WHO Continuous
Ensure that Improve and update heritage MPPP
heritage buildings building identification map
are conserved to ensure accuracy of
and restored in categorisation of heritage
a manner that buildings, incorporating
preserve their new findings and historical
authenticity information
D1.2 MBMB/MPPP WHO MBMB Continuous
Review existing heritage MPPP
building guidelines to further
strengthen protection of
heritage buildings
D1.3 WHO MBMB/ WHO Continuous
Carry out regularised MPPP to start
monitoring. Education and immediately
awareness programmes to
be carried out to enhance
voluntary compliance
D2 D2.1 WHO MBMB/ WHO Continuous
Ensure that Provide grant to fund initiatives MPPP to start
heritage buildings and technical assistance to immediately
are adequately building owners for restoration
repaired and and repair works
maintained D2.2 MBMB WHO MBMB
Improve monitoring of heritage MPPP DNH MPPP
buildings restoration and
repair works by increasing
capacity of local authorities
through provision of additional
resources, training, awareness
programmes and knowledge
sharing workshops with other
specialists
Target for
Implementation Body Implementation
Funding P1 P2 P3 P4
Strategy Action Note
Source
2013-2014
2015-2016
2011-2012
Lead Supporting
>2016
COMPATIBLE DEVELOPMENT
E1 E1.1 MBMB WHO - Continuous
Reinforce the Ensure all conservation work MPPP to start
need to protect for infill and replacement be immediately
OUVs for all undertaken in accordance to
compatible the guidelines
development (infill
E1.2 MBMB WHO - Continuous
and replacement)
Provide examples and advice MPPP
to developers, owners and
designers on good design and
construction practice for sites
and buildings identified as
infill and replacement in the
Special Area Plan
E1.3 WHO Research WHO Continuous
Commission historical organisation
research on infill and either
replacement sites to aid local or
developers and owner international
E1.4
Periodic monitoring of works
done to ensure compliance
to approved plan and that
conservation works employ
the right technique and use
the right materials
Funding P1 P2 P3 P4
Strategy Action Note
Source
2013-2014
2015-2016
2011-2012
Lead Supporting
>2016
F1.3 WHO Research WHO
Produce a detailed cadastral organisation
base map for WHS to the
quality of old maps of 1891 or
1960 which contain not only
informations on property/lot
boundary, but also building
footprints, sidewalks and
other information relevant and
important for work regarding
buildings in WHS.
F1.4 WHO Research MBMB
Commission production of institutions MPPP
measured drawings and such as
schedule of finishes for:- university
etc
a. All Category I buildings;
and
b. Specific Category II
buildings and/or objects
of additional interest such
as corner buildings, cast
iron fountains, granite
pathways etc.
F2 F2.1 WHO MBMB WHO
Assist in the Produce information for the MPPP
understanding of public on traditional ways of
traditional ways building and repairing
of building for
conservation work
F2.2 WHO MBMB WHO
Disseminate research findings MPPP
through web-site, exhibitions,
pamphlets, and site visits to
sites of commendable heritage
conservation or restoration.
F2.3 MBMB WHO MBMB
Offer awards for good MPPP MPPP Continuous
conservation or new design
projects.
Target for
Implementation Body Implementation
Funding P1 P2 P3 P4
Strategy Action Note
Source
2013-2014
2015-2016
2011-2012
Lead Supporting
>2016
F3 F3.1 WHO Community State
Empowering To involve community in Government
participation of mapping and defining their
local community cultural assets.
in conservation F3.2 WHO Community State
To engage community Government
associations to manage their
cultural assets/properties/
sites.
PUBLIC REALM
H1 H1.1 Respective WHO -
Design streets Implement green open space Local
with comfortable and public access network Authorities
spaces for casual master plan, with community
interactions consultations integrated into
and gatherings, the planning process.
utilising excess
and unused street
spaces to create
landscaped or
usable spaces
Funding P1 P2 P3 P4
Strategy Action Note
Source
2013-2014
2015-2016
2011-2012
Lead Supporting
>2016
H2 H2.1 MBMB WHO - Continuous
Create a Ensure consistency and MPPP
high quality, continuity in the design of
functionally streetscape elements
designed
H2.2 MBMB WHO Private Continuous
streetscape that
Enforce the use of high quality, MPPP
enhances the
sustainable, durable material
experience of the
in the design of streetscapes
WHS
H2.3 MBMB WHO MBMB Continuous
Include and integrate public MPPP MPPP
art improvements into street
improvement projects.
Target for
Implementation Body Implementation
Funding P1 P2 P3 P4
Strategy Action Note
Source
2013-2014
2015-2016
2011-2012
Lead Supporting
>2016
I1 I1.1 State MBMB State
Develop Implement proposals Government MPPP Government
traffic demand for access management
management strategies indicated in the
plan based Special Area Plan.
on objective
to reduce
private vehicle
dependency.
I2 I2.1 MBMB WHO MBMB
Facilitate the Remove barriers on select MPPP MPPP
continuity of stretches of five footway
pedestrian access
and connectivity,
where possible
Funding P1 P2 P3 P4
Strategy Action Note
Source
2013-2014
2015-2016
2011-2012
Lead Supporting
>2016
RISK MANAGEMENT
J1 J1.1 Fire WHO State funding
Implement interim Separate fire hydrant water Department PBAPP
measures for fire supply line from that of
protection domestic supply line.
J1.2 Fire WHO State funding
Installation of underground Department PBAPP
pillar hydrant to avoid damage
by vehicles
J1.3 MBMB WHO MBMB
Regulating installation of MPPP MPPP
decorative lighting across light
pillard
Site in the capital cities of the states of • The Melaka Historical City Council
Melaka and Penang has also resulted in (MBMB) By-laws under the Street,
greater interest and intervention by both Drainage and Building Act and the Local
the state and federal governments. On Government Act:
top of that, local governments, as well
as the states, are likely to depend on the • Uniform Building By-laws 1986
federal government for financial grants for (with amendments until August
development and heritage conservation. 2010)
Under these circumstances, involvement ▪ Earthworks By-law (MPMT) 1982
of all the three tiers of government is Advertisement By-law
imperative to the successful planning and ▪ (MPMT) 1983, and (MPMBB)
management of growth, development 1995
and heritage conservation of the WHS of
Melaka and George Town, and this will • The Municipal Council of Penang Island
certainly be influenced by the working (MPPP) By-Laws under the Street,
relationship among these governments. Drainage and Building Act, and the Local
Government Act.
• Town and Country Planning Act • Existing Rules prescribed under the
1976 (Act 172), Town and Country Planning Act 1976:
• Street, Drainage and Building Act
1974 (Act 133), ▪ Town and Country Planning Act 1976,
• National Heritage Act 2005 (Act Planning Control (General) Rules
645). 1990, of Penang
• Local Government Act 1976 (Act ▪ Town and Country Planning Act 1976,
171) Development Plan (Structure and
Local Plans) Rules) 1989, of Penang
8.3.2 Besides the Federal laws, the respective
states and local governments have • Existing Regulations prescribed under
enacted State Laws and adopted several the National Heritage Act 2005:
by-laws under the main acts. The ▪ National Heritage (National heritage
enactments and by-laws that are relevant Register) Regulations 2007,
for conservation management in the ▪ National heritage (Prescribed Forms)
heritage areas include: Regulations 2008
• the Melaka Preservation and
Conservation of Cultural Heritage
Enactment of 1988, and its
amendments of 1993 and 2008,
Melaka and George Town . Historic Cities of the Straits of Malacca .
CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT PLAN AND SPECIAL AREA PLAN : PART 1 8-3
8.3.3 A Heritage Enactment is also being drafted 8.3.7 An important provision that can be applied
by the State Authority of Penang to provide for the protection and conservation of
sufficient powers to state agencies in intangible cultural heritage is the control
implementing the conservation plan of the of material change of building and land
WHS of George Town. use. Under this provision, the proposed
Special Area Plan (SAP) will incorporate
8.3.4 Together these laws provide the necessary a system of classification of building uses
powers to the authorities to prepare plans and activities that will reflect the type of
and to control works and activities that can building uses and activities that define
affect the conservation areas, heritage the OUVs of the WHS. The change of
buildings and other heritage items in the use from one use or activity classification
WHS, as well as to provide funds and to another will constitute a development
carry out conservation projects and other and will require a planning permission.
necessary remedial works. Indirectly in this way certain traditional
heritage uses can be regulated and
Planning Control under the Town protected.
and Country Planning Act 1976
(TCPA) 8.3.8 In addition, section 18 of the TCPA states
that “no person shall use or permit to be
8.3.5 The Town and Country Act of 1976 used any land or building otherwise than
(Act 172) and its amendment acts of in conformity with the local plan”. Local
1993, 1995, 2001 and 2005, provide a Plans include Special Area Plans and
comprehensive system for the planning hence the SAP can provide measures to
and control of the development and use of regulate and control activities and the use
land in Peninsular Malaysia, including the of buildings and land in the WHS.
conservation of urban heritage.
8.3.9 Under the TCPA, the local government is
Provisions for planning control the LPA of its area, while the State Director
8.3.6 An important aspect of the Act is of Town and Country Planning is the LPA
planning control. Under section 19 of of any area outside the area of the local
the Act, any person intending to carry government. In the case of George Town,
out any development has to obtain the Municipal Council of Penang Island
a planning permission from the local (MPPP) is the LPA, and for Melaka, the
planning authority (LPA). The definition City Council of Historic Melaka (MBMB).
of development is very wide and includes The LPAs hence play a key role in the
such works as: conservation and protection of heritage
areas. On top of that the State Planning
• demolition, erection, re-erection, Committee (SPC), which is formed
extension, roofing or re-roofing of a under the TCPA and which is chaired
building or any part of a building, by the Chief Minister of the state, can
• any addition or alteration of a building make policies and give directions to his
that is likely to materially affect the respective LPAs in relation to the planning
building in any manner, and control of development in their areas.
• the making of any material change in
the use of any land or building or any
part of a building.
8.3.10 Procedures and requirements in the 8.3.14 Under this section, the LPA can impose
application and processing for planning the requirement to submit the Heritage
permission under the TCPA Impact Assessment as an item of the
An application for planning permission is Development Proposal Report and the
made to the LPA in a format prescribed layout plans. This provision and other
by Rules (The MPPP is using the Town requirements can be strengthened by
and Country Planning Act 1976, Planning spelling them out in the Rules and the
Control (General) Rules 1990). The One statutory development plans such as the
Stop Centre (OSC) of the LPA provides Special Area Plan.
administrative assistance to the LPA in the
processing of the applications. 8.3.15 If the proposed development is located in
an area where there is no approved local
8.3.11 Under section 21A (1), the applicant plan or special area plan, the LPA has to
has to submit a Development Proposal inform the owners of the neighbouring
Report (DPR) which may contain, among lands of their right to object to the
other information, particulars of the application, and if objections are received,
building which may be affected by the and if so requested, the LPA has to
development, a land use analysis and its conduct a hearing of the objections.
effect on the adjoining land, layout plans,
and other matters as may be prescribed 8.3.16 The LPA, in dealing with an application
by rules, and, if specified by the State for planning permission, has to take into
Authority, a social impact assessment. consideration such matters as are in its
opinion expedient or necessary for proper
8.3.12 The Layout Plans, which are required planning, and in particular:
to be submitted together with the
application, have to show the proposed • the provisions of the development
measures for the improvement of its plan, if any, ie, the State Structure
landscape, particulars of the character Plan, the Local Plan, and the Special
and appearance of buildings located in Area Plan (SAP);
the surrounding area, and where the • the direction given by the State
development is in respect of a building Planning Committee, if any;
with special architecture or historical • the provisions that it thinks are likely
interest, particulars to identify the building to be made in any development plan
including its use and condition, and its under preparation or to be prepared,
special character, appearance, make and or the proposals relating to those
feature and measures for its protection, provisions;
preservation and enhancement. (section • the development proposal report
21B(1)). • the objections.
8.3.19 The State Planning Committee directions 8.3.23 These are some of the treatments required
can provide guidance with regard to for conservation of heritage buildings and
heritage conservation for the consideration areas. The conditions can include not
of the LPA. This can be in the form of only the control of physical appearance
detailed Guidelines that may not be and character of new buildings and
incorporated in the SAP. extensions, but also the type of building
materials. Here the LPA can impose
8.3.20 Under section 22(4)(a) the LPA cannot the requirements for the submission
grant planning permission if the proposed of the Dilapidation Survey Report with
development would contravene any the Building Plan submission, and the
provision of the development plan (local Progress Report when works are being
plan or structure plan or SAP). carried out.
8.3.21 Once approved, the SAP is hence to be Building Control under the Street,
strictly complied with before the planning Drainage and Building Act (SDBA)
permission can be granted by the LPA. 8.3.24 The Street, Drainage and Building Act
The SAP is hence a very strong instrument 1974 (Act 133) provides powers to local
for the control of works in the WHS. authorities for the management and
control of street, drainage and building
8.3.22 Under section 22(5), in granting a works in their areas. Under section 70 of
planning permission, the LPA can impose the Act, any person who intends to carry
conditions such as: out any building works has to submit a
building plan to the relevant local authority
• conditions to ensure that the and obtain its approval.
new building or its extension is 8.3.25 Such works include erection of a new
compatibility with the architecture, building or part of a building, extension
character or appearance of the or increasing the height of an existing
buildings located in the surrounding building, external major renovation to
area, which the LPA intends to an existing building, converting to other
protect, preserve or enhance;
• where the development involves any
addition or alteration to an existing
decisions on planning permissions and the SPC may direct the State Director of
development projects in the local planning Town and Country Planning to do so on
authority area. behalf of the LPA. (Sections 16 and 16A).
8.3.37 Again at the local plan preparation Special Area Plan (SAP)
stage, the TCPA requires that adequate 8.3.39 A Special Area is an area planned
public participation is incorporated in the for special and detailed treatment
preparation process. Even before the by development, redevelopment,
LPA commences to prepare the draft improvement, and/or conservation.
local plan, it has to ensure that publicity The plan can designate the agency or
is given to the draft local plan that is to be agencies to carry out the development and
prepared, its objectives, the purpose of its spell out the manner in which it is to be
preparation, and the matters that the LPA implemented. A Special Area Plan is hence
proposes to include in the plan, so that a more detailed local plan for an area that
the public is given the opportunity to make has been ear marked for immediate or
representations and recommendations to urgent development. The comprehensive
the LPA to be considered in it’s formulation management and protection of the
of the draft local plan. After the draft heritage buildings and tangible objects in
local plan has been prepared it has to the WHS under the TCPA will hinge a lot
be made available for inspection by the on the Special Area Plan.
public, which is given another opportunity,
this time to object to the draft plan in 8.3.40 Under section 16B, the LPA or the State
writing to the LPA, and, if so considered Director of Town and Country Planning
desirable by the LPA, to be heard in a (SDTCP) on its or his own initiative or if
local inquiry or hearing by a committee directed by the State Planning Committee
appointed by the SPC. After considering (SPC) can prepare the SAP, which is
the objections and other representations, prepared in the same procedure as a
the LPA submits the draft local plan, with Local Plan.
or without modifications, to the SPC for
consideration. After the approval of the 8.3.41 The main components of a SAP is the
SPC and the assent given by the State proposals map accompanied by written
Authority, the Local Plan comes into effect. statements, diagrams and illustrations,
(Sections 12A,13,14 and 15). which incorporate detailed guidance for
the implementation and management of
8.3.38 The LPA may make proposals on its own, the plan.
or, if so directed by the SPC, shall make
such proposals in accordance with the Procedures in the preparation of the
directions, for the alteration, repeal, or SAP
replacement of the approved local plan. 8.3.42 Before commencing the preparation of the
The procedures for the public to make SAP, the LPA or Director has to take steps
objections to the proposals have to be to give publicity to the preparation of the
adhered to as in the preparation of the plan, its objectives, purpose and matters
original local plan. If the LPA has failed to that are to be included in the plan, and to
take steps to prepare its draft local plan, give the public the opportunity to give their
or proposals for the alteration, repeal, or views and comments. (section 12A)
replacement of the approved local plan,
8.3.59 Section 102 of the Act gives powers to the 8.3.61 Although the provisions under the
local authority to make by-laws with regard LGA are not directly related to heritage
to these matters. The matters that are conservation, some of the provisions
relevant for the management of the WHS can be used to regulate and control uses
include: and activities that may affect the OUVs
− to control and supervise, by of the WHS, including certain intangible
registration, licensing or otherwise, cultural and traditional trades. However
including in proper cases by clear guidelines have to be prepared to
prohibition, a trade, business or guide decision-making on applications of
industry which is of an obnoxious licenses and the SAP will be useful for this
nature or which could be a source of purpose
nuisance, (subsection s)
− to define the streets or areas within Enactment on Conservation and
which shops, warehouses, factories Restoration of Cultural Heritage of
or business premises may not be Melaka (1988)
erected, or within which specified 8.3.62 The Enactment on Conservation and
trades, businesses or callings may Restoration of Cultural heritage of Melaka
not be established or carried on, was adopted in 1988, to safeguard and
preserve buildings of historical significance
(subsection i)
and cultural heritage of the State of
− to regulate, license, restrict,
Melaka. It provides for the setting up
prevent or remove the exhibition of
of the Committee on Conservation and
advertisements (subsection c) Restoration to advise the State Authority
− to provide for the establishment, about matters relating to the conservation
regulation, inspection and licensing and restoration of cultural heritage
of places of entertainment, public resources in the state of Melaka. The main
recreation or public resort, and to functions of the committee are as follows:
make regulations governing the
means of ingress to and egress i). to gazette areas or premises that are
from such places and for providing to be conserved and restored.
adequate parking space adjacent or in ii). to prepare plan towards improving
reasonable proximity thereto, (p). the physical infrastructure of the
specific site of heritage significance.
iii). to ensure that the preservation of
the original identity of the premises of
8.3.60 Under section 73 (g), the local authority
heritage significance are maintained
can make by-laws to regulate, supervise especially in the context of their
and license pedlars, hawkers and street physical appearance.
traders and to prescribe streets or areas in iv). to process the planning applications
which peddling, hawking or street trading submitted by owners of premises for
PLANNING PERMISSION PLANNING PERMISSION BUILDING PLAN BUILDING PERMIT FOR MAINTENACE AND
FOR FOR APPROVAL FOR MINOR INTERNAL REPAIR WORKS
BUILDING OPERATION CHANGE OF USE ERECTION OF BUILDING WORKS (Including re-
(Required under sec 19) (Required under sec 19) (Required under sec 70) (Required under sec 79) plastering, change
(Requires Planning (Does not require of building
Change of use of Permission, can be planning permission) materials, re-
building and land submiƩed painƟng, etc, that
MAJOR WORKS MINOR WORKS from one use- simultaneously with do not require
(Including erecƟon of (Including minor class to another planning permission planning or
new buildings, major extensions, minor as speciĮed in applicaƟon) building approval.
extension, increase in alteraƟon, the SAP
CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT PLAN AND SPECIAL AREA PLAN : PART 1
Requires Town Planner and/or Architect for submission. Dept to OSC Dept to OSC
CommiƩee for CommiƩee for on- Note :
Tabled by Town Planning Dept to OSC CommiƩee for approval the-spot approval TCPA - Town and Country Planing Act, 1976
approval
SDBA - Street, Drainage and Building Act, 1974
Figure 8.0.1. Chart Showing Control of Works and Activities in the WHS Under TCPA and SDBA
for the discussion of issues concerning 8.5.4 Broadly the committee’s tasks include:
management of the Site in its state among
the different levels of government. It gives i) To advice the State Planning Authority
directions to the Local Authorities and and the State Planning Committee on
other implementing departments through all heritage conservation matters in
the State Planning Committee and the the state,
State Executive Committee for which it ii) To steer and monitor the preparation
acts as the advisor on heritage matters. of the Heritage Conservation
The Penang SHC is the counterpart of Management Plan, the Special Area
the State Conservation and Restoration Plan, the Heritage Conservation
Committee of Melaka, which was Guidelines, and the review of the
established under the State Heritage existing laws, and the making of new
Enactment of 1988. The committees are enactments, rules, regulations and by-
chaired by the respective Chief Ministers laws for the purpose of conservation
and members include the relevant State management of the WHS and other
Executive Councillors, the respective State conservation areas in the state,
Director Town and Country Planning, State
Legal Officer, and State Financial Officer. iii) To liaise and coordinate with
the (National) Commissioner of
8.5.3 In Melaka the other members include Heritage, and the partner city on the
the General Manager of Museums, conservation of the WHS,
the Director of State Public Works
Department, and five other members who iv) To monitor the implementation, and
have the expertise and experience in to ensure the smooth progress of
heritage conservation and history, whereas implementation, of the CMP, the SAP,
in Penang the other members include and other conservation plans projects
the State Secretary, the Director of State by all the relevant authorities and
Economic Planning Unit, the President agencies,
of MPPP, and representatives from the
Department of National Heritage, the v) To keep under review the
National Heritage Trust (Badan wWarisan achievements of the objectives
Negara) and the Penang Heritage and the vision of the CMP and the
Trust, and no more than three individual SAP and propose amendments and
heritage experts or representatives of alterations to these plans to better
local business and community, with a total achieve the desired results,
of not more than 15 members. Whereas
in Melaka, the State Director of Town vi) To formulate principles, policies,
and Country Planning is the secretary of proposals and programmes and give
the committee, in Penang the General directions for heritage conservation,
Manager of the World Heritage Office is
the secretary. vii) To over-see and monitor the works of
the World Heritage Office,
8.5.6 The Heritage Department will be headed Enlarging the Organisation and
by a Director and supported by a full team Functions of the World Heritage
of professional, technical and clerical staff. Office
The Director of the Heritage Department 8.5.8 World Heritage Offices are set up in
can come from any of the related built as an assurance to the World Heritage
environment disciplines, preferably an Committee that the World Heritage Sites
architect or town planner, and must have can be adequately protected. In spirit of
knowledge and experience in cultural the setting up of the Heritage Departments
heritage management. in the Local Authorities, there will still
be weaknesses and problems for the
Departments and the Local Authorities to
8.5.7 In particular the functions of the Heritage
fully carry out the demands for good and
Department include:
successful conservation and safeguarding
of the WHS. Local Authorities have
i) To process and monitor the their limitation, which include the lack
applications of planning permission of expertise and experienced staff, lack
and building plans of proposed works of incentive and motivation, financial
constraints, and the bureaucratic 8.5.11 Essentially, the WHO will ensure unified
constraints to hire and reward good staff management and implementation of the
or punish wayward ones, that will form a Conservation Management Plan, and it will
stumbling block in the efforts on heritage play the role of the de facto site manager.
and conservation management. The WHO is headed by a General
Manager who must be knowledgeable in
8.5.9 The need to set up a special purpose matters related to the conservation and
vehicle to assist the state and local management of heritage sites.
governments in the conservation of
their historic cities has long been felt. 8.5.12 The WHO compliments, assist and
This was the reason PERZIM had been supports the Local Authorities in carrying
formed in Melaka. The Penang State out all the functions necessary for the
government has moved to set up such efficient and effective management of the
an organization in 2010 and is currently WHS. These functions can be divided into
in operation with a skeletal organizational statutory and non-statutory functions, and
set-up. The George Town World Heritage the non-statutory tasks can be outsourced
Incorporated (GTWHI) was established to the WHO. The legal scope of the local
under the Company Act 1965. Melaka authority and the WHO is shown in
Table 8.1. The WHO must also have the
state government has agreed to set up
ability to hire and fire as freely as possible,
a special propose vehicle in he form of a
and not be saddled with bureaucracies
state owned company under the Company
and red tape in making decisions and
Act, 1965. It is important that both state
taking actions, like that the public
governments establish the required WHO
agencies.
to support the institutions, especially the
local governments concerned, towards 8.5.13 The divided functions of the local
heritage and conservation management at government and the WHO are shown in
the Sites. Table 8.2 below. As the WHO is to
co-exist with the local authority in
8.5.10 The primary function of the WHO will managing heritage sites of the respective
be to manage and liaise with the local cities, the WHO should have the right
authorities as well as State and Federal structure to administer and provide
agencies on all matters pertaining to services to ensure the non-statutory
the Site which are currently outside the functions are taken care of in the
purview of the statutory system, including management of heritage sites. This
branding, promotion, tourism and liaison takes the view that statutory functions
with State,Federal and International will continue to be function of the local
organisations and agencies for betterment government.
of the Site. Bearing in mind that this is
a living site, the WHO also liaises with 8.5.14 The organisational structure that would
the community that lives and work there. befit WHO at both Melaka and George
Issues that arise could include matters Town is as shown in Figure 8.3. This
pertaining to public transportation, structure incorporates the proposed
security, research, impact studies, site guidelines of the Department of National
Heritage as per Guidelines to the
interpretation, public awareness and
Establishment of World Heritage Office
community liaison.
for Melaka and George Town World
Heritage Sites, formulated by DNH under
consultation with both state authorities in
2010.
State Authority
State Planning
Committee
State Heritage
Committee
Local Authority
WHO
8.5.15 In addition, the structure incorporates the 8.5.16 The George Town World Heritage
need to have a technical advisory section Incorporated (GTWHI) has already been
which would provide assistance and incorporated as a corporate body under
guidance on heritage matters to individuals
the Companies Act, 1965 in the form of
and developers besides attending to
a company limited by guarantee and not
request for opinions from local government
concerned on applications received having a share capital. This however, has
from the heritage sites. In addition, an not been set up in Melaka.
Archives Section is deemed necessary
for the WHO to function as a Depository
System at the site, and one that can
have a formal linkage with the National
Archives Department and the Department
of Museums and Antiquities.
Table 8.1 : Statutory and Non-statutory functions of the Local Authorities and the WHO in Heritage Management
Board of Directors
Sections
Education & Training
Technical Advisory
Communications
Administration &
Development
Development
& Corporate
Research &
Monitoring
Archives
Cultural
Finance
8.5.17 The functions of the WHO at both Melaka • Manage, promote and administer the
and George Town would include the WHO,
following: • Chair meetings at WHO level,
• Seek participation of experts and
• To supervise respective heritage sites citizens on specific areas/topics,
in line with the need of CMP • Organize workshops and seminars
for information dissemination, training
• To develop and manage a heritage
and capacity building,
database for effective implementation
• Managing the Trust Account,
and monitoring
• Administer incentives,
• To support research and development • Seeking financial resources,
in heritage • Facilitate and coordinate local citizen
meetings,
• To promote sustainable development • Represent the state government on
of cultural tourism and manage tourist heritage matters,
services and facilities
• Prepare periodical reports,
• Publishing information,
• To support local community
involvement in conservation of their • Promoting local heritage area,
cultural heritage • Monitor heritage site.
SDTCP
Prepares draŌ STEERING
COMMITTEE
Checks and gives
SDTCP
directions
Makes copies for
public inspecƟon
PUBLIC OBJECTIONS AND
VIEWS
PUBLIC OBJECTION
DTCP
HEARING
ModiĮes draŌ and
submits to SPC
SPC approves
with or without
Rejects modifications, or
rejects
Approves
STATE
AUTHORITY
Gives assent
Figure 8.4 : Flow chart for the preparation of the Special Area Plan
The role of the WHO in the development the consideration of the draft SAP before
planning and control process in WHS approval. Major projects in the WHS will
8.5.20 The WHO will play a key role in the also need the consent of the Department
preparation of the SAP by the LPA and in of National Heritage.
the control and regulation of development
and building works and activities in the 8.5.21 Similarly the WHO will be needed to
WHS. As shown in Figure 8.0.4 below, the ensure that the processing of applications
WHO will be providing crucial technical, for planning permission and for building
professional and administrative advice, plan approvals for proposed development
support and assistance to the LPA in work and change of use in the WHS will
every step in the preparation, providing be effectively and efficiently carried out
public education and obtaining public towards the protection and management
participation, and advising the SPC in of heritage and the OUVs. Even at the
LPA
BUILDING DEPARTMENT
To check proposed development with Planning Permission, CMP, SAP, Guidelines
and to make recommendaƟon
STATE HERITAGE
COMMITTEE
LPA For direction
PLANNING AND BUILDING COMMITTEE
(OSC COMMITTEE)
For approval, rejecƟon, approval with condiƟons, or deferment WHO
For guidance and
LPA recommendaƟons
FULL COUNCIL
For conĮrmaƟon
Figure 8.5: Proposed Process of Application for Planning Permission and Building Plan Approval
early stage the WHO can provide valuable of Heritage will be entrusted with the
advice and directions to land owners and checking of major projects in the WHS and
developers and their consultants in the her clearance will be needed. The WHO
planning and design of their development will also be called upon to give guidance,
and in the preparation of plans, drawings advice and recommendations on heritage
and documents for submission of matters to the local approving authority,
applications. All applications will have the SPC State Planning Committee and
to be vetted by the WHO which will be the State Heritage Committee in their
empowered to ensure that the proposed consideration and making of decisions on
development complies with the SAP these applications.
before they are approved, as shown in
Figure 8.05 below. As will be pointed out
in the next section, he (National) Director
Increasing the Roles of the 8.5.24 Her role in the WHS becomes more crucial
Department of National Heritage as more and more buildings and areas are
and the Commissioner of Heritage in the WHS are registered in the National
at the State and Local Authority Heritage Register
Levels
8.5.22 The Commissioner of Heritage (CH) Amending the laws to strengthen
plays an important role in the heritage them for the conservation in the
conservation of the WHS of Melaka and WHS
George Town. Under the NHA, her main 8.5.25 Both the TCPA and the NHA are at the
functions, besides maintaining the National moment being reviewed and amended
Heritage Register and designating and to incorporate more specific provisions
registering heritage sires and other for the conservation of heritage sites
heritage items, include overseeing the and buildings in general and in the WHS
conservation, preservation, restoration, in particular. These amendments and
and maintenance of heritage, to advise additions should, among others, include:
and co-ordinate with the local planning
authority, the National Heritage Council i) Amending the definition of
and other bodies and entities at all levels “development” or amending the
for the purpose of safeguarding, promoting definition of “material change of use”
and dealing with any heritage, and to to include change from “traditional”
advise the Minister with regard to any use, for the protection of intangible
matter in respect of conservation and heritage;
preservation of heritage. ii) Requirements for the Heritage Impact
assessment, Progress Report, and
8.5.23 To facilitate her task in the protection of Dilapidation Survey Report for major
the WHS of Melaka and George Town, works in the Heritage Areas that may
the Commissioner of Heritage should be a affect the heritage values.
member of the State Heritage Committees
of Melaka and Penang. She is a member 8.5.26 Other the main acts, amendments can
of the National Heritage Council, and also be made to the subsidiary acts or new
hence she can coordinate the heritage subsidiary acts be made, (in the form of
conservation efforts not only between the Rules under the TCPA, By-laws under the
national bodies and the states, but also SDBA and LGA, and Regulations under
between the two states of Melaka and the NHA) to provide clearer powers and
Penang. A “Joint” Heritage Committee provisions for the planning and control,
at the National Level has been formed
promotion, protection and funding of
under the National Heritage Council for the
heritage and conservation efforts.
purpose of coordination and collaboration
For example, the Fire Requirements, the
of the works in the WHS of the two
strict building specifications can be waived
states, and the Chief Ministers of the
for the restoration and maintenance of old
states should be members of this “Joint”
Committee. The Commissioner is also heritage buildings.
an important source of funds for heritage
conservation, promotion and research in
the states. She is at the moment heading
the Department of National Heritage and
it is has also been proposed that the
Department sets up branches in the two
states to assist in the conservation efforts
of the states and the local authorities
better.
STATE PARTY
Government of Malaysia
Commissioner of Heritage
Partnership and Commitment to 8.6.4 Partnership with these groups will be able
Implement CMP to enhance the deliverables and capacity
8.6.3 At local levels, WHO will need to building of the WHO. Such partnership
collaborate with the following in its will be necessary to ensure that heritage
operations and decision-making: and conservation efforts are sustainable in
• Stakeholder groups such as local the long-run, i.e. will be able to coerce the
residents, businessmen, hotel stakeholders and owners to conserve their
operators, academicians, heritage and heritage assets on their own.
conservation experts
• Specific target groups, such as 8.6.5 The working arrangement of the WHO
hawkers, food operators, business with other agencies on heritage and
operators, printers and others conservation can be seen in Figure 8.0.7.
• Local government The diagram illustrates the relationship
• Inter-WHO coordination meeting to between all three tiers of government in
be coordinated by Department of the heritage management of Melaka and
National Heritage George Town WHS in the country.
• International bodies
8.6.6 At the Ministry of Information,
Communications and Culture, the Minister
chairs a Management Committee for
World Heritage Sites of Melaka and
George Town, which is represented by
the Secretary of State of both Melaka and
Penang.
National Heritage
Department
State Government
STATE LEVEL
Department of National
Federal Constitution
Heritage
Federal
(Custodian)
National Heritage Act 2005 (Act 645)
8.5.13 Hence, the Education & Training larger effort of recruiting volunteers and
Section has been proposed as one of paid staff in heritage and conservation
the administrative structure under WHO management. There is certainly room for
for this purpose. The GM of the WHO providing training to create entrepreneurs
will have to ensure that this Section to produce local products and souvenirs
undertakes necessary efforts to create for visitors to purchase. They should
better awareness of heritage and also be trained to take the economic
conservation management and getting opportunities in heritage and conservation
stakeholders to participate willingly in the management, especially in the field
programmes under the CMP. The Section of cultural tourism that covers food,
should also be responsible to carry out cultural displays, interpreters, hotelling,
interpretive works of the site, organizing transportation, and travel and tours.
campaigns, increasing the knowledge
of the people concerned, improving the
capabilities of the staff through training,
and publicity. Interpretive works includes
orientation programmes, exhibitions and
seminars, books and guides to unique
heritage assets at Site, leaflets, guided
tours and other publications. The Section
may undertake short-term to long-term
programmes to instill interest in people,
especially the young and women, by
providing technical knowledge and skills
training to enable them to be part of the
9.2.4 Project and booster grants are one-off given are waivers on widening of roads
grants and their values range from and back lanes (where appropriate),
RM200,000 to RM500,000. Repayable permission for adaptive re-use, car park
grants are aimed at private property provisions, and contributions (such as
owners to encourage them to apply best development charge, tree planting and
practices in heritage conservation. The drainage). In addition, maintenance
repayable grants vary from RM50,000 to grants are given by both state and local
as high as RM 2 million, and repayment is authorities to assist building owners in
expected to go into a revolving fund (Think the George Town WHS. The grants are
City Repayable Grant Fund) to benefit in fact tax discounts, given for a period
others. The grants are given based on of 5 years. Their equivalent value is 90%
certain terms and conditions. Matching of annual assessment rate and 90% of
grants are extended to applicants whose annual quit rent. These incentives are
projects involve public spaces, public relatively attractive and can be further
buildings or projects with strong public expanded to stimulate more restoration.
impact. The applicants are likely to be These incentives should be provided with
public or private bodies, and public-private attached terms and conditions, one of
partnerships. The value of a matching which is approval of building works and
grant can range from RM50,000 to RM2 compliance with guidelines and technical
million for projects that would also have requirements of local authorities.
their own funding sources. Technical
assistance funding and capacity building
grants are given to technical assistance
and capacity building programmes. The 9.3 A WHS Incentive
GTGP does not cover maintenance
works and are available to projects
Programme
on conserving intangible and tangible
9.3.1 A WHS Incentive Programme is proposed
values. They are granted to individuals,
to encourage heritage conservation in the
companies, and public agencies. Around
WHS and to facilitate the implementation
RM2.7 million has already been disbursed
of the CMP. The WHS Incentive
in George Town, among the recipients
Programme, comprising financial and
is the WHO of George Town which used
non-financial incentives, is intended to
the grants for education, research and
encourage and stimulate private sector
dissemination.
participation in heritage conservation
within the WHS. It is also intended to
9.2.5 At the local level, the local authority in
facilitate the implementation of the CMP
George Town, the Municipal Council of
programmes aimed at protecting the
Penang (MPPP) has established its own
OUV of the WHS, and to address and
set of incentives to encourage heritage
prevent losses of heritage integrity and
conservation which are fiscal and non-
value within the site. It is further proposed
financial. The MPPP has set up a one-
that WHO of the respective areas within
stop committee chaired by the Council
the site be responsible for implementing
President to fast track plan processing
the WHS Incentive Programme. Where
for the George Town WHS. It has waived
the incentives are not directly under its
some planning and building requirements.
control, it is to work and coordinate with
The waivers are not blanket waivers and
the awarding agencies to ensure that the
vary between building classifications and
benefits reach the intended beneficiaries.
in-fill developments. Examples of waivers
On-Off Grant
Matching Grant
Performance Grant
Financial Package
Technical & Capacity Building Grant
9.5.8 The proposed grants are: CMP, WHO may not have access to
• One-off grants are small grants substantial monies to provide grants with
provided to assist individuals, NGOs high monetary values. In fact, during
and small corporations undertaking this early stage, WHO may not be able
works to protect the value of the to implement all the proposed grants
WHS. simultaneously. This would depend
• Matching grants entail the recipients on its financial, technical and human
to match the value of the grant capacity. Each WHO shall have the
given. The matching ratio could be flexibility to determine which types of
50:50, with each contributing equal grants are appropriate for its respective
sum or it could be 70:30 with the site, and what terms and conditions to
recipient providing 30% of project set. However, all WHO grants are subject
cost. The ratio is a variable, subject to a qualifying condition that approval
to recommendation of the granting for building works and compliance to
body. technical requirements.
• Repayable grants are a form of loan
except that there is no interest. WHO ii) Heritage Loan Scheme
is not a licensed lending institution 9.5.10 Another financial assistance scheme
and has no authority to give loans. is a heritage loan scheme (Table 9.2).
It can provide grants which are WHO is not licensed to give loans so it
repayable but as a form of guarantee, would have to negotiate and work with
it may want a heritage agreement banks to create a special heritage loan
to be signed to enable it to recover scheme for individuals and corporate
the grants. The repayable grant is investors. Under the loan scheme, WHO
likely to range from RM10,000 to plays a supporting but important role in
RM50,000. encouraging banks to participate and
• Performance grants are aimed at extend financial assistance for restoration
specific targets to achieve. Targets projects in the form of loans. Crucial
could be physical improvements to the proposed loan scheme is a firm
such as improvements to structures commitment from the banking institutions
or to facades or roofs. on how they could contribute towards
• Technical and capacity building preserving the OUV in the WHS.
grants are another form of financial
assistance directed at technical and 9.5.11 There are two variations to the loan
capacity building aspects of heritage scheme. One is a direct loan scheme
within the WHS. which the commercial banks can give to
eligible borrowers working on restoration
9.5.9 The above list is not exhaustive. WHO and renovation projects within the WHS.
can further improve on the proposed The other variant has an element of
grant scheme, adding or removing those subsidy whereby the interest rate on such
found to be not effective and replacing loans is lower than market rate, and the
them. The Table 9.1 also indicates the difference is to be financed through a rant
grants having low monetary value. This from WHO.
takes into consideration that during the
early stages of implementation of the
Discount On Local
Property Assessment
Reverse Incentives
Penalties for
Vacant/Abandoned
Buildings
both state and local authorities. These 9.5.24 This fiscal incentive has terms and
incentives are conditional upon the conditions of which approval and
building works having approval and are full compliance to guidelines and
in compliance with the development and requirements of the approving authorities
building guidelines. is the most important qualifying condition.
The incentive can also be varied by the
9.5.21 The fiscal incentive from the state awarding authorities, depending on the
governments is used together with that types of heritage works such as whether
from the local governments, as a double they are major or minor works, whether
reward to owners who have approvals and there is a change in use from commercial
comply with all technical requirements. to residential or from residential to
commercial, and whether they are in line
9.5.22 A longer duration of incentive of up with the recommended land use policies in
to10 years is proposed. The rationale the WHS.
for a longer duration is to make the
incentive sufficiently attractive to promote 9.5.25 Alternatively, instead of giving discounts,
restoration works while encouraging the authorities can opt for a tax credit.
greater compliance to technical This scheme works on the basis that prior
requirements and guidelines. to the award of tax credit on property
tax; the recipients must have paid these
9.5.23 In using the incentive on annual property taxes in the immediate past 2 years to
assessment, the awarding authorities may be eligible (those who had not been
opt to give incentive only on the enhanced paying such taxes are not eligible). The
value of the building/property or they tax credit will only be given to buildings
may allow the entire land or property to after restoration and have complied with
receive discount from annual assessment. heritage guidelines and other technical
It is suggested that the duration and the requirements.
quantum of the incentive be varied, using
5 years a benchmark for exemption and
allowing the discount or exemption to
taper off gradually at the tenth year.
Table 9.4: Options for Fiscal Incentives at State and Local Levels
Nature of Fiscal
Options Duration
Incentive
Exemption on Enhanced Value of 100% tax exemption on Total Duration: 10 years
Assessed Property (as result of the enhanced value of For 5 years after which, tax is imposed
Restoration/conservation) property at 25% discount for next 5 years
Discount on Property Assessment or 90% discount Total Duration: 10 years
a Tax Credit 90% discount for first 5 years; reduce
to 50% in subsequent 5 years.
Tax credit is an alternative form of
discount where a credit is given for use
later on.
No change in Assessed Value of Assessed value is Total Duration: 5 years
Building (after restoration) unchanged & not Value of tax base is held constant
reviewed
Discount on State Quit Rent or Tax 90% discount Total Duration: 10 years
Credit 90% discount for first 5 years; reduce
to 50% in subsequent 5 years. The
alternative is tax credit
Notes: (1) * Subject to technical requirements of relevant authorities
(2) N/A –not applicable
Sources: (1) Comprehensive Development Plan (January, 2011)
(2) Investing in Penang’s Heritage. A Guide for Investors
9.5.26 Reverse Incentive and Penalty conditions, would not enjoy this benefit.
In Peninsular Malaysia, local authorities They would be penalised by having to pay
are known to exempt properties which are the full tax unless they show proof that
vacant or unutilised for a period of time they are starting to repair, to seek tenants
from property assessment. or to approach WHO as partners under
revenue-generating scheme.
9.5.27 Owners of such properties can apply for
exemptions by providing proofs to the c) Income-Generating Package
local authorities that their properties were 9.5.28 Under this incentive package, two
vacant. This incentive tends to benefit schemes are to be initiated and managed
property owners with vacant premises. by WHO (Figure 9.3). The objectives
This incentive may have a negative effect are (i) to stimulate restoration and
on WHS as property owners who leave preservation among owners of buildings,
their premises in disrepairs and vacant and (ii) to generate income for WHO,
would not be penalised. Under such where possible. This forms part of its
circumstances, a reverse incentive is efforts to increase its independent
introduced. Property owners in WHS who revenue sources while encouraging and
leave their premises vacant, and in poor helping building owners in WHS to start
restoration or repair works.
Income-Generating Package
Heritage Preservation
Scheme Copyrights Concession Scheme
1. Operational Expenses
1. Grant scheme
2. Rentals, Utilities
2. Loan scheme
3. Staff Costs
3. Technical Assistance
4. Miscellaneous administrative cost
scheme
to enable it to carry out its operational related schemes or projects, they can
and management functions. Surpluses apply for grants from Ministry of Tourism
from the management account can be or if the programmes are focused on area
transferred into its trust accounts for CMP improvements, they can apply for grants
programmes and other heritage schemes from the Ministry of Housing and Local
operated by WHO. The possible sources Government.
are:
• State contributions or appropriations 9.7.4 Similarly, state governments in the
• Federal contributions or WHS can also award grants to their
appropriations through the Ministry respective WHO to help them in heritage
of Information, Communication and conservation. Under its draft heritage
Culture enactment, the state government of
Penang has proposed a state heritage
b) Government Grants fund. If the state heritage fund is
9.7.2 Government grants are provided by established, it can extend a grant to help
the federal or the state government the WHO. The same approach can be
or through selected federal ministries used for Melaka.
for specific purposes, linked to area
improvement and tourism. WHO and the 9.7.5 Another possible source of grant is
local authorities are both implementing from the national Heritage Fund. The
the CMP programmes, and should establishment of a national Heritage Fund
be entitled to apply for grants from is provided under Part V of the National
various federal ministries or their state Heritage Act 2005. Among its allowed
governments for financial assistance. For expenses is payment of expenses
example, if the programmes had tourism- incurred on conservation and preservation
in conservation areas that are owned by
conservation. The charge can be imposed out financial projections to determine the
on hotels of 3-star to 5-star and above required amount of funds, (ii) to request
within the WHS. The hotels are to collect government funding that could go into
the charges on behalf of the state and the trust account, (iii) to identify potential
remit to the state heritage fund. The rate trustees from private sector, (iv) to identify
could be RM3 per room per night for 3-star potential donors to start appeal scheme
hotel, rising to RM5 per room per night for (v) to decide on whether CEO is to
hotels of 5-star and above. Payments are undertake fund-raising or appoint another
to be itemised in hotel bills to ensure that person to do this task, and (vi) to seek tax
hotel guests are aware of such charges. exemptions from Inland Revenue.
A small percentage of the charge can be
given to hotels to cover administrative c) Management of WHO Heritage
costs. The state government undertakes to Trust
remit the charges collected to WHO trust 9.8.3 Trustees and their responsibility
account for use in WHS. The proposed trust is to have a panel
of trustees where there is a mix of
government and non-government
representation, including private
9.8 Setting up a WHO sector representation. Private sector
representation is encouraged, especially
Heritage Trust Account for the purpose of fund raising. Among
the trustees, there must be a combination
a) Key Principles of WHO Trust
of technical, financial, and management
Account
expertise. The trustees have fiduciary
9.8.1 The proposed WHO trust account is
responsibility to manage and safeguard
created based on three key principles,
the assets of the trust. A set of bye-laws
i.e. (i) to promote and encourage
and regulations are to be established to
active participation in conservation
guide how the trust is to be administered
and preservation in WHS, (ii) to have
and the procedures for extending financial
sustainable financial resources, and
and non-financial assistance.
(iii) to ensure that monies collected
are managed in a transparent and
9.8.4 Manager/Management
responsible manner for the benefit of
The Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of
WHS.
WHO will be the manager of the proposed
trust fund. To assist the CEO, there has
b) Preliminary Steps
to be Financial Advisory Committee
9.8.2 WHO can start the process of establishing
comprising 3 members, with at least 2
a Heritage Trust by setting up a working
members having expertise in fund and
committee to look further into it, together
financial management. To process
with a budget and a time frame. A budget
applications for grants, loans, and other
of RM50,000 would be sufficient to cover
incentives, the trust can refer to WHO
the preliminary costs of setting up the
Technical Review Panel for assistance.
heritage trust within a maximum time
frame of 12 months. Some of the tasks
9.8.5 Accounts of Trust
to be resolved quickly are (i) to identify
The proposed trust is to establish different
the projects and schemes under the CMP
accounts to hold and manage the funds
that WHO can implement, and to carry
collected. Money from the different
9.8.6 The trust account is subdivided into 9.8.8 The revolving trust account is easier to
different trust accounts as follows: set up but it entails annual top-ups to
enable the trust to sustain its programme
a) Endowment Trust Account where in WHS. Annual surpluses from WHO
money it receives are deemed as capital management account can be transferred
to be invested and only earnings from to the revolving account. The trust
these investments are used to fund its can seek annual contributions from the
heritage programme. The capital remains federal and state governments for its
intact as the long-term asset of the trust revolving account. Such contributions
fund. can be grants from federal ministries
or donations from private corporations
b) Revolving Trust Account where and individuals. WHO can also place
money it receives are used to finance the revenue earned from income-generating
heritage programme but care is taken schemes into the revolving account.
to ensure that the revolving fund does The allocation from the proposed state
not dry up. This means that the account heritage charge can be a regular income
has to be topped up through repayment, source for the revolving trust account.
income earned, donations, and surpluses
from management account. 9.8.9 The sinking trust account involves using
a financial allocation for a specific task
c) Sinking Trust Account where the and to close the account after the monies
monies are to be used for a specific have been used and the task achieved..
purpose, after which the account for that A sinking trust account can be set up to
purpose will be closed when the allocated keep grants obtained from organizations
fund has been used up and/or the task is such as Think City. The grants can be
completed. earmarked for a specific purpose, and
when the task is completed, the account
9.8.7 Among the three, the endowment trust for that activity is closed and the excess,
account is more difficult to establish if any, is transferred to the revolving
as it requires a large contribution account.
from a donor, whether government
(federal or state) or private donation.
The sum would likely be in a range
of RM10 million or more in order to
make a substantial impact, i.e. to have
the investment yields an attractive
annual return for the trust. The annual
earnings can then be put into a revolving
account. The contribution or donation
is considered a capital to be kept intact.
To safeguard the capital, the trustees
Table 9.6: WHO -Sources of Fund, Financing Objectives and Financial Accounts
Development
Guide Plan for
Melaka WHS
CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT PLAN AND SPECIAL AREA PLAN : PART 2 (MELAKA) 1-1
1 Introduction to the Development
Guide Plan for Melaka
1.1 A Dynamic Historic respected by new development. Heritage
conservation does not preclude change
Living City but rather respond to it. This Development
Guide Plan provides a framework for
Melaka has existed for more than 500 the control of new development of
years and it was a vibrant and successful redevelopment and for conservation. It
trading port in its early days. Today though aims to:
challenged by high growth in other urban
centres in Malaysia, Melaka remain i) Establish the framework and guiding
strong and more importantly it is able to principle for detailed planning on
adapt to change and new demands to heritage;
accommodate growth physically as well
economically and socially. ii) Ensure that development within the
WHS are planned and constructed
Melaka is rich with culture and traditions. with the basic understanding of
Where the forefathers had brought with heritage significance and that level
them beliefs, foods, traditions, decorations, of change should respect its heritage
arts and other custom from their place of significance;
origin. They were adapted to suit the local
climate and conditions and had influence iii) Enhance the townscape elements of
the cultural landscape of Melaka. the city in a manner that it celebrates
and enrich the Outstanding Universal
It is for this and much more that Melaka Values that make Melaka as World
is a World Heritage Site. And this Heritage Site.
Development Guide Plan is prepared to
ensure that the city's authenticity remain
intact by managing growth and the new
needs for change in today's modern times
1.3 Content of this
in a more holistic manner so as to protect Document
the integrity of the OUV's.
The document contains these following
aspects:
1.2 Purpose of this i) Managing the Use of Land and
Document Building;
ii) Protecting the Built Cultural Heritage;
Planning for heritage in Melaka WHS aims iii) Protecting Vistas, Enclaves and
to ensure that the significant elements of Streetscape;
the past are appropriately managed and iv) Enhancing Public Realm;
v) Managing Circulation and Access;
vi) Improving Urban Infrastructure.
Realising this, the management plan They facilitate the planning and
for WHS has proposed for the need to development process in understanding the
manage the use of land and building in the importance of the site/building that needs
WHS. The intricacy of the multi- cultural to be incorporated into the proposal.
historic urban landscape necessitates a
control on the use of land and building that
takes account of the sensitivity of change
to cultural landscape of Melaka WHS.
Thus, control on use of land and building 2.2 Profile of Activities
in the WHS requires a process that is in the WHS
unlike any other areas outside the WHS.
2.2.1 A Mixed-Use City
2.1 The Mapping of Living Figure 2.1 shows the distribution of
Cultural Heritage landuse activities in the WHS.
Living heritage topography maps reveal The Melaka WHS is a mixed use heritage
the layering of urban structures and city, with Institutional and Residential
built environment as expressed in the being the highest distribution of activities.
historical and modern townscape. These 40.47% of the WHS are institution,
maps display the dominant patterns, However most of these institution are
spatial distribution and range of human located within the buffer area that is.
activity in relation to the built environment.
These maps also facilitate a thorough Within the Core area, its main activity is
understanding of the inter-connectivity Commercial (34%) , Institution (30.7%)
of activities with the built environment. and Residential (16.34%). The commercial
Together they form a representation of the components are well spread in the Core
dynamics of the living cultural landscape area and as such seem to be the dominant
of Melaka WHS. activity of WHS and proves why the city
is vibrant with activities of trade and
commerce.
The WHS has substantial amount of residential units and these also
accounts for the population base of WHS.
One use that is important to have in the WHS is its open space and
green areas. Only 2.94% of the185.24 hectares of land is open space
and recreational areas. In early days, roads were not busy and hence
co-function as part of the outdoor space of its communities. With a
built-up of 85%, the Melaka WHS needs quality spaces for the city to
breathe. However WHS has 16.87 hectares of vacant land and this can
be observed as potential land to acquire green space when developed.
The land use and activities structure shall assist in managing future
growth for the WHS area.
h
Po
Li
g
Retail Trade 29.34
an
Sek Men
Kg. Bukit
iH
Pay Fong
Bunga Raya China
r
Jal
te
an
Pu
Ka Pantai Wholesale Trade 2.5
lan
mp
Ja
un
gE BUKIT CHINA
mp Personal & Household Services 2.28
e
We
at
e
Ta it G
O
n Ch k
Bu Bank & Financial Institution 1.84
an
ay
lan
Jal
Ya
n Ja
Jalan Hotels & Motels 3.70
Muns
hi Abd
ullah
bu
Ku Restaurants & Cafe 4.14
lan
Ja
SJK(C)
Masjid
Kg. Hulu
Jalan Pasar
Baru Storage/Godowns 0.04
Pay Teck
Ja
lan
Industry 49.46
Te
ngk
era Kubu Fire Station Metalic Product 0.62
Kampung
Ketek
Kampung Basic Metal 0.15
Raya
Jawa
ahara
Paper Printing 0.07
Jalan Bunga
Chiang Lin Si
Temple
Bend
Jalan Tokong
SJK(C)
Pay Fong 1 Food & Tobacco 0.11
Jalan
Cheng Hong
Teng Temple Metal Fabrication & Machinery
Jal
an
iu
Ka & Eqiupment 0.28
Le
k mp
un
gP
ng
Ja
an
Ha
lan
Masjid Kg tai Wood 0.05
eu
lan
Tu
Ja Ja Jalan
Lik
Keling
k
Ja la Bukit
Ja
lan
an
lan n Cina
ng
Sri Poyyatha
g
Ha Ka
Tu 1.28
Ha
Em
Vinayagar Morthi m
n ng
Ta pu Institution
as
lan
n Je ng t
Ch ba ba
Ja
ri
en Ku Je
Ja
t
stu
li ng
Ka
oc a
Tu
k gH
ng
n
an
a
Ha
Lo
Cin
g
Be
lan
Ja Jala
kit
si
lan
Ja
n Te
men Educational 14.32
Bu
Ko ggo
ta
g Ho
ng
a ng
La an hen
ana C
o
ks am
Jala
Lor
m Public Facilities 2.87
am
La
ks Laksa
Jalan
nB
an n
a ala
and
J
Safety & Emergency 3.00
aK
Melaka Police
aba
Gudwara Sahib
Headquarters
Melaka Cemeteries park 42.27
The Stadthuys Religious 3.37
Ko Kampung
ta Banda Kaba Recreational Park/ 75.00
La
Open Space
r
ks
ve
Ri
am Jala
nC
ka
Jalan Kota
Palace Museum nC
hen
Police St. Paul g Sek Men 7.93
Saint Francis
Stations Church Vacant
Vacant Land 16.87
Medan
Vacant Building 1.46
Samudera Sek. Keb
Sacred Heart Infrastructure 18.33
Sekolah Tinggi Melaka & Utility
Jal
an
Pa
ra me Electrical Supply 0.24
sw
ara
Port Authority
Malacca
Straits Hotel
0.24
Dataran Pahlawan
Transportation
Car Park 4.34
Jalan M 4.34
erdek
a
Ujung Pasir
Others
Melaka Raya
Source :
* Map produced from existing land use information 100 0 100 200 300 m
Land use survey, 2010 ; AJM Planning & Urban Design Group Sdn Bhd Meters
Melaka Raya
BUKIT CHINA
COMPREHENSIVE ACTION PLAN FOR MELAKA WHS
Jal
an
LIVING HERITAGE TOPOGRAPHY MAPS
Ta
e
n
Existing Landuse (Core)
We
Kim
Jalan
Muns
hi Abd
g
ullah
On bu
Ku
an
n
Jal
Jala
Housing
Fully Residence 5.55
Jalan Pasar
Baru
Chee Ancestral House 0.48
Commercial 6.03
1 2 3
Raya
Retail Trade 6.62
Jalan Bunga
Wholesale Trade 1.42
ahara
Ja
lan Personal & Household Services 0.67
Te
Bend
n gk
era Professional Services 0.59
Jalan
Jalan Tokong Bank & Financial Institution 0.25
Hotels & Motels 0.51
iu
un
ek
gP Metalic Product 0.34
gL
Ja
an
n
tai
lan
ir
Ja Basic Metal 0.07
Ha
ek
lan Ja Jalan
Tu
Ja Bukit
lan
la
gL
ka
lan Ha n Cina Paper Printing 0.02
Ja
n
Ka
ng
Tu ng
Ha
n Je m
Em
Ta pu
n lan ba Food & Tobacco 0.05
as
Ch t ng
Ja
a
en Ku
Cin
gL Metal Fabrication & Machinery
Ja
l i
lan
oc
k it
k
ri
Tu
& Eqiupment 0.05
Bu
stu
ka
Ja
Ka
lan
ng
ng
Wood 0.03
ng
Ko
o
Be
Lor
ta
Ha
si
La Jala 0.53
lan
ks n Te
am men
Ja
an t ggo Institution
ba ng
Jala
a e
n gJ Government Use 5.32
nB
4
a
5 gH an
a
6
and
n Non Government Body 0.64
ro am
Lo ks
aK
a Public Facilities 2.15
nL
aba
la
Ja
Safety & Emergency 2.90
Cemeteries park 0.21
Religious 2.11
Ko 11.33
ta
La Recreational Park/
ks Open Space
am Jala Open Space 4.37
Jalan Kota
nC
an han
Koo 4.37
a nC
hen Vacant
g
Vacant Land 0.75
Vacant Building 0.86
Infrastructure 1.61
& Utility
Electrical Supply 0.19
0.19
Transportation
Jal
an Car Park 0.66
Pa
rame
sw 0.66
ara
Others
Jalan M
erdek
a
Source :
100 0 100 200 300 m
* Map produced from existing land use information
Meters
Land use survey, 2010 ; AJM Planning & Urban Design Group Sdn Bhd
CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT PLAN AND SPECIAL AREA PLAN : PART 2 (MELAKA) 2-3
2.3 Controlling the Use of 2.3.2 Single-Use Activity Zones
Land and Building
For these zones in the WHS, the described
In managing the WHS and ensuring its use must be retained:
sustainable development, it is necessary to
protect its Outstanding Universal Values, i) Institution Zone
namely: ii) Open Space/Green Zone
iii) Places of Worship
OUV 1: Layered history, plural society
and cultural-religious diversity,
hereinafter simply referred to as 2.3.3 Mixed-Use Activity Zones
‘cultural diversity’
For the purpose of controlling the use of Land
OUV 2: Living heritage, both tangible and and Buildings, the WHS of George Town is
intangible, hereinafter referred to as segmented into 7 mixed-use Activity Zones:
‘living heritage’
i) Institution Zone
OUV 3: Built townscape, especially ii) Commercial Zone
townhouses and shophouses, iii) Residential Zone
hereinafter referred to as ‘built iv) River Zone
heritage'. v) Mixed Use Zone
vi) Traditional Village
Cultural diversity (OUV 1) is itself an
intangible heritage which is embodied and With the exception of the Traditional Village
embedded in living heritage (OUV 2) and Zone, the zones are generally mixed-use
built heritage (OUV 3). zones, meaning the use of land for either
100% Commercial, 100% Residential and
In so far as cultural diversity is reflected in Residential-with-Commercial are allowed.
built heritage, it has to be recovered and
protected with the tools for protecting built The Traditional Village is residential dominant
heritage, as well as through action plans. use zone. It should retain its dominant
The control of Land and Building use through residential component, with allowance for
zoning is an important tool to protect and limited tourism related activities and sundry
enhance these OUVs, in particular OUV 1 shops within the residential premises. Refer
and OUV 2. to Figure 2.3 for a map of the Activity Zones
and their descriptions. Any change of use
2.3.1 Use of Category I Buildings and shall require the application for Planning
Sites Permission.
For Category I buildings and sites, the use 2.3.4 Matrix of Non-permissible Activities
should remain as originally intended. Any in the WHS
adaptation to the use must be of similar
use or nature of activities and have minimal Refer to Table 2.1 for a matrix describing the
impact on the cultural significance of the list of non-permissible activities within the
place and requires the preparation of a WHS of Melaka, and exceptions to the list in
Planning Permission. The submission shall accordance with each Activity Zone.
include a Heritage Impact Assessment and
Cultural Impact Assessment (CIA) within the
Development Proposal Report.
Melaka and George Town . Historic Cities of the Straits of Malacca .
2-4 CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT PLAN AND SPECIAL AREA PLAN : PART 2 (MELAKA)
Exceptions for:
The matrix describes a list
of non-permissible activities
Institution Zone
Places of Worship
Commercial Zone
Residential Zone
River Zone
2
3 Bowling Alley, Karaoke, Arcade, Snooker Hall, Casino
4 Industry (except cottage industry)
5 Recycling (except existing)
6 Funeral Services (except existing)
7 Petrol Station (except existing)
8 Printing (except existing)
9 Department Store
10 Contemporary Mini-Mart/Convenience Store
11 Wholesale, Storage and Distribution
12 Bar/Night Club
13 Electronics and Computer
14 Internet Café
15 Transport, Import/Export and Logistics
16 Travel and Tourism Services
17 Financial Services
18 Real Estate and Property Services
19 Renovation Supplies and Hardware
20 Home-stay
21 Budget Hotel
22 3-5 Star Hotel
23 Boutique Hotel
Traditional Trades
h
Gajah Berang
Po
Wisma Negeri
Li
g
an
Traditional
iH
Kg. Bukit
r
Trade Total
te
Bunga Raya China
Pu
Jal
an Pantai Provision Shop 13
n
la
Ka
Ja
mp BUKIT CHINA Traditional Food 22
un
e
gE
We
Jal Salted Fish 2
mp
an
im
at Ta Spice & Flour Milers 12
On
ay
Ya
an
Jal n Chiken Merchant 1
Jalan Coconut Shop 2
Muns
hi Abd
u ullah Silver Smith 1
b
Ku Tin Smith 21
lan
Ja Gold Smith 17
Jalan Pasar
Baru Lock Smith 1
Traditional Embroidery & Tailoring 7
Ja
lan Traditional Chinese Wedding Shop 3
Te
Raya
ngk Beaded Shose (Wah Aik) 1
era
Shop Scales 1
Jalan Bunga
Chinese Medical Shop & Medical Hall 24
ahara
Saloon 2
Jalan Tokong
Bend
Bicycle Shop 4
Jal Frame Makers 7
Jalan
an
Ka Rattan Handcraft 2
mp
un
iu
Ja gP Rubber Stamping/Seal Caraving/Sing Board 7
k
lan an
Le
Ja tai Chinese Clogs 2
lan
Ja
Ha
ng
lan
Tu ng Ja
Ha
n Je la Jalan Optical & Watch Shop 18
Bukit
Tu
Ta n
lan
n ba Cina
k
Ka
an
Ch t Stone Maker 4
Ja
en m
g
gL pu
Em
ng t Barrel 1
oc ba
as
Ja k Ku e
gJ
a
Pawn Shop 6
Cin
lan li an
Ja
Ko H Chettiar 5
lan
kit
ta ng
Tu
ro
Bu
La Book Rental 10
Lo
k
ks Jala
an
ng
Jala
am n Te Chinese Longevity (Prayer, Coffin & Undertaker) 28
g
a men
o
an an
Be
Lor
ggo
nB
a m ng Money Changer 3
si
ksa g Ho
and
La hen
lan ana C Dentist 1
ksam
aK
Ja La
Jalan Pharmacy 1
aba
Market 2
Ko 238
Jalan Kota
ta Jala
La nC
ks han Others
a m Koo
an nC
hen Core Area Buffer Area River
a g
Jal
an
Pa
ra me
sw
ara
Jalan M
erdek
a
Source :
* Map produced from existing land use information 100 0 100 200 300 m
Meters
Land use survey, 2010 ; AJM Planning & Urban Design Group Sdn Bhd
DEVELOPMENT GUIDE PLAN FOR MELAKA WHS
MANAGING THE USE OF LAND AND BUILDING
Figure 2.5
Activity Zoning Diagram
This Activity Zones Map is
to be read together with the
Matrix of Non-permissible
Activities in the WHS
(Figure 2.6)
Institution Zone
Places of Worship
Commercial Zone
Residential Zone
River Zone
Traditional Trade
Ancestral House
Category I Buildings
Residential Overlay
0 100m 500 m
CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT PLAN AND SPECIAL AREA PLAN : PART 2 (MELAKA) 3-1
3 Protecting Built Cultural Heritage
3.1 Building Category Replacement buildings are mostly refers to
buildings on the reclaimed land which has
The buildings and sites within the Melaka no significance to the WHS.
WHS are identified into four categories
encompassing both conservation and
Protection, conservation & adaptation
compatible development. Figure 3.1
maps out the categorisation of heritage ● Category I:
buildings in the WHS of Melaka (i) Monuments of exceptional interest.
(ii) Buildings and monuments declared as
Analysis on Categorisation of the WHS ancient and gazetted formerly under
the Antiquities Act 1976 now under the
National Heritage Act (2005)
Category No of Building %
(iii) Buildings Registered as National Heritage
I 66 2.11 under the National Heritage Act (2005)
IIA 77 2.49
IIB 1987 65.98
● Category IIA:
(i) Buildings of exceptional interest.
Replacement 920 29.41
(ii) Buildings related to or associated
TOTAL 3,050 100.00 with Category I buildings.
(iii) Corner buildings of architectural
From 3,050 number of buildings in significance.
Core Zone and Buffer Zone, Category I (iv) Rows of buildings of architectural
significance.
buildings estimated 66 nos(2.11%) and
(v) Dated building of architectural
Category IIA is 77 (2.49%). Most of the significance.
buildings are under Category IIB which (vi) Compounds, boundary walls,
take about 65.98% and Replacement gateposts & gates, landscapes,
about 920 buildings(29.41%). trees, enclaves, granite pathways
and sites.
(vii) Historic street furniture, granite posts
Category I buildings mostly refers to
and chains, fountains,lamp-posts, post
Religious Structure and also the Dutch boxes,fire hydrants and fire assurance
Structure. For example the Stadhuys, plaques, granite and engineering
the Christ Church, the Clock Tower, Sri brick drains, etc.
Poyyatha Vinayagar Moorthi Temple,
Kampung Hulu Mosque, kampung Keling ● Category IIB:
Buildings of special interest that warrant
Mosque and Chan Koon Cheng Temple.
every effort being made to preserve them.
Building Categories
Building Category
h
Po
Gajah Berang
Li
Wisma Negeri
g
an
iH
Kg. Bukit Category %
r
te
Bunga Raya China
Pu
Jal
an Category I 2.11
n
Pantai
la
Ka
Ja
mp
un BUKIT CHINA Category IIA 2.49
e
gE
We
mp Jal
an Category IIB 65.98
im
at Ta
On
ay Replacement 29.41
an Ya
n
Jal
100.00
Jalan
Muns
hi Abd
bu ullah
Ku
lan
Ja Others
Jalan Pasar
Baru
Core Area Buffer Area River
Ja
lan
Te
Raya
ngk
era
Jalan Bunga
ahara
Jalan Tokong
Bend
Jal
Jalan
an
Ka
mp
un
iu
Ja gP
k
lan an
Le
Ja tai
lan
Ja
Ha
ng
lan
Tu ng Ja
Ha
n Je la Jalan
Bukit
Tu
Ta n
lan
n ba Cina
k
Ka
an
Ch t
Ja
en m
g
gL pu
Em
ng t
oc ba
as
Ja k Ku e
gJ
a
Cin
lan li an
Ja
Ko H
lan
kit
ta ng
Tu
ro
Bu
La
Lo
k
ks Jala
an
ng
Jala
am n Te
g
a men
o
an an
Be
Lor
ggo
nB
a m ng
si
a
ks g Ho
and
nL
a
ana Chen
ala aksam
aK
J L
Jalan
aba
Ko
Jalan Kota
ta Jala
La nC
ks han
a m Koo
an nC
hen
a g
Jal
an
Pa
ra me
sw
ara
Jalan M
erdek
a
Source :
Jalan Kota
Category No of Building %
I 25 45.45
IIA 5 9.09
IIB 10 18.18
Replacement 15 27.27
HISTORIC RESIDENTIAL TOTAL 55 100.00
AND COMMERCIAL
Jalan Laksamana
Category No of Building %
I 3 7.14
IIA
IIB 39 92.86
CIVIC ZONE
Replacement
TOTAL 42 100.00
Figure 3.2 Core Zone main area (ii) Historic Residential and Commercial
Jalan Tun Tan Cheng Lock
3.1.2 Categorisation of Built Cultural Category No of Building %
Heritage in Core Zone I
IIA 15 8.15
Core Zone of Melaka WHS is divided IIB 165 89.67
into two main areas that significantly Replacement 4 2.17
represents its function and activity as TOTAL 184 100.00
follows:
(i) Civic Zone - Historic Administration Jalan Hang Jebat
Enclave Category No of Building %
(ii) Historic Residential and Commercial - I
Mixed Use Enclave IIA 20 13.99
IIB 121 84.62
Replacement 2 1.40
(i) Civic Zone
TOTAL 143 100.00
Jalan Gereja & Lorong Gereja Jalan Tokong, Jalan Tukang Emas & Jalan
Category No of Building % Tukang Besi
I 3 17.65 Category No of Building %
IIA 1 5.88 I 19 13.29
IIB 13 76.47 IIA 6 4.20
Replacement IIB 101 70.63
TOTAL 17 100.00 Replacement 17 11.89
TOTAL 143 100.00
1. 8.
5.
6.
2.
9.
3. 7. 10.
4. 11.
Building Style
h
Po
Gajah Berang
Wisma Negeri
Li
g
an
Dutch Style
iH
Kg. Bukit
r
te
Bunga Raya China Dutch
Pu
Jal
an Pantai
n
la
Ka Dutch (Altered)
Ja
mp
un BUKIT CHINA
e
gE Southern
We
mp Jal China Style
an
im
at Ta
gK
n Ch
On
ay Early
Ya Shophouse
an
Jal n
Jalan Early Shop House/Town House
Muns
hi Abd
bu ullah Early Shop House/Town House (Altered)
Ku Timber
lan Shophouse
Ja
Jalan Pasar Timber Shop House
Baru
Timber Shop House (Altered)
Ja Transitional
lan
Te Transitional
Raya
ngk
era
Transitional (Altered)
Jalan Bunga
Straits
ahara
Eclectic
Jalan Tokong Early Straits Eclectic
Bend
Early Straits Eclectic (Altered)
Jal
Jalan
an Late Straits Eclectic
Ka
mp
un Late Straits Eclectic (Altered)
Ja gP
iu
lan an
k
Ja Art Deco
Le
tai
Ja
lan Ha
ng
lan
Tu ng Ja Jalan Art Deco
Ha
n la
Tu
Ta Je n Bukit
ba Cina
k
lan
n Ka
an
Ch t m Art Deco (Altered)
Ja
g
en pu
Em
gL ng t Modern
oc ba
as
Ja k Ku e
gJ
a
l Modern
Cin
lan
Ja
i n
Ha
lan
Ko
kit
ta g Modern (Altered)
Tu
n
ro
Bu
La
k
Lo Other
an
ks Jala
ng
Jala
am n Te
g
a men Architectural
Be
o
an an
Lor
ggo
nB
si
a m ng Styles
k sa Ho
and
La na C heng Palladian
lan sama
aK
Ja Lak
Jalan Baroque
aba
Neo Classical
Portuguese
Chinese Urban Courtyard House
Ko Straits Colonial
Jalan Kota
ta Jala
La nC Istana
ks han
a Koo Kampung House
m nC
an hen
a g Mosque
Chinese Temple
Church
Hindu Temple
Sikh Temple
Warehouse
Jal
an
Pa Monument
ra me
sw Undefined
ara
Others
Source :
* Map produced from existing land use information 100 0 100 200 300 m
Land use survey, 2010 ; AJM Planning & Urban Design Group Sdn Bhd Meters
CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT PLAN AND SPECIAL AREA PLAN : PART 2 (MELAKA) 3-7
FIGURE 3.5 Six Main Shophouse Styles, Melaka
Analysis on Style of the WHS Eclectic. Outside Core Zone which have a
various mixture of Styles are Jalan Bunga
From the map (figure 3.4), it is clearly Raya, Jalan Temenggong, and Lorong
shown that the styles are richer for the Bukit Cina. Art Deco Style can be seen
area that established earlier (refer to the dominantly along Jalan Bendahara and
map below) for example in Residential and modern styles on the reclaimed land.
Commercial Zone, especially along Jalan
Tun Tan Cheng Lock. This is the earliest
stretch of settlemet in WHS, the Dutch
styles had dominant numbers and the
others are Southern China and Late Straits
4.2 Protection of
Landmarks and View
Corridors
Street level views also frame important Any development in the WHS will be
vistas and focal points. For example, the required to take considerations of the
minarets of Kampung Kling and Kampung identified landmarks. They must not be
Hulu Mosques, the church towers of St block view from the street.
Francis Xavier's, as well as the clock
tower at Dutch Square, all define important
landmarks and wayfinding elements for its
corresponding streets.
Figure 4.3. Streetscape of Goldsmith Street, Melaka showing the minaret of Kampung Keling Mosque and Sri Poyatha Vinayagar
Moorthi Temple
Civic Zone
r
ve
Ri
a
ak
el
M
Landmarks:
Figure 4.5. Jalan Kampung Hulu towards Masjid Kampung Figure 4.9. Jalan Kampung Pantai
Hulu
Figure 4.8. Jalan Kota toward Independence Memorial Figure 4.11. Chee Ancestral House
Figure 4.13. Jalan Hang Lekir Figure 4.16. Istana Kesultanan Melayu Melaka
Figure 4.19. Terracotta Roofscape of Commercial and Residential Zone, Melaka WHS
C1
E1 A6
E3
A5
A4
D1 A3
A1
B1
B3 E2
A2 B2
Waterfront Promenade
C1. Connect and upgrade the riverwalk to
Melaka Sentral
Backlane
D1. Backlane improvement (Upgrade)
Car-Parks
E1. Jalan Masjid centralized parking (New)
E2. Parking at Jalan Banda Kaba (Upgrade)
E3. Parking at Jalan Bendahara (Upgrade)
A comfortable and stimulating public ● Parks to simply consist of turf and large tree
space that encourages social interaction canopy coverage;
always relate with the nodes of activity,
complemented by the components of ● Trees preferable to shrubs;
street furniture. The proposed parks and
urban plazas in Melaka World Heritage ● Incorporation of underground water retention
Site are interconnected via a landscaped where possible;
pedestrian network. It is also proposed
that some open land be upgraded into ● Minimally designed new street furniture and
parks and be made public accessible. It lighting;
emphasizes improvements to the streets
that connect to parks, recreation centres, ● Promotes universal access principles;
transit stations and other community uses.
● Promotes efficient water use and solar
A1. Heeren Linear Park (New) lighting;
To define the original water edge of
Melaka Town. This is the back lots of ● Recovers, re-uses and generally minimises
Jalan Tun Tan Cheng Lock. the amount of natural resources used;
A2. Jalan Kota Linear Park (Upgrade) ● Possible incorporation historic street
To define the original water edge of furniture, either restored or authentically
Melaka Town by upgrading the back- reconstructed;
house of Dataran Pahlawan
● Possible incorporation of “urban farming”
and bio diversity, such as a paddy field for
educational purposes.
A1
A5
A3
A5
A6
● Public accessible;
D1
E3
E2
Kg Morten
(proposed stop)
Hang Tuah
(proposed stop)
Taman Rempah Kg Jawa
(proposed stop)
Lorong Jambatan
(proposed stop)
Padang Nyiru
Buffer (proposed stop)
Core Zone Zone Quay Side Hang Jebat
Padang Nyiru (existing stop) (proposed stop)
Kota Laksamana
Figure 6.2. To propose river transport from Melaka Sentral to Figure 6.3. To propose jetty stops for water taxi and pedes-
Kota Laksamana trian bridge
Figure 6.5. Proposed Tram Stops Figure 6.6. Existing Panorama Bus Stops
Key Initiative:
1. Providing Sidewalks
Replacing on-street parking
with sidewalks and dedicated
pedestrian pathways.
7.1.2 Issues
grey water as well. There is no mechanism
or legal framework whereby IWK can
(i) Except for the sewerage captured by
determine a tariff to charge households or
the Taman Kota Laksamana portion of
businesses nor is it within their purview to
the centralised sewerage system, the
treat grey water.
sewerage in the rest of WHS is not treated
to the required standards. This is because
(ii) There is little or no incentive or motivation
the in-situ septic tanks relied on are
on the part of the households and
either too old to be functioning properly or
businesses in the WHS to maintain or
inadequately maintained to achieve the
upgrade their individual septic tanks.
level of treatment necessary to meet the
standards determined by the authority.
(iii) It is also difficult to access the individual
The properties are not connected to the
septic tanks for maintenance as many
sewer mains because the sewer lines
of them are located at the back of the
laid in the last decade in the WHS were
premises and the back lanes access was
designed to capture grey water and the
built for nightsoil collection and inaccesible
sewerage treatment company, Indah
by IWK tankers.
Water Konsortium (IWK), tasked to run the
sewerage treatment works nationwide is
only mandated to treat sewerage and not
Development
Guide Plan for
George Town WHS
CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT PLAN AND SPECIAL AREA PLAN : PART 3 (GEORGE TOWN) 1-1
1 Introduction to the Development
Guide Plan for George Town
development of redevelopment and for
1.1 An Intelligent conservation. It aims to:
and Sustainable
Heritage City i) Establish the framework and guiding
principle for detailed planning on
As the heart of the Penang, George heritage;
Town WHS is poised to become a key
cultural centre of the region as the ii) Ensure that development within the
State's prepares to position itself the WHS are planned and constructed
hub of the Northern Corridor Economic with the basic understanding of
Region (NCER) of Malaysia. There is heritage significance and that level
much potential for the WHS to contribute of change should respect its heritage
towards the enhancement its greater significance;
region. A city that builds its value on
heritage, not hindered by it. iii) Enhance the townscape elements of
the city in a manner that it celebrates
Part 3 of the Conservation Management and enrich the Outstanding Universal
Plan and Special Area Plan for 'Melaka Values that make George Town as
and George Town, The Historic City of World Heritage Site.
the Straits of Malacca' : Development
Guide Plan for George Town WHS reflects 1.3 Content of this
the State Government’s aspiration of
developing the historic centre of the city
Document
of George Town as an "Intelligent and
The document contains these following
Sustainable Heritage City.”
aspects:
Planning for heritage in George Town ii) Protecting the Built Cultural Heritage;
WHS aims to ensure that the significant
elements of the past are appropriately iii) Protecting Vistas, Enclaves and
managed and respected by new Streetscape;
development. Heritage conservation does
not preclude change but rather respond to iv) Enhancing Public Realm;
it. This Development Guide Plan provides
a framework for the control of new v) Managing Circulation and Access;
Realising this, the management plan 2.1.2 Living Heritage Topography Maps:
for WHS has proposed for the need to
manage the use of land and building in the Four living heritage topography maps are
WHS. The intricacy of the multi-cultural provided on the following pages:
historic urban landscape necessitates a
control on the use of land and building that i) Socio-Cultural Topography (Figure
takes account of the sensitivity of change 2.1)
to cultural landscape of George Town
WHS. Thus, control on use of land and ii) Socio-Economic Topography (Figure
building in the WHS requires a process 2.2)
that is unlike any other areas outside the iii) Residential Topography (Figure 2.3)
WHS.
iv) Restaurants and Food Stalls
2.1 The Mapping of Living Topography (Figure 2.4)
Cultural Heritage
2.2 Profile of Activities
Living heritage topography maps reveal in the WHS
the layering of urban structures and
built environment as expressed in the 2.2.1 A Mixed-Use City
historical and modern townscape. These
maps display the dominant patterns, Figure 2.3 shows the distribution of
spatial distribution and range of human the residential component of the WHS
activity in relation to the built environment. of George Town. The land use data
These maps also facilitate a thorough on residential is categorised into full
understanding of the interconnectivity residences and mixed-use residences.
of activities with the built environment. As of current, there are two dominant
Together they form a representation of the residential neighbourhoods within the
dynamics of the living cultural landscape WHS; surrounding the enclave of Lebuh
of George Town WHS. Acheh Mosque and beyond the Kuan Yin
Temple. Generally, the rest of the WHS is
of mixed-use character, containing a mix
of residences and commercial (or often
both).
Cemetery
Jala
n Tu
n Sy
ed S
heh
Barakb
ah
Esplanade
Leb
uh
2 Ligh
t
1
The socio-cultural topography
Leb
uh
describes the distribution of a
ng
Chu
cultural enclave or area, which is
na
lia
5
Pe
Chowrasta Market
spaces and paths.
Ja
ng
1) Civic Administrative Area
eli
nK
Campbell Street Market Le Kew Leong Tong Lim Kongsi ● Historic civic and administrative buildings and public
7 bu
ita
h and recreational open spaces
ap
Cheah Si Hock Haw Kongsi Pa
dK
Ja hwe
sa
r
C
lan e
sji
Yap Kongsi tai 2) Historic Schools Cluster
Ma
Dr Leo
an
. L ng
b uh
Ja
8
6) Five Major Hokkien Clan Houses
● A Clan House includes Temple, Compound and
Related Buildings
0 100m 500 m
Source: AJM, 2010
COMPREHENSIVE ACTION PLAN FOR GEORGE TOWN WHS
MANAGING THE USE OF LAND AND BUILDING
Figure 2.2
Socio-Economic
Jalan S
Topography
ultan A
hmad
Shah
1
Jala
n Tu
n Sy
ed S
heh
Bara
kba
h
Leb
uh
Far
quh
ar Leb
The socio-economic topography
uh
Ligh describes the distribution of a
2 t
cultural enclave or area, which is
Leb
defined by its related buildings,
uh
Chu
lia spaces and paths.
ng
na
ng
Pe
eli
lan
nK
Ja
ita
ap
dK
2 2) Budget Hotel Cluster
sji
Ma
● Budget Hotels
lan
Ja
3) Fashion & Textile Cluster
3
● Fashion clothing, textile and related activities
Ja
7
lan
Dr
4) Financial Cluster
.L
im
an
P insurance, money changers and lenders, pawnshop and stock
we
h
bu
e
Le 6 exchange
Le
on
g
n
rvo
Ca
rn
a
5)Import-Export, Transport & Storage
uh
Le
b Cluster
● Freight forwarding cargo and logistics
● Import / export / distribution
● Transport, trucking and removals
ld ● Food and beverage distribution, general storage
We
l an
5 Pe
ngka
6) Waterfront Cluster
● Jetties, ferry, port, godown and mechant houses
9) Creative Industries
● Media, marketing, graphic design services, printing and
publications
● Paper suppliers, sign board makers
Jala
n Tu
n Sy
ed S
heh
Bara
kba
h
Leb
uh
Far
quh Leb
ar uh
Ligh
t
Leb
uh
Chu
lia
g
an
en
P
lan
Ja
ng
eli
nK
ita
ap
dK
sji
Ma
lan
Ja
Ja
lan
Dr
i
nta
.L
a
im
hP
Ch
bu
Le
we
e
Le
n
rvo
on
a
rn
g
h Ca
bu
Le
eld
lanW
ngka Mixed-use residences
Pe
Jala
n Tu
n Sy
ed S
heh
Bara
kba
h
Leb
uh
Far
quh Leb
ar uh
Ligh
t
Leb
uh
Chu
ng
lia
na
Pe
lan
Ja
ng
eli
nK
ita
ap
dK
sji
Ja
Ma
lan
lan
Dr
i
nta
.L
Ja
a
im
hP
Ch
bu
Le
we
e
Le
n
rvo
on
u hC
L eb
Malay Restaurants
ld
We South and North Indian Restaurants
l an
gka
P en
Chinese Restaurants -
Hokkien, Hakka, Cantonese, etc
Kopi Tiam
Other Restaurants
Food Stalls
There has been a reduction in the living have now gradually expanded inward
population of the WHS in the decade. towards the inner city.
According to land use data, the residential
component in 2010 makes up 13.94% of Food and beverage related activities
the land use or 21.07 hectare. This is a is a dominant activities in the WHS, as
reduction of 4% from the year 2005, or illustrated in Figure 2.4. Its locations are
12.1% from the year 2000. It is therefore fairly dispersed. Figure 2.4 also shows the
imperative to the conservation of the location of food stalls.
OUVs that residential activity is promoted.
2.2.1 Clustering of Cultural
2.2.1 Clustering of Economic Activities
Activities
The Socio-Cultural Topography (Figure
Commercial use dominates the WHS. 2.1) describes the various cultural
Patterns of activities emerge from the enclaves and clusters that are distributed
analysis of the land use, as illustrated in within the WHS.
Figure 2.2.
The cultural clusters encompasses several
A high concentration of clothing and textile neighbourhoods of distinctive character,
related businesses are clustered around largely falling within the Core Zone of the
Lebuh Pasar and its perpendicular streets. WHS. The Historic Civic-Administrative
This area is also known as Little India. Area has important public buildings,
Lebuh Cintra and Jalan Pintal Tali contains cultural venues and recreational open
another cluster clothing and textile related space. The Historic Schools Cluster
business. consists of educational buildings, mostly
within large green spaces. Little India is a
Finance related activities are concentrated culturally vibrant area for ethnic retail and
along the Lebuh Pantai, Lebuh Bishop and commerce, it has a significant degree of
Lebuh Gereja. Aside from financial related mixed use, due to the presence of migrant
services, the cluster also include related workers. The Street of Harmony along
activities such as money changers and Jalan Masjid Kapitan Keling, which has
brokers. various religious institutions lined up along
an axis, is richly endowed with spiritual
Hotels are generally located along Jalan values and cultural diversity. Lebuh King
Penang, Lebuh Chulia and Lorong Love. likewise has many cultural associations. In
Boutique hotels are the fastest emerging the Mosque and Waqf Precinct, mosques
activity in the WHS, and its growth may are surrounded by trust properties
need to be contained within select zones occupied by communities of faith. The
as to not devalue the OUVs. Five Big Clans Temple Complex similarly
consists of clan temples surrounded by
The WHS also contain a strong clustering community housing and trust properties.
of wholesale, storage and distribution
activities. Traditionally these activities
were conducted in the godowns between
Pengkalan Weld and Lebuh Pantai. These
Waterfront Zone
Financial Zone
Trade Zone
Jetty Zone
Enterprise Zone
Special Zone
within the WHS of George
Town, with the exception of
those checked under their
respective Activity Zones.
This table is to be read with
the Activity Zoning Diagram
(Figure 2.5)
2 Swiftlet Houses
3 Foreign Food and Beverage Outlets
4 Bowling Alley, Karaoke, Arcade, Snooker Hall, Casino
5 Industry (except cottage industry)
6 Recycling (except existing)
7 Funeral Services (except existing)
8 Petrol Station (except existing)
9 Printing (except existing)
10 Department Store
11 Contemporary Mini-Mart/Convenience Store
12 Wholesale, Storage and Distribution
13 Bar/Night Club
14 Electronics and Computer
15 Internet Café
16 Transport, Import/Export and Logistics
17 Travel and Tourism Services
18 Financial Services
19 Real Estate and Property Services
20 Renovation Supplies and Hardware
21 Home-stay
22 Budget Hotel
23 3-5 Star Hotel
24 Boutique Hotel
Category I Buildings
Places of Worship
Institution Zone
Financial Zone
The zone is an existing finance, legal and
banking cluster for the larger city of George
Town. The land use should retain this character
and to encourage night and F&B activities
Waterfront Zone
The zone is a prime area for urban regeneration,
with connections to the waterfront and the inner
city. The land use should be geared towards high
value development incorporating mixed-use
development, high end hotels and leisure
Enterprise Zone
The zone is a diverse retail zone. The land use
should encourage a full range of retail activities Special Zone
and allow for supporting services.
The zone contains the highest concentration of
OUVs and Category I buildings within the WHS.
The land use shall be subject to the following
overlays:
0 100m 500 m
CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT PLAN AND SPECIAL AREA PLAN : PART 3 (GEORGE TOWN) 2-5
2.3 Special Zone
Socio-Cultural Layer
This zone has the highest concentration
of significant cultural sites and Category I
buildings within the WHS. The area thus
warrants the strictest form of land use
control as it contains a complex layering
of cultural, socioeconomic, religious and
residential morphologies.
Socio-Economic Layer
Mixed-Commercial-and-Residential are
permitted, subject to the requirements and
prescriptions of the Overlays.
Special Zone
Little India
Kongsi Enclave
The buildings and sites within the (b) Buildings and monuments declared as
WHS are identified into four categories ancient and gazetted formerly under the
encompassing both conservation and Antiquities Act 1976 now under the National
compatible development. Heritage Act (2005)
Figure 3.1 and 3.2 describes the (c) Buildings Registered as National Heritage
categorisation of buildings for the Historic under the National Heritage Act (2005)
Cities of the Straits of Malacca, along with
the samples of each category in the WHS
of George Town
● Category II:
Example of Category II :
ensemble of shophouses, Light Street
Number of
Category: buildings and %
sites
Category I 93 1.71
Lebuh
Farquh
ar
ng
uke
na J al Ja la
Pe an nT
D
an Su un
J al lta S ye
Jala n
hall
n Ah dS
he h
ma
ma B ar
Green
d akb
a
Sh ah
ota L
a h
ng K
P ada
Jal
Jal an
a nS th
ri Le i
Ba uh
ha L eb
ri
ke
ar
Ja
Cl
la
n
h
A
bu
rg
L eb
Le
yl
uh
l
F ar q Lebu
J al u ha r h Lig
an Lor ht
ong
Da A rg
to us
Ko Jala n
ya Mun
h tr i
g
lin
Ke
tan
ap i
Jal
id
a
dK
nH
a sj
ut t le bu
hU
asji
nM
on Lor n io
nM
ong n
Jala
g
Ka L or
lan
a
m on g
Jal
Le pu n L eb
hK
g uh S tew
in g
bu Ma C hu art
hD
a
lia
u
lab
hK
intr
Le b
ic k ar
e ns
bu
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Le
uh
u
Le b
Bi
s ho
p
a
ali
ud
al T
M
ng
in t
ro
Le b
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Lo
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G
Jala
ere
J al L eb ja
an
sa r
Ph uh
Le
C
ng
ee amp
bu
C
Ka
ho be
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on ll
D
al a
ow
an
Ku
ni
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an
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J al
et
eck
Le
tre
bu
S
hP
S
ng
asa
een
ro
Qu
Lo
Le
bu
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hin
a
Building Category :
g
an
a li
en
ta lT Lebu
hP
Ga
n h Bu
Pi
bu
ckin
t
n Le
Le
a gh am
Le
Leb Ja l bu
bu
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hG
K im as
er
ber ar
eja
ly Le
g bu
jo n Kampung
Kolam hA Le
U
lan
Su
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ai hQ
ue
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ul Category I
n
ia
ano
Ja
Ga
hC
tL
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oo
J al
in
gS
a
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Ja l
Dr
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Category II
Ch
eo
on
Ga
ng
we
av
t
arn
Fa
Le
eL
mu
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bu
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a
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ict
hV
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ta
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an
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Infill
hP
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r on
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Replacement
Pr
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ela
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Core Area
Buffer Area
1.
8.
5.
9.
2.
6.
7. 10.
3.
4. 11.
Lebuh
Farquh
ar
ng
Building Styles:
uke
na J al Ja la
Pe an nT
D
an Su un
J al lta S ye
Jala n
hall
n Ah dS
he h
ma
ma B ar
Green
d akb
a
Sh ah
ota L
a h
Early Penang
ng K
P ada
Jal
Jal an
a nS th
ri Le i
Ba uh
L eb
ha
ri
Southern Chinese Eclectic
ke
ar
Ja
Cl
la
n
h
A
bu
rg
L eb
Le
yl
uh
l
F ar q
J al
an
Da
Lor
ong
Arg
u ha r
Lebu
h Lig
ht Straits Eclectic
to us
Ko Jala n
ya Mun
h tr i
g
lin
Ke
Art Deco
tan
ap i
Jal
id
a
dK
nH
a sj
ut t le bu
hU
asji
nM
on Lor n io
nM
ong n
Jala
g
Ka L or
lan
a
m on g
Jal
Le pu n L eb
hK
bu g uh S te w
in g
Ma C hu art
hD
Modernism
a
lia
u
lab
hK
intr
Le b
ic k ar
e ns
bu
hC
Leb
Le
uh
u
Le b
Bi
s ho
p
a
ali
ud
al T
M
Postmodernism
ng
in t
ro
Le b
nP
Lo
uh
G
Jala
ere
J al L eb ja
an
sa r
Ph uh
Le
C
ng
ee amp
bu
C
Ka
ho be
h
on ll
D
al a
ow
an
Chinese Temple
Ku
ni
hu
ng
an
C
J al
et
eck
Le
tre
bu
S hP
S
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asa
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ro
Qu
Lo
Le
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a Mosque
g
an
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en
a lT Lebu
hP
nt
Ga
Pi h Bu
bu
ckin
t
n Le
Le
a gh am
Le
Leb Ja l bu
bu
uh hP
hG
K im as
er
ar
ber
Godown/Utilitirian
eja
ly Le
g bu
jo n Kampung
Ko hA Le
U lam
ai hQ bu
ng ue h
Ch
Su e
ul
lan
n
ia
ano
Ja
Ga
hC
tL
Other Architectural Styles
eb
g
u
uh
Le b
Ho
Ch
oo
J al
in
gS
a
an
r on
Ja l
Dr
Lo
n
L im
Ch
Ch
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on
Ga
ng
we
av
Undefined Architectural Styles
t
arn
Fa
Le
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hC
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bu
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Lu
Tz
bu bu
hP
Le nW
g
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as
Ac a la
r on
ar
he gk
Lo
h n
Pe
a
ori
ict
hV
Wooden Houses/structure
i
ta
bu
an
Le
Ga
Ga
hP
t
t
Le
Le
bu
bu
bu
Le
hC
hA
Lo
Le
r on
hu
rm
b
gT
lia
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en
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i
M
an
Ak
ela
a
Others (Non-architectural)
yu
Le
G
b
uh
at
Le
Pr
bu
a
ng
h
Ac
in
h
eh
Empty
Ga
tL
eb u
hM
ela
uy
Core Area
Buffer Area
Figure 4.3: Streetscape of Lebuh China, George Town showing the FMS Railway Clock Tower as landmark.
L9 L4
L8
V7
V6 L3
L7 L5 V1 L2
L18 L6
L1
L12 V2
V4
L13
L15
V3
L14 S1
L3
V5
L11
L16 Protection of
view from ferry
S2
S3
L17
S4
S8
S5
S7
Landmarks:
1 Clock Tower
2 Fort Cornwallis Street Level Vista
3 Town Hall
4 City Hall
5 Supreme Court
6 St George’s Church Sea View Vista
7 Church of the Assumption
8 Cheong Fatt Tze Mansion
9 St Francis Xavier Church
10 Church St Pier Waterfront Views
11 FMS Railway Clock Tower
12 Kuan Yin Temple
13 Sri Mahamariamman Temple
14 Nagore Shrine
15 Kapitan Keling Mosque
16 Acheen Street Mosque
17 Boon San Tong Khoo Kongsi
18 Benggali Mosque
It is an objective of this document to make The streets of George Town are traditionally
the streets of George Town pedestrian shared spaces, with changing patterns of
priority, and to provide adequate public open activities (Figure 5.1). These practices,
spaces and connectivity for the comfort of performances and rituals create the richness
all non-private-vehicle user. This relates of the culturally eclectic landscape of the
closely to the management of access and historic settlements. Refer to Figure 5.21 at
circulation, which is addressed in Chapter 6 the end of this chapter for a map of Festival
of this document. Routes and Performance Space Topography.
This chapter proposes the series of urban The temporary public use of the street
design programs and guidelines towards the should be maintained and encouraged.
enhancement of the public realm.
The use of five footways and street space for
outdoor seating and merchandise displays
while maintaining adequate pedestrian
access is allowed.
Figure 5.1: The street of George Town as a multi-use, cultural space. Illustration by Tan Yeow Wooi
In the effort to green the city and towards The strategy of public connectivity also
reducing carbon emission, a series of parks includes the linkage from the waterfront
and public open spaces are proposed in (Weld Quay especially) into the inner city,
addition to existing public open spaces. in the aim to facilitate pedestrian movement
These proposed network of public open within these two areas. A water taxi route is
spaces are interconnected via a landscaped also proposed to connect key areas along
pedestrian network. the waterfront. Please refer to Chapter 6 on
Managing Access and Circulation for more
ii) Nodes Connectivity details.
Three main nodes that bring in the highest Figure 5.3 describes the connectivity
number of pedestrians into the WHS are between the open spaces and pedestrian
KOMTAR, the ferry/bus/taxi terminals on network. A series of landscape programs
Weld Quay and Swettenham Pier bringing and streetscape upgrades are proposed in
a high volume of tourists from the cruise the aim towards improving connectivity of
ships. All these nodes are proposed to be movement to, from, and within the WHS of
connected to the pedestrian network. George Town.
Figure 5.2: Example of a streetscape that is pedestrian priority and incorporating a public arts program. This
is potentially applicable for Leith Street and Farquhar Street Upgrade (program B3, refer to 5.2.2)
Cruise Pier
To create pedestrianised
link along China Street to
connect the waterfront to
the inner city
KOMTAR
Pedestrian interface
with KOMTAR
Ferry, Bus,
Taxi Terminals
A) Parks
B) Pedestrian Priority Streets
C) Waterfront Promenade
D) Back Lanes
E) Landscaped Car Parks
Legend:
A) Parks
C) Waterfront Promenade
D) Back Lanes
In the effort to green the city and towards The success of the green masterplan is
reducing carbon emission, a series of parks highly dependant on collaborations between
are proposed. The proposed parks are the Local Authority and the private owners,
interconnected via a landscaped pedestrian as possibility of the acquisition of empty
network. It is also proposed that some open land for park space is limited. It is advised
land be upgraded into parks and be made that public-private-people partnerships are
public accessible. pursued in the upgrading of certain privately
owned public spaces and parks (such as
Well maintained parks and landscaped St. George’s Church Park). This partnership
elements are essential for the livelihood and includes collaborating with stakeholders.
livability of George Town. The parks offer the
residences a place of recreation and leisure,
as well as helping to maintain ecological
balance and reduce pollution.
5.2.2 Program (B) : Pedestrian Priority B1. Lebuh China Limited Access
Streets
Lebuh China is proposed as a limited
access street that limits private vehicles from
Shared streets is an important characteristic
entering. The purpose of this limited access
of the city of George Town. Thus, it should
street is to recreate the public interface on
be the aim in any design of the streetscape
the street, uninterfered by private vehicles.
that pedestrian use is prioritised.
Minimal changes to the street structure
is proposed (i.e. reversibility), hence the
Some of the main vehicular-use streets may
retaining of the asphalt ground material
benefit from the addition of sidewalks and
and bollards that are removable for festival
the incorporation trees along the streets.
processions. The street is to be tree lined,
Figure 5.3 : Open Space and Pedestrian
however the choice of plants should not
Network illustrates the proposed pedestrian
compromise the vista towards Kuan Yin
networking on these main streets.
Temple and the FMS Railway Clock Tower.
Street furniture to facilitate urban encounters
The proposed street programs are as
should be sensitively placed. Loading and
follows*:
unloading are allowed only at specific times.
Lebuh China thus becomes a case study for
pedestrianised streets for George Town and
to test the public acceptance for them.
ng
e li
as a port town to a world class waterfront
nK
ita
development.
p
Ka
jid
C2
as
nM
The waterfront demands a coherent
la
Ja
framework that links together the W
el
d
an
conservation of the physical and cultural k al
ng
Pe
fabric, connectivity to the inner city and
revitalisation in the form of new activities
that adapt to the historic built environment. C3
The promenade provides the structure that
integrates all these elements together, and a
pedestrianised linkage connecting them. proposed water taxi route
Jala
n Tu
nS
yed
She
hB
ara
kba
h
Leb
uh L
ight
Figure 5.8: A waterfront development that integrates new Figure 5.10: Green Hall-Esplanade Waterfront Promenade
functions and the historic built form
Leb
uh L ● Recovers, re-uses and generally minimises
ight
the amount of natural resources used;
reconstructed.
the end of the clan jetties. Figure 5.12:Clan Jetties Waterfront Promenade
5.2.4 Program (D) :Back Lanes D1. Line Clear Back Lane Project (Upgrade)
When the earliest streets were created, To upgrade and beautify the back lane
buildings were built back-to-back with no where Line Clear Nasi Kandar Restaurant
back lanes. In the early 1900s when road is located. This back lane connects Chulia
widening took place together with suburban Street and Penang Road. The temporary
growth and redevelopment of the urban roofing is to be removed and replaced with
areas, back lanes were created. These were an open air environment that integrates
either part of redevelopment, or created by seating, tables and landscaping elements,
cutting back the kitchen areas of back-to- while the narrow lane is upgraded with
back housing. There are areas where back- vertical planting and floor lighting.
to-back still exist. Leb
uh
Ch
ulia
ng
upgrading and revitalisation of back lanes
na
Pe
lan
for pedestrian use, or even commercial use
where applicable. Ja
Le
bu
hU
nio
Figure 5.13: Landscaping and lighting of back lane n
Le
bu
hB
ish
op
ai
nt
Pa
h
bu
Le
lia
ron
hu
Lo
gC
ron
Lo
Lo
ron
● A cautious approach in the design of
gP
as
ar
streetscapes, of changing as much as
Le
bu
h
Ch
necessary but as little as possible;
ul
ia
lighting;
ng
Fa
tt
Tz
e
n
ar
vo ● Possible landscaping of back lanes.
a rn
hC
bu
Le
Lebu
h Mu
ntri
d
asji
nM
Leb
uh
Chu
Jala
lia
A short term design solution is to landscape E5. Police HQ car park, Jalan Penang
these on grade car parks in the effort to
make them multi-functional as green public * Execution of programs subject to the availability of
open spaces. In the long run these areas funds
may be converted into parks.
Figure 5.20: A landscaped car park that functions as green open space
Other celebrations have become traditional ● Manufacture of sets off site, delivered to
over time – such as the New Year site for fast assembly;
Celebration of the Gregorian calendar and
the Merdeka countdown. ● No fixing of items to the heritage buildings
without the permission of the occupier;
The purpose of this chapter is to guide the
use of the WHS for gatherings of a large ● Banners, decorative lighting to use existing
number of visitors, or for location of filming. poles and not be placed across the road,
restricting bomba access;
Esplanade
Start Point
End Point
Yeoh Jetty
Dondang Sayang
15th Day of 1st Chinese Lunar Calendar
Outside WHS → Esplanade
vii) Traffic needs to be diverted from the The development of the traffic
waterfront; management strategy has been based on
these main objectives:
viii) Location of bus stops should tie in
with activities; 6.2.1 Short Term Objectives
Public transportation
Traffic circulation
vii) Integration with the transportation 6.3.3 MPPP to remove obstructions on select
state Masterplan (currently being five footways, particularly on roads with
drafted); high volume of vehicular traffic, beginning
with Lebuh Chulia;
6.2.3 Long Term Objectives
6.3.4 To construct a new traffic light on the
corner of Lebuh Chulia and Pengkalan
viii) To moderate private vehicle use so
Weld. This is to allow pedestrians to cross
as to shift to more sustainable mode
safely as well as to manage the vehicles
of transport such as public transport,
taking a right turn inro Lebuh Chulia.
walking and cycling;
6.3.1 The improvement of public accessibility 6.3.7 To prevent interruptions to the bus service
is related closely to Chapter 5 of this on Lebuh Chulia, the removal of on-street
document on Enchancing Public Realm, parking within this section of the road is
in the implementation of the Open Space proposed (Figure 6.3). The parking shall
and Pedestrian Network masterplan (Refer be relocated to nearby centralised parking
to chapter 5). This includes the provision locations on the corner of Jalan Argyil and
of new sidewalks on select stretches of Jalan Penang and between Lorong Love
streets, as well as the proposal for Lebuh and Lorong Chulia.
Cruise Pier
KOMTAR
JettyTerminal
1. Sustainable travel to work patterns maps 2. Two routes are proposed. The routing
out the employees (+)and residents (x) of aims to optimise the catchment of users of
the WHS who commute using sustainable sustainable transportation methods and the
modes (walk, cycle, public transport) main nodes (KOMTAR, Cruise Pier and Jetty
Terminal)
● Proposed
Centralised Phase 2 ( year 1 < year 5)
Parking
Leb
Traffic Circulation
uh
Chu
lia
g
lin
way and two-way serve the WHS. The
Ke
an
● On street parking two-way primary routes at the external
pit
Ka
on section of Lebuh boundary functions to divert the through
Chulia to be removed sjid
Ma
traffic whilst the one-way primary routes
lan
Ja
Public Transportation
6.3.8 It is proposed tour bus shall only be
allowed to drop-off passengers within the 6.3.12 Public transport improvement for Phase
WHS and not allow to wait for passengers. 2 is integration with the Public Transport
It is proposed tourist bus stops to be Study proposal. It is envisaged proposal
provided near Gat Lebuh Mccallum; for Park and Ride Stations and Rail Transit
systems will be proposed to improve the
6.3.9 Enforcement of loading/parking times and present public transport services. It is
parking zones to be stepped up, to ensure recommended within the WHS that tram
double parking and illegal parking are not and water taxi could be proposed to further
rampant within the WHS; compliment the proposed free shuttle
service.
6.3.10 To issue parking permits to resident.
Phase 3 ( > year 5)
Leb
uh L
Jala
ng
ight
na
g
lin
Pe
Ke
lan
an
Leb
Ja
uh
pit
Chu
Ka
lia
sjid
Ma
lan
Ja
tai
an
u hP
Leb
Ja
la
n
on
Dr
arv
arn
Li
m
C
uh
Ch
b
Le
we
e
Le
on
g
ld
We
kalan
ng
Pe
Primary Circulation:
Two-way traffic
One-way traffic
Secondary Circulation:
One-way traffic
Local Roads:
Two-way traffic
The objective of the management of urban iii. The existing manhole are located in
infrastructure is towards a systematic narrow spaces and therefore difficult to
and practical infrastructure and utility maintain;
systems for the WHS of George Town.
It is essential that all relevant agencies iv. Clan Jetty is a critical area for sewerage
and utility providers work together with management, because there are no proper
the custodians of the WHS (Department Sewerage Treatment System. The sewage
of National Heritage, the World Heritage is channeled directly into the sea, which is
Office and MPPP) to ensure that these both a hygiene and water pollution issue
objectives can be implemented within the for the WHS (Figure 7.1);
expected time frame of between 5 to 10
years. 7.1.3 Proposed Solutions
7.1.2 Issues
7.2.2 Issues
7.3.2 Issues
Currently, the fire hydrant is connected to There are two types of telecommunication
the underground pipe which shares water connections, the antennas from the
with the domestic supply. Fire hydrants are telecommunication tower and the
located by the road side. underground cables and cabinets.
ii) Inappropriate decorative lighting, hung i) The antennas are an eyesore and
from lighting pillars and crossing the road obstructs views. There is also the
creates problems in terms of accessibility associated health issues arising from the
for fire trucks and large vehicles; waves from the telecommunication towers;
iii) Location of the fire hydrants on the ii) Antennas are erected without following
roadside are exposed to vehicles and specified guideline especially on building
accidents; rooftops;
iv) Building signage blocking the openings of iii) Telecommunication cabinet obstructs
windows, thus a fire hazard. traffic and walkway.
i) To maintain the pillar hydrant pressure, the i) To construct a centralised tower and
pipes should be separated from domestic should be erected away from residential
supply; areas;
ii) Installation of decorative lighting across ii) To impose guidelines on the telcos to
street light pillars are not allowed; share infrastructure resources;
7.6.2 Issues
7.7 Roads
7.7.1 Current Situation
7.7.2 Issues
3. Conservation Practice
3.1 Introduction 3-1
3.2 Authenticity & Interpretation 3-1
3.3 Compatible Building Use 3-4
3.4 Reversibility & Adaptation 3-4
3.5 Dismantling 3-5
3.6 Fire Protection 3-6
3.7 Demolition 3-8
3.8 Alterations and Extension 3-10
4. Category I
4.1 Definition 4-1
4.2 Permitted Use 4-1
4.3 Authenticity and Interpretation 4-1
4.4 Research for Historical Data 4-2
4.5 Permitted Works 4-2
4.6 Examples of Category 1 4-3
4.7 Guidelines for Conservation Work: Category 1 4-4
5. Category IIA
5.1 Definition 5-1
5.2 Permitted Use 5-1
5.3 Authenticity and Interpretation 5-1
5.4 Research for Historical 5-2
5.5 Permitted Works 5-4
5.6 Examples of Category IIA 5-4
5.7 Guidelines for Conservation Work on Listed Heritage Building: General Guide 5-5
-Category IIA
6. Category IIB
6.1 Definition 6-1
6.2 Permitted Use 6-1
6.3 Authenticity and Interpretation 6-2
6.4 Research for Historical 6-2
6.5 Permitted Works 6-4
6.6 Guidelines for Conservation Work on Listed Heritage Building: General Guide 6-4
-Category IIB
Interpretation means all the ways of Related place - a place that contributes to
presenting the cultural significance of a the cultural significance of another place
place **. Interpretation - treatment of the **.
built fabric
Restoration means returning a place to
Maintenance - the continuous protective the existing fabric of a place to a known
care of the fabric and setting of a earlier state by removing accretions of by
place, and it’s to be distinguished from reassembling existing components without
repair. Repair involves restoration or the introduction of new material **.
reconstruction **.e.g. regular inspection,
cleaning of gutters. Setting means the area around a place,
which may include the visual catchments
Meaning denotes what a place signifies,
indicates, evokes or expresses. ** Use means the function of a place, as well
as the activities and practices that may
Outstanding Universal Value (OUV) occur at the place **.
means the UNESCO criteria on which a
site becomes or value to the world – a
World Heritage Site.
Such repair permit will be issued by the Site inspection by building inspectors may
Local Authority (MBMB) take place:
In the case of emergency repair, a repair A Heritage Impact Assessment (HIA) may
may take place before the application be required dependant on the significance
of a permit (e.g. roof damaged over a of the building or site, adjacencies and
weekend). However, photographs of size of development. The project together
i) Impact Assessment
Means the assessment of the impact
the new development will have on the
heritage building(s) on the site and
neighbouring areas, both during the
construction stage and after, when the
project is complete. This should refer
to both, physical, cultural and social
impact.
Conservation Unit
Initial Screening
Incomplete
Registration
Rejected with
Reasons
MBMB Conservation
Committee
State Conservation
Unit Applicant OSC
Applicant
Decision
not Successful
Misinterpretation
Figure 4.1 Clock Tower Figure 4.2 Ruins of St. Paul's Church
Figure 4.3 Kampung Keling Mosque Figure 4.4 Christ Church Melaka
b) Gate and walls The original size & ornamentation of MBMB should avoid obstructions such
the gate and walls shall be retained as bus shelters, parking etc in front of
& restored with original or matching the entrance. Building owners may apply
materials. for their relocation.
c) Ground The original flooring material shall be The original material often has
retained and restored with matching significant cultural meaning even the
materials. Laying of new ground direction of the granite / brickwork is
finishes shall be sensitive and important. Every effort should be made
sympathetic to the front façade. to understand the cultural significance.
d) Drainage The original drainage from the buildings The flow of water has a strong cultural
to the street is an integral part of the significance and should be respected.
Category I Building and Compound Additional drainage may be permitted to
design. It should be retained and avoid flooding.
restored to original.
b) Structure Main The original profile, pitch, height, party The original form should be retained
Roof wall and eaves projection and internal damaged elements may be removed
structure shall be retained and restored and replaced with matching elements
c) Jack Roof The original traditional roofing material, Roof tiles are to be identical to the main
eaves detail, (fascia board), ventilation roof.
louvers or glass, shall be retained and
restored
e) Parapets, gutters & The original features, shall be retained New gutters may not be added to
down pipes and restored. existing roofs designed without gutters.
b) Materials The original materials used for the All effort to be made to replace
walls, columns, windows, doors, damaged or lost elements with matching
railings, floors and decorative elements, size, species, kind or design.
etc, must be conserved, restored or
returned back to the original. New items are only permitted if they
match the performance of the original
material.
c) Alteration and The Category I building has a footprint No alteration or extension is permitted.
Extension and profile unique to its architectural
style.
d) Utilities and Many Category I buildings were Research is required into how the
Services designed before the invention of original buildings respected, and were
electricity. designed to suit the climate.
Those that have had electricity New services required, such as lighting,
installed in the past may require it to be security, must be installed with care and
upgraded. are unobtrusive and discrete.
(ii) The façade (s) should remain or be is intact then the original material may not
returned to the original. be exchanged for a different material, e.g. if
(iii) The roof structure and roof tiling lime plaster has been used then it cannot be
should match the original. Taking replaced with cement plaster.
note of the roof structure in
relation to the party walls when they Alteration is permitted in order to upgrade
are load-bearing structures. sanitary and plumbing, & electrical utilities.
(iv) The requirements for natural
ventilation (described in the UBBL Extension at rear (and side if applicable) is
para. 31) - the internal open not allowed.
air-well and the external kitchen air-
well / yard should be respected. Requirements for permitted works:
Category: IIA objects and buildings
(i) Dilapidation Survey Report
5.4 Research for Historical (ii) Repair Permit
Data
(iii)
(iv)
Heritage Impact Assessment
Building Submission
(v) Progress Reports
Category IIA buildings, places and objects -
as much as possible must be known about i) Dilapidation Survey Report
them in order to guide the team involved Before any application for a Repair
in any desired changes, before works are Permit can be submitted a
carried out – even minor repairs. Dilapidation Survey Report is
required for all Category IIA
This includes researching: buildings and should be
(i) Traditional building methods typical submitted together with the
of the type and age of the building/ application for the Repair
object. Permit or Building Submission.
(ii) Contemporary conservation
methods, suited to the object or ii) Repair Permit
building. To be submitted to MBMB Building
(iii) Original drawings, photographs, Department before any work is
paintings and other drawn carried out on a Category
information. IIA building or object such
(iv) Newspaper cutting archives, and as gateway or compound wall.
archives documentation of In the case of emergency
the owner or related association etc. repair, a repair may take place
(v) Local oral histories. before the application of a permit
(e.g. roof damaged over a
weekend when Building
5.5 Permitted Works Department closed or owner not
contactable).
Authentic conservation work is permitted
be carried out in order to reinstate back However, photographs of before
the original character and maintain the and after the repair should be
original fabric using traditional or compatible submitted to MBMB together
contemporary methods and materials. with a Repair Permit, as soon as
In Category IIA buildings, if the original fabric possible.
Figure 3.1 - 73, Jalan Tun Tan Cheng Lock Figure 3.2 - 100, Jalan Hang Jebat
Figure 3.3 113, Jalan Tokong Figure 3.4 - 117, Jalan Tun Tan Cheng Lock
Figure 3.5 Landing Steps, Melaka River 2010 Figure 3.6 Landing Steps, Melaka River 1910
b) Materials The original materials used for the All effort to be made to replace damaged
structure, roofs, walls, columns, or lost elements with matching size,
windows, doors, railings, floors and species, kind or design.
decorative elements, etc, must be
conserved, restored or returned back New items are only permitted if they
to the original. match the performance of the original and
are approved.
d) Extension The Category IIA Building has a Shophouses -Extension to the rear
footprint and profile unique to its area, after the yard/air well is permitted,
architectural style. This should be provided it does not impinge on natural
maintained. ventilation and light to other units.
e) Utilities and Many Category IIA buildings were Research is required into how the original
Services designed before the invention of buildings respected and were designed to
electricity. suit the climate.
Those that have had electricity New services required, such as lighting,
installed in the past may require it to security, must be installed with care and
be upgraded. be unobtrusive and discrete.
Many Category IIA buildings were Unless part of the original building design,
designed before the invention of all new sanitary and plumbing should be in
plumbing. Water was collected in and ancillary building.
water tanks and wells, if appropriate
to the building these should be See Part 3 - Conservation Practice
conserved and retained.
f) Objects Category IIA objects, such as Research into method of manufacture and
lampposts, landing steps, post boxes, repair. Always repair and conserve, rather
granite pathways etc – are remnants than demolish and replace.
of the historic built landscape.
6.7.1 Roof
Structure Main Roof The original profile, pitch, height, The original form should be retained and
party wall and eaves projection and restored.
internal structure Faulty members may be removed and
replaced with matching member.
Types a) Horizontal timber purlins (roof a) Acts as brace for the structural walls.
beams)installed between load-bearing
walls (shophouses)
b) Horizontal timber purlins (roof b) Acts as a tie for the trusses & rafter
beams)installed above truss or
sloping rafter (bungalows)
c) Timber or Metal Truss System c) Often used for corner sites, 1900s
supporting battens for a interlocking godowns and double-pitched roofs of
clay tile roof or timber boards or bungalows etc.
profiled metal roofing sheets
Ridge and Gable A row of shophouses would often The original form should be retained,
have a roof ridge of bricks or with missing elements to be put back.
bricks and air-vent tiles
A tiled roof raised above the ridge Roof tiles are to be identical to the main
of an existing roofline to allow for roof
covered ventilation into the main roof
space. Timber structures vary from
building to building,
Skylight These are not original to the Glass moulded Marseilles tiles are
architecture of Melaka sometimes found on Marseille tiled roofs
Dormer Window Dormer windows are not found in New dormer window is not permitted
Melakan architecture
Eaves The original eaves, overhang and No new eave detail or support may be
Roof overhang support features shall be retained and used.
restored. The original form should be retained, and
restored.
Types a) Stepped terracotta flat tiles, brick a) traditional shophouse without gutters.
corbel brackets at junction with wall
Gutters Gutters and down pipes were Roofs without gutters should remain
introduced in the mid 1800s, many without.
buildings continued without gutters, The original form to be retained and
with rain falling into the open drain restored.
below. Gutters and downpipes were
part of the overall design from the
early 1900s.
(ii) Upper Facade (a) Decorative features – on certain The original decorative features, if
shophouses, there are often bands of any, shall be retained & restored using
decoration, either painted or moulded traditional materials.
with 3D chien nien shardwork, below
the roof beam, or above the first floor
beam.
(d) New secondary internal windows Leaf frame timber size & width to match
may be required if the internal space the leaf frame of the shutters. Clear,
is being air-conditioned or to cut out kampong or light tinted class is permitted
external noise.
(f) Canopy – In a few cases a terracotta Original canopy, if any, to be retained &
‘V” shaped tiled canopy projected restored.
from above the first floor beam, Traditional roofing material is to be used.
below the first floor low wall, out Materials such as metal, asbestos sheet
into the street. The canopy structure or PVC are not permitted.
supported by projecting granite
corbels. Permitted but in design manner and
compliance with requirement of relevant
department.
The nature of the decoration and material Traditional material such as timber, lime plaster,lime
reflects the culture of the original owner/builder wash, are to be used.
and the design evolved with ‘modern’ influences
over the years.
To be retained, and restored with traditional materials
(a) Central doorway and ventilation doors – New italics – allowed.
Residential
Ventilation doors and pintu pagar should always
open into the five foot way. These may be pivot
doors or hinged depending on the style of the
façade. The shoe for the pivot was often carved To be retained, and restored with traditional materials,
granite. threshold and method of opening- pivot or hinged.
(ii) Floors Where the five-footway is not level A ramp in compliance with the
with adjacent units & the difference in requirements of relevant departments
level is more than one step, shall be provided.
(iii) Drain Traditional granite steps and bridge Existing to be retained and restored. If
across drain – missing, new to be installed.
Drain edge – engineering bricks.
(iv) Ceiling In rare cases the five-foot way has a Original ceiling profile / design shall
ceiling. be maintained. Any original decorative
Exposed upper floor structure of feature(s) shall be retained & restored.
timber boards & timber joists are Is permitted to remain.
more usual.
(i) Roof cover New roof of pitch profile over the Matching roofing material as the main
rear courtyard single storey kitchen roof shall be used. Materials such as
building is allowed subject to the roof zinc, asbestos, metal deck & etc. are not
height requirement. permitted.
No new structure is allowed within the
air-well.
(iii) Rear Boundary Wall The rear wall - plaster and brick with Any original decorative feature(s) shall be
an external opening into the back lane retained & restored.
– if any. The original height of wall is
to be retained.
Rear Façade
(iv) Windows, Doors & Original openings were simpler than To be retained & restored
Vents the front façade, but of the same
materials. New openings shall be of similar material
The rear opening may be changed as the front façade.
subject to design requirement.
New openings are permitted.
6.7.5 Interior
(ii) Upper Floor(s) The existing floor level & original structural
members including timber main beams or steel
I-beam, timber floor joists & timber floor boards
shall be retained & restored.
(iii) Mezzanine Floor Mezzanine floors are not part of the original
layout of the buildings as tall ceilings cooled the
naturally ventilated spaces.
Existing mezzanine floor should be retained if
meets requirements.
New basement is not permitted.
(i) Size The original size & location shall be retained &
restored.
(ii) Floor Finishes Level up the existing floor is not permitted Replacement or installation of new materials shall be
The original finishes of granite slab & edging the same or close to original materials.
shall be retained & restored.
(iii) Windows, Shutters & vents- The original openings shall be retained & Traditional material is to be used to replace damaged
upper floor restored. pieces.
Installation of other modern materials is not allowed.
(iv) Roof Cover A flat moveable roof cover is allowed & the Lightweight transparent or translucent roof covering
height of the cover shall be lower than the eaves is allowed.
of the main roof.
Total cover up of air well is not permitted.
Staircases
Original staircase positioning & design with fine Traditional material is to be used to repair or make
craftsmanship shall be retained & restored. good the original finishes.
Repositioning the original staircase is permitted
if necessary.
The original artistic design of balusters &
balustrades are to be retained & reused. Additional staircase made of reinforced concrete shall
Additional new staircase is permitted if have timber finishes including balusters & balustrades.
necessary
The original finishes, e.g. Tiles, fair-faced bricks Finishing materials must not harm the structural
or granolithic render (shanghai plaster) shall be integrity of the building.
retained & restored.
Painting over the original finishes is prohibited.
(vi) Interior/ Finishes Interior finishing materials shall not harm the If lime wash was the original material then a
structural integrity of the building. breathable paint or lime wash may be used.
6.7.7 Utilities
The majority of Category IIA&B properties were built before the age of electricity, air-conditioning, piped
water, sewerage and other utilities and services. Their installation will potentially disturb the original
integrity of the heritage buildings and must be done with care and consideration.
(i) Security Surveillance CCTV cameras and gear are permitted, and Installations must seek permits from the relevant
should be placed carefully to avoid damage to authorities.
the façade and original interiors.
Must avoid damage to the original building fabric.
Installation of new security devices is allowed, subject
to requirements of suitability, unobtrusive positioning,
visually discreet in design and colour.
Air-condensing condenser units shall be located Material such as timber lattice or metal screen, which
least visible from the exterior. harmonized with building rear façade is preferred.
Air-conditioning units may be located below five
foot way on party wall is there is sufficient head
room – for shophouses only.
Installation of compressor unit(s) on front façade
is strictly prohibited.
Item Original designs / building methods Comments
(iv) Satellite Dishes No satellite dishes are permitted on the external To be placed at the rear courtyard if possible.
façade or front roof.
(v) Water tank / Solar panels Water tank, & other external installations, if Material such as timber lattice or metal screen which
any, shall be covered / screened & placed least harmonized with building façade is preferred.
visible from the exterior.
Corner units should avoid these being visible
from the streets
(vi) Lift Installation of lift is allowed for extension / Motor-room-less lifts are advisable. The pit must avoid
annexed building. The lift shaft shall not protrude damage to heritage foundations and footings
from the front slope of the roof of new building. .
(vii) Kitchen Exhaust fan Exhaust fan can be placed at rear kitchen
courtyard. Exhaust fan ducts cannot be placed
outside the building. Exhaust discharge from
kitchen hoods/stoves cannot be directed into any
public space.
(iii) Soil vent-pipe Soil vent pipes should not be placed where they
may protrude out through the front roof, visible
to the street.
For example:
7.2.3 Authenticity and Interpretation
Historic research revealed the
It is recommended that an infill site
progression of reclamation for
(i) set within a row of heritage
the land along the estuary of the
buildings, or
Melaka River and the types of
(ii) placed amongst other infill sites or
building built on it. This forewarns
adjacent to replacement sites,
the Geotechnical and the C&S
should study the authentic design
engineers as to the challenges
of the adjacent buildings and the
of the site and guided the overall
site’s history, in order to propose
design concept at planning stage.
a design compatible with and
interpreting the site and its historic
content.
7.3.6
Permitted height
The height of compatible infill development
7.4 Guidelines for Infill and
within the WHS is dependent on the Replacement
height of the adjacent heritage buildings
or 12metres measured 300mm These regulations refer to new
above the centre of the road to the development to be built within a row of
highest point of the proposed building. existing heritage shophouses or in an area
where there are both heritage buildings
and building identified as replacement.
b) Projection The eave line of the front roof, materials used in the construction
method of construction and gutter to match the adjacent buildings.
shall be in line with adjacent
heritage building.
d) Jack roof Jack roof if the infill is part of a Roofing material shall be
row that already has a jack roof. unglazed, natural clay following
Design to match with adjacent the adjacent jack roof profile and
heritage building. structure.
b) Five footway / verandah way A five-foot-way -covered walkway Floor finishes & colour shall match
shall be provided on the ground the material used in adjacent
floor at the frontage of the building heritage buildings, if authentic.
and also along the street facade of
corner building. The width, height
& level of the walkway shall match
that of adjoining walkway when the
infill is in a row of existing heritage
building
b) Party wall structure The existing structural integrity of e.g. – Lime mortar, Lime plaster,
an adjoining heritage building must Lime wash or breathable paint
not be compromised, nor damage (silicate)
caused by the infill development.
Others (External)
Internal
d) Lift shaft Lift shaft is not permitted to project Motor room less lifts are advisable
above the front slope of the main
roof.
8.2 Guidelines on
Traditional Shophouse
Signage
Good examples from the past can be seen
along Jalan Kampung Pantai (figure 8.3)
which the location and the scale of the
signages were in proportion and blend
harmoniously with the buildings.
2.5 metres
arch.
1.1.2 Who uses these guidelines? cannot be replaced; and they can be
robbed of their special interest as surely
This guidance is for off cers of public by unsuitable alteration as by outright
authority, existing and potential property demolition. They are irreplaceable assets.
owners and tenants, contractors,
developers, investors, related It is fundamental to the State’s policies
professionals, students and all members for environmental stewardship that there
of the public with an interest in the should be effective protection for all aspect
repair, conservation, enhancement, and of the historic environment. The physical
compatible development of George Town’s survivals of the State’s past are to be
built and natural heritage. valued and protected for the State’s sake,
as a central part of the State’s cultural and
1.1.3 Why conserve? historical heritage. They are irreplaceable
records, which contribute, through formal
The protection, conservation and education and in many other ways, to
enhancement of a conservation areas, the State’s understanding of both the
enclaves and buildings provides an present and the past. The presences
enriching experience for those who live of the buildings adds to the quality of
in, work in or visit them, creating a sense our lives, by enhancing the familiar and
of belonging, stability and connection cherished local scene and sustaining the
between future and past generations, sense of local distinctiveness, which is
community, landscape and cultures from so important an aspect of the character
distant lands. and appearance of the city of George
Town. The historic environment is also
Penang Island’s tangible and intangible of immense importance for leisure and
testaments to its entrepreneurial recreation.
forefathers, both indigenous and migratory,
are expressions of the Island’s unique
identity and experience. They are
irreplaceable records, which provide a
resource of inspiration for the present
and future generations. They present
an example of sustainable, low carbon
building practice and way of life – a
knowledge bank for present and future
generations.
3. Conservation Practice
3.1 Introduction 3-1
3.2 Authenticity & Interpretation 3-1
3.3 Compatible Building Use 3-4
3.4 Reversibility & Adaptation 3-4
3.5 Dismantling 3-5
3.6 Fire Protection 3-6
3.7 Demolition 3-8
3.8 Alterations and Extension 3-10
4. Category I
4.1 Permitted Use 4-1
4.2 Authenticity and Interpretation 4-1
4.3 Research for Historical Data 4-2
4.4 Permitted Works 4-2
4.5 Requirements for Permitted Work 4-2
4.6 Guidelines for Conservation Works on Category I Buildings 4-4
5. Category II
5.1 Category II Buildings, Places and Sites 5-1
5.2 Permitted Use 5-1
5.3 Authenticity and Interpretation 5-1
5.4 Research for Historical 5-2
5.5 Other Objects and Buildings - Category II 5-4
5.6 Permitted Works 5-6
5.7 Permitted Height 5-7
5.8 Guideline for Conservation Work on Category II Buildings 5-10
6. Infill and Replacement
6.1 Introduction 6-1
6.2 Compatible Development Guideline for Infill 6-3
6.3 Compatible Development Guidelines for Replacement 6-6
6.4 Guideline for Compatible Development (Infill and Replacement) 6-9
1.1.2 Who uses these guidelines? cannot be replaced; and they can be
robbed of their special interest as surely
This guidance is for off cers of public by unsuitable alteration as by outright
authority, existing and potential property demolition. They are irreplaceable assets.
owners and tenants, contractors,
developers, investors, related It is fundamental to the State’s policies
professionals, students and all members for environmental stewardship that there
of the public with an interest in the should be effective protection for all aspect
repair, conservation, enhancement, and of the historic environment. The physical
compatible development of George Town’s survivals of the State’s past are to be
built and natural heritage. valued and protected for the State’s sake,
as a central part of the State’s cultural and
1.1.3 Why conserve? historical heritage. They are irreplaceable
records, which contribute, through formal
The protection, conservation and education and in many other ways, to
enhancement of a conservation areas, the State’s understanding of both the
enclaves and buildings provides an present and the past. The presences
enriching experience for those who live of the buildings adds to the quality of
in, work in or visit them, creating a sense our lives, by enhancing the familiar and
of belonging, stability and connection cherished local scene and sustaining the
between future and past generations, sense of local distinctiveness, which is
community, landscape and cultures from so important an aspect of the character
distant lands. and appearance of the city of George
Town. The historic environment is also
Penang Island’s tangible and intangible of immense importance for leisure and
testaments to its entrepreneurial recreation.
forefathers, both indigenous and migratory,
are expressions of the Island’s unique
identity and experience. They are
irreplaceable records, which provide a
resource of inspiration for the present
and future generations. They present
an example of sustainable, low carbon
building practice and way of life – a
knowledge bank for present and future
generations.
By-laws:
Figure 2.1: Chart showing control of works and activities in the WHS under TCPA(Town and Country
Planning Act) and SDBA (Street, Drainage and Building Act)
i) The signature of the property owner or Site inspection by building inspectors may
agent; take place:
ii) Land-title, quit rent receipt, proof of i) during the repair works application
ownership; process;
iii) Dilapidation Survey Report - a brief ii) during the repair works period; or
photographic description of the
building, showing areas of repair to be iii) following any complaint.
done - indicated on sketch plans;
Stop-work orders are issued for non-
iv) A brief written description of the works compliance. Remedial works are to be
to be carried out including materials to carried out failing which legal action may
be used; be taken.
● Emergency repair
ii) Architectural Signif cance of the Site; The Progress Report is a photographic
record of the building taken:
iii) Cultural Signif cance of the Site.
i) before works start;
The Department of National Heritage has
prepared a description of what is expected ii) during work in progress (mid-way);
in the Dilapidation Survey Report for
major works under Building Control, this iii) at the completion.
is available from the MPPP Heritage Unit
or the GTWHI, and should be used as a If possible the same location and angle
template. should be photographed at each stage for
each report, and location marked on an
accompanying plan. Submitted to MPPP
Heritage Unit.
3.2.4 Where do I get help with research? NAS - access to archives online
http://www.a2o.com.sg/a2o/public/
● Original Building Plans search/index.html
http://www.a2o.com.sg/a2o/public/html/
Property owners may request a search
for original building plans from MPPP (for GTWHI website
a fee). Although what is drawn may not http://www.gtwhi.com.my/
necessarily be the same as what was - will be regularly updated as new archives
built, they give a good indication as to the come online, including historic maps
traditional materials and structural design.
Approval of new use however, must take i) a continuation of existing use, with
into consideration the suitability of the use the addition modern conveniences not
within the cultural landscape. Inappropriate found in the original form e.g. toilets,
use may cause loss of authenticity of the electricity, piped water etc..
cultural landscape – the OUV of the WHS.
ii) a new use, which is compatible with
A Heritage Impact Assessment including the existing form and with permitted
a Cultural Impact Assessment will be additions to the built fabric .
required for change of use application
to ensure that the new use ref ects the 3.4.2 Reversing past misinterpretations
authenticity of the OUV.
Over the years of development and
modernisation, alterations have been
made to the built landscapes. Some
changes are lightweight cosmetic changes
that can be reversed to rediscover the
authentic design, e.g. glass louvered
windows replaced authentic timber-louvre
shutters. Other changes have caused
accidental damage, e.g. cement render
used instead of traditional lime plaster, or
the covering over of the historic drains and
ditches.
3.7.1 State policy & legal issues As def ned in section 22 (3) of the Town
And Country Planning Act, upon the
Conservation area designation imposes application for planning permission,
control over the demolition of all demolition shall not take place until:
listed buildings or parts of it within the
conservation area. Application for planning i) planning permission, building plan and
permission to demolish must be made to commencement of works for those
MPPP. works have been granted; and
In the conservation area, account should ii) a contract for carrying out of works of
clearly be taken of the part played in the redevelopment has been made.
architectural or historic interest of the
area by the building for which demolition Failure to comply will constitute as illegal
is proposed, and in particular of the wider demolition.
effects of demolition of the building’s
surroundings and on the conservation area 3.7.4 Strong justif cation for demolition
as a whole.
Heritage building controls ensure
The MPPP is entitled to consider the that proposal for demolitions are fully
merits of any proposed development in scrutinized before any decision is reached.
determining whether planning permission The destruction of heritage buildings is
should be given for the demolition of an the result of neglect or failure to make
unlisted building in the conservation area. imaginative efforts to f nd new uses
for them or to incorporate them into
Works involving the destruction of part of compatible development schemes.
the fabric of the building will be regarded
as ‘demolition’ as per the Town And The demolition of any Category I or II
Country Planning Act 1976 and will require building should be wholly exceptional and
planning permission. should require the strongest justif cation.
3.7.2 Linking between properties The State Planning Committee would not
expect planning permission to be given
If an owner of a row of a Category II for the total or substantial demolition of
shophouse wishes to link these properties any heritage building without clear and
by creating openings in the structural party convincing evidence that all reasonable
walls, planning permission to carry out efforts have been made to sustain existing
such work is required. uses or f nd viable new uses, and this
efforts have failed; or that redevelopment
will produce for the community which
would decisively outweigh the loss
resulting from demolition.
For example:
The cultural links between a temple on
Armenian Street and its related temple
in Tanjung Tokong, and the ceremonial
processions carried out between the two sites, Figure 4.1: Kapitan Keling Mosque
are evidence of the cultural significance of the
temples, which is still highly relevant to the 4.1 Permitted Use
present Chinese population of Armenian Street
and Penang. Equally, the architecture of the The use should remain as originally
temple bears evidence of migrant ancestors intended, when possible. Any adaptation
- craftsmen, sponsors and worshipers of the to the use must be of similar use or nature
temple, whose entrepreneurial spirit helped, and activities and have minimal impact
create the settlement we see today. on the cultural signif cance of the place
and requires the preparation of a Cultural
In the same way, the clock tower on Prince Impact Assessment.
Edward place is not only identified by
MPPP but also under the National Heritage 4.2 Authenticity and
Act. It represents an interesting time in the
history of the settlement, under the colonial
Interpretation
administration of the British, the hard won
Category I buildings and objects must
wealth and philanthropy of the donor, the
be conserved to retain their original use,
art of the architect and the skill of the local
form, decoration and traditional materials
craftsmen.
in order to preserve their authenticity, both
physical and cultural.
The Cultural, Social and Architectural
signif cance of objects and buildings, in
i) Category I buildings should retain
other words the cultural landscape, is an
their authentic and original form
expression of the Heritage Value of a site,
according to the signif cance of
and for that reason they are identif ed as
the building, and related buildings
Category I.
/ enclave/ item. e.g. a temple and
surrounding housing.
Forecourt/ Courtyard The forecourt is an important setting in which a The forecourt may sometimes be
Compound Category I. Building is placed it should be kept to its identif ed separately as
original form, and used in the manner in which it was Category II– the same requirements
intended when built apply
Gate and walls The original size & ornamentation of the gate and walls MPPP should avoid obstructions such as
shall be retained & restored with original or matching bus shelters, parking etc in front of the
materials entrance. Buildings owner may apply for
their relocation
Ground The original f ooring material shall be retained and The original material often has
restored with matching materials signif cant cultural meaning even the
direction of the granite / brickwork is
Laying of new ground f nishes shall be sensitive and important. Every effort should be made
sympathetic to the front façade to understand the cultural signif cance
Drainage The original drainage from the buildings to the street The f ow of water has a strong cultural
is an integral part of the Category I Building and signif cance and should be respected.
Compound design. It should be retained and restored Additional drainage may be permitted to
to original avoid f ooding
Tiles All Roofs The original traditional roof ng material, eaves detail, Original installation method and tile
(fascia board) shall be retained and restored prof le are to be used
Structure Main Roof The original prof le, pitch, height, party wall and eaves The original form should be retained
projection and internal structure shall be retained and Faulty members may be removed and
restored replaced with matching member
Jack Roof The original traditional roof ng material, eaves detail, Existing Jack Roof to be retained, Roof
(fascia board), ventilation louvres or glass, shall be tiles are to be identical to the main roof
retained and restored New jack roof is not permitted
Dormer Windows Not part of original architecture Is permitted if hidden from view
and allowing access to the roof for
maintenance
Roof Eaves The original eaves, overhang and support features shall Original to be maintained
be retained and restored
Parapets, gutters & down The original features, shall be retained and restored New gutters may not be added to
pipes existing roofs designed without gutters
Building Each Category I building will be unique, culturally and Further research into:
architecturally and must be conserved and restored to The traditional way of building
maintain its authentic uniqueness The building’s architectural, social, and
cultural history
Materials The original materials used for the walls, columns, All effort to be made to replace damaged
windows, doors, railings, f oors and decorative or lost elements with matching size,
elements, etc, must be conserved, restored or returned species, kind or design
back to the original
New items are only permitted if they
match the performance of the original
material
Alteration and Extension The Category I building has a footprint and prof le No alteration or extension is permitted.
unique to its architectural style
Utilities and Services Many Category I buildings were designed before the Is permitted if hidden from view
invention of electricity and allowing access to the roof for
maintenance
Those that have had electricity installed in the past may
require it to be upgraded
Roof Eave The original eaves, overhang and support features shall Original to be maintained
be retained and restored
Parapets, gutters & down The original features, shall be retained and restored. New gutters may not be added to
pipes existing roofs designed without gutters
The property
Figure 5.6: Rows of buildings, built by the same craftsmen Figure 5.7: 120 Lebuh
for the same owner with beautiful shard work. Armenian former base of
Dr. Sun Yat Sen
The original building prof le such as The original height of all listed buildings
features of air well, forecourt, internal shall be maintained, The rear courtyard
court, rear court, etc. shall be retained open air-well should remain open, and the
and and restored to its original condition. buildings may be increased by one storey.
Replacing the existing materials should
have similar prof le, performance, design, Extension, increase in height, and
colour and texture or equivalent. It additional storey above the permitted
requires a cautious approach of changing height at the rear of building shall be
as much as necessary but as little as considered based on the merit of each
possible. case, application should include an HIA to
show the design ref ects the authenticity
Alteration and/or extensions to heritage of the OUV of the WHS. In all cases the
buildings are subject to MPPP permits and UBBL shall be followed.
approvals. Unauthorised alteration and
addition to the building prof le will require Refer to Exhibit B for a visual guide
the original to be reinstated to the original on height extensions for Category II
prof le. shophouses
Please refer to Chapter 3 on the If a heritage building has been built back-
conservation practices applicable to all to-back (Figure 5.11) or back-to-side of a
heritage buildings. neighbouring house, the possibility of an
extension at the rear is limited by the need
5.6.1 Alterations and extension to to provide, natural ventilation and light to
buildings other than shophouses comply with the UBBL and escape in the
case of f re.
A Heritage Impact Assessment is
required for the alteration or extension The need for natural light and ventilation
of a building other than shophouses, still applies to each building even if the
to assess its impact on vistas, back-to-back houses are owned by the
views, roof ines and streetscapes for same owner.
consideration.
5.6.4 Extension of rear courtyard and
Each application should be discussed kitchen
with the MPPP Heritage Unit and the
GTWHI, to assess the possibilities before In the heritage shophouses, the traditional
application is made. arrangement at the rear of the building is
a single storey terrace with kitchen below
or later a single storey jack roof kitchen
with open yard. Over the years the yards
have been covered over. It is advisable to
reinstate the yards or terrace and air-well
v) Progress reports.
NOTE:
These illustrations are diagrammatic sketch examples –
in reality each shophouse differs in size and surrounding
situation. It is important, therefore, to discuss any
proposal with the MPPP Heritage Unit or GTWHI in
order to assess the opportunities and limitations of
each site, before starting work or even purchasing the
Figure 5.9: An example of a single storey extension building.
above building with an air-well,
air-well with an open rear
courtyard
1.0 Forecourt
Example 2:
Cannon Street
2.1 Exterior / Walls Each period of design history had preferred colour The original f nishes, shall be
schemes. retained & restored.
(See Shophouse styles in Annexure D) Painting over the original
Scraping back to the original base layer will reveal f nishes e.g. Shanghai
the colour history. plaster, is not permitted.
The colour and materials for conservation should
be chosen from this investigation.
Types of Finish:
a. Lime Plaster / Lime Wash - Most buildings in
the WHS If lime plaster / wash was
b. Shanghai Plaster - Buildings after 1930s – the original material then a
1960s breathable paint or lime wash
c. Cement Render - Early ModernBuildings may be used.
2.2 Exterior Timber Each period of design history had preferred colour The colour scheme or
Work schemes. paint used shall match &
(See Shophouse styles in Annexure D) harmonise with the typical
Scraping back to the original base layer will reveal character of the heritage
the colour history. buildings & of streetscape.
The colour and materials for conservation should
be chosen from this investigation.
Types of Finish:
a. Ta Chi, Tong Oil - Traditional Chinese
timberwork
b. Kampong Oil f nish - Traditional Malay
timberwork
c. Timber oil/ stain - Timber work
d. Oil based paints - Metal or timber work
3.0 ROOF
3.1 Tiles - All Roofs The original traditional roof ng material, eaves Original installation method and
detail, (fascia board) tile prof le shall be retained and
Roof Material Types: restored.
a. Small size, V or U prof le, unglazed,
natural colour terracotta tiles. Timber battens
run ridge to eaves on horizontal purlins (roof
beams) - Shophouses, bungalows, godowns,
etc.
b. Interlocking clay roof tile, Marseilles (Indian b) Not suitable for pre 1930s
or French). Timber battens run horizontal Shophouses
supported by truss roof system – Bungalows,
Beach St Off ce buildings
3.2 Structure Main The original - prof le, pitch, height, party wall. The original form to be retained &
Roof restored.
Roof Structure Types: Faulty members may be removed
and replaced with matching
a) Horizontal timber purlins (roof beams) installed member.
between load-bearing walls. Acts as brace for New metal trusses are not
the structural party walls. - shophouses permitted, unless they match the
original.
b) Horizontal timber purlins (roof beams)
installed above truss or sloping rafters. Acts
as a tie for the trusses & rafter.- Shophouses,
Godowns, Beach St Off ces. Bungalows
c) Timber or Metal Truss System supporting c) Not suitable for pre 1930s
battens for a interlocking clay tile roof or Shophouses
timber boards and slate roofs (Boustead). -
Often used for corner sites, 1900s godowns
car showrooms and double-itched roofs of
bungalows etc.
3.3 Ridge and Gable, Roof ridge to top of roof pitch. Roof Ridge Type The original form should be
Party wall retained, and conserved
a) Raised brickwork or brickwork and vent Missing elements to be put back.
bricks. - Shophouses
Raised gable end wall / party wall, brickwork and of high cultural signif cance –
lime plaster original to be conserved
b) Later Penang shophouses – raised party wall high cultural signif cance – original
– division with neighbour. to be conserved
A jack roof is a tiled roof raised above the ridge of The original traditional roof ng
3.4 Jack Roof an existing roof ine. material, eaves detail, (fascia
board), ventilation louvres or glass,
To allow for covered ventilation into the main roof shall be retained and restored.
space. Timber structures vary from building to Existing Jack Roof to be retained.
building. Roof tiles are identical to the main roof. New jack roof is only permitted
on back extension for natural
ventilation.
3.5 Skylight Skylights not original to the architecture of Penang. New skylight is not permitted.
Glass moulded Marseilles tiles are sometimes Original design of shophouse
found on Marseille tiled roofs allows for natural light and
ventilation
Dormer windows not original to the architecture of
3.6 Dormer Window Penang. New dormer window is not
Hidden dormer access doorways, for maintenance permitted.
are found on larger buildings. New access dormer doorway is
permitted if hidden from general
view for large buildings e.g.
Courthouse.
Not permitted for shophouses.
Eaves, overhang & support features -specif c to
3.7 Eaves Roof each architectural style. Original form should be retained &
overhang restored.
Types:
No new eave detail or support may
a) Stepped terracotta f at tiles, brick corbel be used.
brackets at wall junction - traditional
shophouse without gutters.
4.1 Building Facade The front part of the building with the main doorway, The original façade shall be
and for a corner sites also the side of a building, retained &/ or restored.
Demolition, alteration & addition
The heritage facades styles are numerous - See to original / aesthetic façade is not
Part 7 Heritage Buildings for guides on original permitted.
shophouse façade styles. The original masonry, mortar &
plaster shall be retained (where
possible).
4.2 Upper Facade
(under roof)
a) Decorative features types:– below roof beam & f rst To be repaired, restored or
f oor beam reinstated, using original materials
i) Painted historic stories / mural or if evidence.
ii) Chien Nien cut and paste porcelain work.
iii) Lime mortar mouldings
To be repaired, restored or
c) Balustrades – behind the door height shutters –
a balustrade usually of timber, but occasionally of reinstated, using original materials.
cast iron.
f) Canopy / awning– projecting our from above the Original timber and tiled canopy
f ve-foot-way beam. retained & restored.
Traditional Canopy-
In a few cases a terracotta ‘V” shaped tiled canopy Traditional roof ng material to be
projected out into the street. The canopy structure used.
was supported on projecting granite corbels. These
can still be found but the canopy may be missing.
The f ve-foot-way – it is a recessed area below the Original design of f ve-footway such
f rst f oor of a building that is designated as public as archway & arcades shall be
space. The entrance to the building is recessed in by maintained. Any original decorative
minimum f ve feet, – creating for this passageway . feature(s) shall be retained &
restored.
It is also a culturally signif cant space – where Should not be blocked with f xed
prayer and thanksgivings are offered to protect the obstructions.
occupants of the buildings.
5.1 Walls
a) Decorative wall tiles -
Originally placed as a da do panel below the two
openings either side of the main door. These were
installed using lime mortar.
Types: see shophouse style sheets for when each
type was used.
i) Majolica and tube line embossed tiles. Existing to be retained and
ii) Printed Pattern Tiles restored.
iii) 4” x 4” ceramic tiles (Japanese)- Terrace
houses circa 1930s
v) Mosaic, Small tile designed in sheets- New dado tiles on a case-by-case
Circa 1950s basis.
v) Terrazzo (in situ – rare in the WHS)- Early
Modern Buildings.
b) Wall Materials
The f ve foot way wall f nish was lime plaster / Existing to be retained and
wash– even when the exterior walls were shanghai restored.
plaster.
b) Granite slab edging, marks the street boundary of Shall be retained & exposed
the f ve-foot-way without covering up by other
materials.
c) Granite steps and bridge across drain – original Existing to be retained and
Drain edge – engineering bricks. restored. If missing, new to be
installed.
Types:
i. Exposed upper f oor structure of timber Original ceiling prof le / design
boards & timber joists shall be maintained. Any original
ii. Timber strip ceiling c/w carved decoration. decorative feature(s) shall be
iii. Exposed reinforced concrete f oor (rare retained & restored.
cases
6.1 Roof cover Roof covering for the single storey kitchen took New roof of pitch prof le over the
different forms. rear kitchen is allowed subject to
the roof height requirement.
a. Traditionally under a terracotta terrace Matching roof ng material as the
(first floor) next to an open air-well - main roof shall be used.
Shophouses Materials such as zinc, asbestos,
metal deck & etc. are not permitted.
b. Under a tiled roof with jack roof for
ventilation – next to an air-well.- Town/
terrace houses
6.2 Air Well The kitchen air-well / yard is a sunken f oor New habitable space above the
area lined with granite. Open air allows natural kitchen is permitted subject to
ventilation for both the kitchen and the toilet located height/ materials & ventilation
in this area. When the houses are back to back this requirements.
air-well is important for healthy living.
No new structure is allowed within
Even the smallest of shophouses would have had the air-well / open air space.
an open area at the rear.
6.4 WC The WC is at the rear in the Kitchen area, usually A new WC should be installed,
adapted from the original used for night soil subject to requirements of the
collection. relevant departments.
7.1 Windows, Doors Original openings were simpler than the front Materials be retained & restored
& Vents façade, but of the same materials. New openings are permitted and
Lime plaster wall f nish– even if the front façade shall be of similar material as the
was shanghai plaster front façade openings.
7.2 Terrace See Kitchen roof cover 6.1 above New habitable space above the
Terracotta tiled terrace. terrace is permitted subject to
height/ materials and ventilation
requirements.
7.3 Rear Boundary Original decorative wall Original height and decorative
Wall feature(s) shall be retained &
The rear load bearing brick and plaster wall with an restored.
external opening into the back lane.
New Extension – above original kitchen area . New extension to wall is permitted
provided it does not impede
neighbouring buildings, - light,
ventilation etc
8.0 Floors
8.1 Ground Floor The existing ground f oor level and changes in level Original levels shall be retained.
are traditional to the building types.
8.2 Upper Floor(s) The traditional timber f oors on timber joists acted Original shall be retained &
as part of the original structure of the building, restored.
bracing and separating the party walls.
a) The existing f oor level & original structural Original shall be retained &
members including timber main beams or steel restored
I-beam, timber f oor joists & timber f oor boards -
c) New use requirements for f re protection of timber Must NOT be of a material that
f oors cannot be removed at a later date
d) Addition of toilets f rst f oor internally For wet areas e.g. toilets, concrete
New support structure, from ground f oor must f oor may be used.
avoid damage to original brick, granite and footings Permitted if original structure is not
and bakau piles. compromised.
e) Extension for toilet / bathroom at rear of building See 6.0 Kitchen Area.
preferred.
8.3 Mezzanine Floor Mezzanine f oors are not part of the original layout
of the buildings as tall ceilings cooled the naturally
ventilated spaces
New Mezzanine f oor may be considered subject Any material except reinforced
to existing f oor height and compliance with concrete is permitted. The choice of
requirements or relevant departments material used shall be compatible
and harmonious with existing
structure.
Subject to UBBL.
9.0 Ceilings
9.1 Ceiling Ground f oor ceilings were usually the exposed Original ceiling prof le / design shall
timbers of the f oor structure above. Cornices below be retained. Any original decorative
the joists on the ground f oor were also a feature. feature(s) shall be retained &
restored.
Occasionally they were covered with a ceiling – Areas of damage may be replaced
mainly on the roof f oor or in coffee shops on the with matching or similar material.
ground f oor.
Types :
a. Exposed upper f oor structure of timber Shall be retained & restored
boards & timber joists - Lower f oors
b. Timber strip ceiling c/w carved
decoration.- Below roof f oor
c. 4’ x 4’ f at ceilng panels c/w timber beading
- Lower f oors
d. exposed underside of terracotta terrace
f oor structure
e. exposed RC slab f oor
10.0 Walls
10. 1 Party wall Shophouses and terraced / town houses share Repair work is permitted but must
party walls. Commercial buildings that were follow original design, material &
originally shophouse construction – Beach St. share construction method.
party walls.
10.2 New openings Openings in the party wall to join units Openings permitted on a case-by-
case basis, subject to the stability
of building structure –
Internal walls - 90o to party walls – brick load Permission to remove on a case-
bearing walls c/w openings by-case basis.
10.3 Decorative Masonry Features Stepped brick and lime plaster Shall be retained & restored using
Features cornices, arch architraves, etc. traditional or matching materials.
Timber Features – Traditional carved screen, Shall be retained & restored using
traditional wall cupboards, and ground f oor & traditional or matching materials.
lattice/ solid partitions c/w doors 1st f oor.
11.1 Size The original size & location of the air-well - Shall be retained & restored.
11.2 Floor f nishes The original f nishes of granite slab & edging - Shall be retained & restored.
Replacement of damaged or
installation of new materials shall
be the same or close to original
materials.
Level up the existing f oor is not
permitted.
11.3 Windows, The original openings on the f rst f oor around the
Shutters & vents air-well opening - Shall be retained & restored
– upper f oors Replacement or installation of new shutters/ walls/ Replacement of damaged or
balustrades installation of new materials shall
be the same or close to original
materials. Installation of other
modern materials is not permitted.
11.4 Roof cover Traditionally the air- well is open air without a roof Permitted lightweight transparent
cover. roof covering below eaves.
However, an addition of a f at, moveable roof cover, Total cover up not permitted.
that can be later removed is -
Not permitted - No other above
Air-well in f ll with f oors and solid roof ground structure or slab is
permitted within the air well space.
12.0 Staircases
12.01 Wells Repositioning original timber staircase c/w brick or Make good and make safe the
granite lower steps - original
13.0 Mechanical & Electrical Systems Permits must be sought from the
relevant authorities.
13.1 Security CCTV surveillance cameras and gear - Are permitted - installation of
Surveillance new security devices subject
to requirements of suitability,
unobtrusive positioning, visually
discreet in design and colour.
Must avoid damage to the original
building fabric.
13.2 Electrical Electrical conduit pipes on the surface of external Not permitted
Conduits façade are - TNB cable routing and meter In 5’way or back lane of building.
Internal wiring may be either
13.3 Air-conditioning Air conditioning pipes and conduits on the external Not permitted
units façade are - Are permitted and shall be properly
Air-conditioning pipes on the surface of the rear wall encased & neatly laid out.
or rear air well Is strictly prohibited.
VRV air-conditioning systems for larger buildings Permitted, screened and discrete
require suitable f oor space. positioning required.
13.5 Water tanks/ Water tank, & other external installations, if any, Material such as timber lattice or
Solar panels shall be covered / screened & placed least visible metal screen which harmonized
from the exterior. with building façade is preferred.
13.5 Lift Installation of lift for extension / annexed building. Motor-room-less lifts are permitted.
The lift shaft shall not protrude from the roof of the The pit must avoid damage to
new extension. heritage foundations and footings.
13.6 Kitchen Exhaust fan shall be placed at rear kitchen Location to be reviewed on a case-
Exhaust fan courtyard or back lane. by-case basis.
13.7 External External decorative / f ood lighting is not part of the Flood lights - Not Permitted.
Lighting original character.
Coloured Spot lights or cyclical lights Not permitted.
Residential buildings – lanterns or lights in f ve-foot- Light bulbs f xed to the fabric of the
ways -original. building are not permitted.
Commercial buildings / monuments / places of
worship etc –
14.1 Pipe work Water supply pipe work to be concealed within walls Permitted,
– Channel -Makita cut to avoid
unnecessary damage.
Water supply pipe work to be surface mounted – Conduit to be held in place with
with metal clips - metal clips, not Portland cement.
Preferred.
14.3 Drainage
Provide proper drainage at the building perimeter to Landscape to allow for maximum
ensure that water does not splash against building evaporation around heritage
or foundation walls nor drain towards the building. buildings where possible.
15.0 Alteration
15.1 Basement Below Ground basements are not a characteristic New basement is not permitted
of the historic buildings – built on swamp, beach or
reclaimed sea.
No swimming pools permitted
15.2 Swimming pools Other deep projections into the ground such as inside the heritage buildings.
swimming pools must avoid displacement of ground Compound swimming pools are
water into building walls and neighbours. permitted, on case-by-case basis.
16.0 Extension
16.1 Extension Roof New pitched roof to rear extension – Roof covering materials & pitch
to match the main roof in terms of
colour, texture, material & prof le &
internal structure.
16.2 Extension façade The new façade may be of traditional (to match Modern material is allowed but
existing) or contemporary style. shall be designed in harmony &
match with the traditional heritage
façade & surrounding streetscape
in terms of texture, prof le, colour &
performance etc.
16.3 Extension upper Canopy above second storey opening may be Traditional roof ng material is to be
facade allowed subject to sympathetic and unobtrusive used.
in design manner and in compliance with the Materials such as metal, asbestos
requirements of relevant departments. sheet or PVC are not allowed.
16.4 Upper f oor(s) New concrete f oor slabs for extension. Permitted - f oor f nishes shall
match the existing in terms of
texture, colour & material.
16.5 Finishes The new block shall be rendered in appropriate & Material, which is similar or close to
subtle colour & f nishes which blend & complement existing f nishes is preferable.
the conserved part & does not detract from the
character of the surroundings.
16.6 Footings & piles The method of excavation works for new footings Shall be approved by the MPPP
(piling for over two storey building) before commencement of work.
All reasonable care & protection shall be accorded Traditional construction method
to adjacent heritage buildings to ensure retention of to match building is encouraged,
their structural stability & integrity. but must pass all regulations and
departments’ requirements.
6.2.3 Research for Historical Data Temporary buildings on the site may
be demolished and redeveloped
Within the WHS, the Heritage Impact simultaneously subject to this Guideline.
Assessment (HIA) requires the Historical
Signif cance of the site and adjacent It is important that the redevelopment
heritage buildings to be researched and should be designed to enhance the
documented. streetscape, vistas and the character of
the adjoining heritage buildings.
Height of
infill and
replacement
sites within a
row of heritage
buildings to
follow the
height of
lower adjacent
building
Figure 6.2: Development of inf ll and replacement sites within a row of heritage buildings
6.2.8 Facade Guidelines for Figure 6.3: Compatible Inf ll within a row of heritage buildings
Compatible Inf ll within a row of
heritage buildings
6.3 Compatible
Development
Guidelines for
Replacement
Definition:
(a) Existing building without any significant value
where sensitive re-development is permitted.
iii) a mixed site which includes a building ● Traditional building methods typical of
or part building of heritage value and the type and age of the building/item;
not necessarily to be demolished,
● Historic maps (look out for the word
the architect should study both the ‘swamp’);
authentic design of the adjacent buildings
and the site’s history, in order to propose a ● Local oral histories, place names –
design in support of the OUV. (the local name for Jalan Sugei Ujong
translates as ‘Soft Ground’ on the old
6.3.3 Research for Historical Data: maps this was a very big swamp.
Within the WHS, the Heritage Impact Refer to chapter 3.2.4 on research
Assessment (HIA) requires the Historical methods
Signif cance of the site and adjacent
Height of
infill and
replacement
sites within a
row of heritage
buildings to
follow the
height of
lower adjacent
building
Figure 6.7: Development of inf ll and replacement sites within a row of heritage buildings
1.1 Roof form & f nish A pitched roof to follow the gradient and roof form of Roof ng material shall be unglazed,
the adjacent heritage buildings, if in a shophouse row, natural clay following the traditional
or neighbouring heritage buildings if in other areas. prof le of adjacent heritage buildings
1.3 Skylight The eave line of the front roof, method of construction ---
and gutter shall be in line with adjacent heritage
building.
1.4 Jack roof Jack roof on inf ll building adjacent to heritage Permitted if the inf ll is part of a row that
buildings already has a jack roof to match with
adjacent heritage building.
1.5 Dormer window Dormer window on inf ll building adjacent to heritage Dormer window not permitted
buildings
2.2 Five-foot-way cont. b) Where there is no adjoining walkway, for example ---
some areas of Beach Street where the heritage
buildings front the pavement without a verandah, the
design should follow, the adjacent heritage buildings.
d) The front façade of the new inf ll/ replacement should ---
follow alignment of adjacent buildings.
Compatibility in terms of materials, f nish, texture, The use of clear or light tinted glass for
prof le & design with adjacent heritage buildings is openings is preferable.
encouraged.
4.1 Gable ends The new building shall not obstruct the original raised ---
gable wall / party wall (of artistic merit) of adjacent
heritage buildings.
4.2 Party wall structure The existing structural integrity of an adjoining ---
heritage building must not be compromised, nor have
damage caused by the inf ll development.
If the party wall is load-bearing brickwork and it is to The materials used in the conservation
be part of the new inf ll structure, and of the party wall should be compatible
If new support structure is to be introduced for the inf ll with those traditionally used. This will
development: avoid damage to the interior of the
adjacent property and the load bearing
walls
e.g. – Lime mortar, Lime plaster, Lime
wash or breathable paint (silicate)
5.0 Canopy
The canopy is to follow traditional form. Materials of timber frame & roof ng
similar to that of the main roof is
encouraged while the use of modern
rigid & colourful canopies may deem
inappropriate.
7.0 Security
9.0 Airwells
The size & positioning of air well to follow the original ---
air well of adjacent heritage buildings (if any).
A f at moveable / f xed roof cover over the air well is Light weight transparent or translucent
allowed & the height of the cover shall be lower than roof covering is preferable
the eave of the main roof.
10.1 Exhaust fan Exhaust fan shall be placed at rear façade facing the Any material. Metal vents are preferably
rear court / back lane. anodized or colour coated
10.2 Conduits & All other utility & conduit pipes except for rainwater ---
Pipes down pipes shall not run on the surface of the external
front wall.
10.4 Lift shaft Lifts are to be found in many heritage buildings – Lift shaft not permitted to project above
original Waygood – Otis lifts installed in George Town roof, or be visible from any angle from
Dispensary, Public Bank, Lim Leang Teng Mansions the street. Motor room less lifts are
and many others, none projected above the roof. recommended
New lifts installed in heritage buildings, do not project
above the roof.
10.5 Water tanks Water tanks need to be concealed and screened Not to be visible above roof
10.7 Cell phone towers Cell phone towers etc on roof tops or gantries on the Not to be visible from the street
side of buildings
i) Stonework
Incised stonework (such as the f gures
of the year in which the building was
completed or opened, the name of the
building or that of its occupants), embossed
lettering, emblems and logos, which is
incorporated in the fabric of a building is
permitted and shall be preserved.
7.2 Guidelines on
Traditional Shophouse
Signage
In a traditional shopfront original space for
name plaques or signboards should be
utilised to the fullest for signage purposes.
(w)
2.5m
Figure 7.3: Permitted positions of business signage/ Figure 7.4: Permitted positions of business signage/
advertisement on the spandrel / low wall advertisement on shophouse without low wall
Traditional f at
signboards
panel signboard
were angled aw away
from the façade
to allow shutter
shutters
0.8m above to open
Signage
3.7m
3
3. 7m
7m ve-
in the f ve
footway
should
shou not
uld n
2.
2 5
5m
2.5m cover the
curve of the
arch. Figure 7.5: Permitted positions of business signage/
advertisement on a heritage building
2. Hanging signs placed above the arch of 2. Advertisement display may be erected on
f ve-foot-way should not extend below the each frontage;
arch level;
3. Only one advertisement may be displayed
3. Hanging sign placed below the arch must on each road frontage;
have minimum headroom clearance of
2.5m. 4. On the f rst frontage a main advertisement
board may be displayed as specif ed in
these guidelines;
1. Introduction 1
2. Shophouse 2
3. Bungalow
3.1 Early Penang Bungalow 13
3.2 Early Straits Eclectic Bungalow 14
3.3 Late Straits Eclectic Bungalow 15
3.4 Straits Art-Deco Bungalow 16
3.5 Art-Deco Modern Bungalow 17
4. Residential Blocks
4.1 Art-Deco Residential Block 18
4.2 Art-Deco Modern Residential Block 19
4.3 Art and Craft Residential Block 20
4.4 Early Modern Residential Block 21
5. Godown 22
7. Administration
7.1 Fort Cornwallis 26
7.2 Anglo Indian 27
7.3 Early Straits Eclectic 27
7.4 Straits Baroque 28
7.5 Early Modern 28
8. Places of Worship
8.1 Mosque 29
8.2 Chinese Temple 29
8.3 Hindu Temple 30
8.4 Church 30
8. Jetties 31
ANNEXURE C : HERITAGE BUILDINGS OF GEORGE TOWN 1
Annexure C
Heritage Buildings of George Town
1.0 Introduction
Although the Malay bungalow was the "Turning the eye southward, Georgetown
earliest built form on the Island, and its
and the harbour are seen. The various
inf uence can be seen in the evolution of
the bungalow architecture, this chapter styles in the construction of habitations
begins with an analysis of the building
of this small town have a strange effect-
form that dominates both Melaka and
George Town, the heritage cities on the the European house, the Hindoo [sic]
Straits of Malacca now listed as World
bungalow, the Malay cottage, the Chinese
Heritage Sites. This form is that of the
‘Shophouse’ which line the streets of the dwelling and the Burman hut are mingled
urban cultural landscapes.
together without regularity and apparently
Researchers to date have worked hard without plan, the f rst settlers having each
to analyse the inf uences and styles that
built his residence according to the custom
these shophouses took on (Figure C1). It
is this analysis that has been transferred of the country… These various modes
onto other built forms and is used to
of building, by exhibiting the strongest
describe the styles in which they too were
built. contrast, add considerably to the beauty of
the picture."
3.0 Bungalow
"The lowlands of Penang being Before, Johnson arrived on Prince of
liable to inundation in the rainy Wales Island to write his descriptions
above, and indeed before Sir Francis
season, the houses of the
Light established the East India Company
Europeans are all elevated from Settlement, there were at least 2,000
the ground, eight of ten feet, or Malays living in the Datuk Keramat Area of
arches or pillars. They seldom the Island.
consist of more than one f oor, Their typical buildings form clearly
are built of wood and thatched inf uenced that of the Europeans, as
over with leaves of trees, &c., the described above, and that of the Chinese
miller, contractor and entrepreneur Loh
roofs resembling those of cottages
Amee – whose bungalow artist and
in England, having the eaves voyager James Wathen illustrates in 1811
projecting owner the verandahs in (right).
order to throw off the rain into the
The Malayan bungalow was ideally suited
areas. They are all detached from to the swampy ground thus became the
each other, and surrounded with building form of the urban Malays, the
gardens, and trees of various kinds, Europeans and later the suburban elite.
Figure C12: The Early Penang bungalow as depicted by James Wathen in 1811
Figure C15:
The f at ‘keyhole’
architrave
surrounding the
shutter fame,
complete with
keystone
Figure C17:
The heavily
moulded
architrave
surrounding
the shutter
frame
Figure C24:
Decorative corner to top
f oor parapet wall rich in
Egyptian motifs, typical of
Art Deco Style
Figure C25: The Lim Leang Teng Mansion, an Art Deco residential block with commercial level on ground f oor
Figure C26:
Precast concrete
ventilation grill
in Art Deco
‘Chevron‘ pattern.
5.0 Godowns
Godowns or warehouses were probably
the f rst buildings seen along the coastline
looking from ship to the Eastern shore.
They were the emblem of the transhipment
trade, for storage and safekeeping of
goods from around the region and further
af eld on which fortunes would be made.
7.0 Administration
The buildings of Administration began
with the building of Fort Cornwallis, shortly
after the arrival of the East India Company
in 1786. Early buildings took reference
directly from the urban layout and
building works of Calcutta and Madras,
following the architectural styles favoured
by the East India Company engineers.
When the administration changed from
that of a trading company to that of a
colonial administration, the Public Works
Department recruited engineers and
assistant architect from the homeland,
Britain. Many of these building stand
today and are considered under Category
I. Research is ongoing. Figure C40: 1877 map showing Fort Cornwallis
As the biggest and the most intact fort Early survey maps, old photographs and
in Malaysia, the Fort Cornwallis was historical records of the Fort Cornwallis
originally built with a nibong (palm trunk) have shown that the star-shaped fort
stockade with no permanent structures. In was packed with buildings and structures
1804, the fort was rebuilt with bricks and including military barracks and off ces as
stones by Indian convict labour during well as a gunpowder magazine, a chapel,
Colonel R.T. Farquhar’s term as Governor a harbour light, f agstaff, cannons, cell
of Penang. The Fort Cornwallis was rooms, a store and guard houses; some
later completed in 1810 during Norman of which still survived and are structurally
Macalister’s term as Governor of Penang. sound. A moat of 9m wide and 2m deep
was built around the fort. However, due
to the malaria epidemic in the 1920’s, the
moat had been f lled in. The harbour light
was used to signal incoming ships whilst
the f agstaff was used to announce the
arrival of mail ships or the decent of the
Governor and other dignitaries from the
Penang Hill.
Situated at Lebuh Queen, Sri St. George's Church is one of the oldest
Mahamariamman Temple was built in Anglican Church in Southeast Asia, built
accordance with the saiva agamas with an in 1816 with the help of the EIC during
antechamber, a hall, circumambient dome, Colonel J. A. Bannerman's term as British
surrounding walls and an entrance. The Governor of Penang. It features a Grecian
complexity of Hindu mythology is ref ected columns and pediments on its front facade,
in the sculpture gopuram, which is over and a rotunda across the main building.
23 feet high and features 38 statues The brick structure has a solid plastered
of gods and goddesses and for swans stone base, a gable shaped roof for the
over the entrance. It is from this temple tropical climate, and an octogonal-shaped
that the Navarathri procession starts steeple.
every year. Built in 1833, this temple is
dedicated to the Hindu goddess Sri Maha
Mariamman. Historically, it catered to the
tamil community of traders and stevedores
originating from South India.