Bio Frog
Bio Frog
Bio Frog
Bisenio
BIOLOGY II
A.
million years ago) but are now represented by only two species
frogs have the characteristics like they have bones, limbs and part of the terrestrial
vertebrates.
2.) Explain why amphibians may be considered bio indicator species. What may be some
water, and have thin skin that we sometimes breathe through. Our thin skin can also
absorb toxic chemicals, radiation, and diseases. If there are lots of frogs and
researchers said.
c. Frogs have very powerful back legs and webbed feet that help them jump great distances,
f. The frog's skin is thin, which allows for air to pass through, in effect allowing him to
g. Frogs have small waist, no neck and a broad, flat skull make his body streamlined for
swimming.
h. They are born with gills in order to live and breathe in water but as they grow into an
adult they breathe through their lungs which replace those gills; and their skin which has
j. Frogs are cold-blooded. A frog's body temperature is the same as the surrounding
temperature.
muscous gland because this is their coating that helps them keep their skin moist which
helps them breathe through their skin. The mucous often contains other chemicals, like
1.) In each species of frog female's inner ear is attuned to the pitch of the mating call of the male.
Frogs produce a rich variety of sounds, calls, and songs during their courtship and mating
rituals. The callers, usually males, make stereotyped sounds in order to advertise their
location, their mating readiness and their willingness to defend their territory and their
listeners respond to the calls by return calling, by approach, and by going silent. These
responses have been shown to be important for species recognition, mate assessment, and
localization.
Frog doesn't have neck so it doesn't have ribcage ,as well as it is an Amphibian.
3.) Search a picture of a jumping frog. What does the series of exposure of jumping frog in the
picture suggested?
When the frogs are ready to leap their tendons stretch as far as they can. At this point, the
recoil as a spring.
4.) How does a frog breathe during period of estivation?
They use their skin to soak in the oxygen their bodies require. When frogs hibernate, they
utilize the skin for any and all breathing. Damp skin is a must for subcutaneous gas
exchange. If a frog's skin becomes dry, it will no longer be able to take in oxygen.
C.
a. Their bodies provide a good overview of the organ systems of a complex living thing.
c. They're an appropriate size for dissection in the classroom and make the process
d. Frogs have a relatively short life span to begin with, and while some species are rare in
some places, others are abundant and are therefore prime candidates for use in
dissection.
o Frogs and toads are both amphibians and they are similar in many ways, but they are also
o Generally, frogs spend most of their lives in or near water. Toads on the other hand, get
out on land a little more and find their way into gardens and yards. Frogs also usually
have moist slimy skin, while toads have dry bumpy skin. That is usually the best way to
o Frog eggs are found in a mass while toad eggs are more in a chain.
3.) Classification of frog and toad
o Domain: Eukarya
o Kingdom: Animalia
o Phylum: Chordata
o Subphylum: Vertebrata
o Genus: Rana
The best time to distinguish male frogs from female frogs is during mating season. That's
because the bulk of the unmistakable differences dictating gender are most apparent during
reproductive activity. In most species, both genders have similar appearances with few clues
as to male or female. If the males of a particular species are colored bright or dull, then so are
the females.
o Size
For many frog species, the females are significantly larger than the males. This is to
accommodate the amphibian mating process called amplexus. The male climbs on top of the
female and she supports his weight as she discharges eggs and he spreads sperm on top of
them. He is smaller so that his weight does not crush her. Her body is larger also to provide
o Reproductive Organs
Male and female frogs have differing genitals, but even this fact isn't particularly accessible
in determining if an individual frog is male or female. This is because frog genitalia for both
genders is housed within the frogs body. A male frog has two interior testicles and spermatic
canal -- not a penis -- that produce the sperm. A female frog has ovaries and oviducts, as well
as a uterus that stores the eggs until release, but is not involved in gestation.
A small round disc called the tympanum covers the ears of both male and female frogs. On
males of most frog species, the circumference of this small disc is larger than the eye of the
frog. On females of most frog species, the disc's circumference is equal to the size of the
frog's eye. During breeding season, the males develop gripper pads on their thumbs to aid
them in amplexus. The females do not grow these pads. Males also develop a dark throat
color during mating season that sets them apart from females, according to the Minnesota
Department of Natural Resources. Otherwise, male and female frogs of each species tend to
While eating habits, defensive maneuvers, use of camouflage and shedding of skin is the
same for male and female frogs, there are a couple of behaviors that only male frogs engage
in. The first is singing for a mate during the breeding season. The second is the "hugging" or
"humping" aspect of amplexus. Male frogs don't restrict performing this behavior to only on
female frogs. They will attach themselves to logs, rocks, trees, shoes and backpacks and
The most notable features or aspects of a frog are their powerful hind legs, allowing
them to leap long distances and their long tongue; being able to catch insects mid-
o Slanting position
o Medial: Toward the mid-line, middle, away from the side • Rostral: Toward the front •
o External nares or nostrils - Anterior openings for the entry or exit of air
o Esophagus - Tube that connects the mouth and the stomach in a frog
o Glottis - The opening from the mouth into the respiratory system
o Tongue - Muscular structure attached to the front of the mouth which is extended to catch
o Maxillary Teeth - Sharp teeth in the maxilla of a frogs mouth that function in holding
captured prey
o Vomerine Teeth - Small projections in the top of a frog’s mouth that function in holding
o Eustachian tube openings - Openings in the mouth that lead to tubes that connect to the
o Cloacal opening – the hole at the posterior end of the frog (it’s the anus but has more
functions)
o arm – the uppermost section of the forelimb extending from the shoulder to the elbow
o forearm – the middle section of the forelimb extending from the elbow to the wrist
o hand – the lowermost section of the forelimb extending outward from the wrist
o thigh – the uppermost section of the hindlimb extending from the hips to the knee
o shank – the middle section of the hindlimb extending from the knee to the ankle
o foot – the lowermost section of the hindlimb extending outward from the ankle
o digits – the fingers and toes; note: there are four finger digits but five toe digits
Frogs depend on several types of muscles to carry out their normal daily activities such as
pumping blood, breathing, moving about, and retrieving food. The three types of muscle are:
o striated (skeletal)- Striated muscles are composed of elongated fibers and are used for
o smooth- smaller than striated ones and have a distinctly different appearance; allied
with autonomic or involuntary systems, smooth muscle tissues can be found in the
digestive system, the blood vessels, and a large number of the internal organs
G. Naming of Muscles
Rectus abdominis
abdominis
Ventral thigh Muscle of the shank Ventral shank
Tricep femoris Gastrocnemius Gastrocnemius
Gracillis minor
Semitendinosus
tympanic ring
DEPRESSOR Tympanic ring and Lower jaw Opens the mouth
girdle upward
LATISSIMUS DORSI Lumbo-dorsal Lateral side of the Draws forelimb
surfaces of the
vertebrae
ILLIOLUMBARIS Anterior part of the Transverse processes of Bends the back
each other
COCCYGEOILIACUS Lateral side of the Ilium Helps extend the
girdle
MYLOHYOID Lower jaw Median line Raises the floor of
the mouth
GENIOHYOID Mandibular hyoid depresses mandible
apparatus anteriorly
SUBMENTALIS Anterior tipof the Anterior angleof the Raisesthe tipof the
forward
TRICEP BRACHII Episternum Radio-ulna Flexes the forearm
CUTAEOUS Xiphisternum and Dermis of the skin at Tense the skin
PECTORIS from the anterior the pectoral region which overlies the
rectus abdominis
PECTORALIS Clavicular head- Lateral lip of bicipital Clavicular
external oblique
aponeurosis
PECTORALIS manubrium of xiphoid stabilization,
downward rotation
of the scapula
RECTUS ABDOMINIS Pubis Sternum Supports the
the sternum
EXTERNAL OBLIQUE Rectus abdominis Linea alba Compresses the
shank
GLUTEUS Pubis Tibiofibula Flexes the shank
thigh
BICEPFEMORIS Ischium Tendon on the knee and Adducts the thigh
the femur
SARTORIOUS Ilium Tibio-fibula Flexes the shank
thigh
ADDUCTOR LONGUS Ilium Femur Pulls the thigh
thigh
GRACILLIS MINOR Ischium Tibio-fibula Flexes the shank
thigh
SEMITENDINOSUS Ischium Tibio-fibula Adducts the femur
the foot
TIBIALIS ANTICUS Femur Tibiale and fibulare Extends the leg and
the ankle
EXTENSOR CRURIS Femur Tibio-fibula Extends the shank
FLEXOR TARSI Anterior surface of Proximal of the Flexor of the foot
tibiofibula
I. Buccal Cavity
Name Description
Vomerine Teeth Used for holding prey, located at the roof of
the mouth
Name Description
Eustachian Tubes equalize pressure in inner ear
Glottis Tube leading to the lungs
Tongue Front attached, aids in grabbing prey
J. Digestive System
Name Description
Stomach Stores food and mixes it with enzymes to
begin digestion.
Small Intestine The principal organ of digestion and
Name Description
Gastric glands secrete acid as well as pepsin
Liver Secretes bile and processes digested food
molecules
Pancreas gland which secretes digestive enzymes into
the duodenum
Intestinal Gland secretes intestinal juice which contains
different enzymes
K. Respiratory System
1.) External
Name Description
Skin where mucous glands are distributed
throughout
2.) Internal
Name Description
Mouth are a pair of thin walled, oval, hollow, soft
neck in frogs.
Lungs a pair of thin walled, oval, hollow, soft and