Energy Meter

Energy Meter
Definition: The meter which is used for measuring the energy utilises by the electric load is

known as the energy meter. The energy is the total power consumed and utilised by the load at
a particular interval of time. It is used indomestic and industrial AC circuit for measuring the
power consumption. The meter is less expensive and accurate.
construction of Energy Meter

The construction of the single phase energy meter is shown in the figure below.
The energy meter has four main parts. They are the
1. Driving System
2. Moving System
3. Braking System
4. Registering System
The detail explanation of their parts is written below.
1. Driving System – The electromagnet is the main component of the driving

system. It is the temporary magnet which is excited by the current flow through
their coil. The core of the electromagnet is made up of silicon steel lamination.
The driving system has two electromagnets. The upper one is called the shunt
electromagnet, and the lower one is called series electromagnet.
The series electromagnet is excited by the load current flow through the current
coil. The coil of the shunt electromagnet is directly connected with the supply
and hence carry the current proportional to the shunt voltage. This coil is called
the pressure coil.
The centre limb of the magnet has the copper band. These bands are
adjustable. The main function of the copper band is to align the flux produced
by the shunt magnet in such a way that it is exactly perpendicular to the
supplied voltage.
2. Moving System – The moving system is the aluminium disc mounted on the
shaft of the alloy. The disc is placed in the air gap of the two electromagnets.
The eddy current is induced in the disc because of the change of the magnetic
field. This eddy current is cut by the magnetic flux. The interaction of the flux
and the disc induces the deflecting torque.
When the devices consume power, the aluminium disc starts rotating, and after
some number of rotations, the disc displays the unit used by the load. The
number of rotations of the disc is counted at particular interval of time. The disc
measured the power consumption in kilowatt hours.
3. Braking system – The permanent magnet is used for reducing the rotation
of the aluminium disc. The aluminium disc induces the eddy current because of
their rotation. The eddy current cut the magnetic flux of the permanent magnet
and hence produces the braking torque.
This braking torque opposes the movement of the disc, thus reduces their
speed. The permanent magnet is adjustable due to which the braking torque is
also adjusted by shifting the magnet to the other radial position.
4. Registration (Counting Mechanism) – The main function of the

registration or counting mechanism is to record the number of rotations of the
aluminium disc. Their rotation is directly proportional to the energy consumed
by the loads in the kilowatt hour.
The rotation of the disc is transmitted to the pointers of the different dial for
recording the different readings. The reading in kWh is obtained by multiply the
number of rotations of the disc with the meter constant. The figure of the dial is
shown below.
Working of the Energy Meter

The energy meter has the aluminium disc whose rotation determines the power
consumption of the load. The disc is placed between the air gap of the series
and shunt electromagnet. The shunt magnet has the pressure coil, and the
series magnet has the current coil.
The pressure coil creates the magnetic field because of the supply voltage, and
the current coil produces it because of the current.
The field induces by the voltage coil is lagging by 90º on the magnetic field of
the current coil because of which eddy current induced in the disc. The
interaction of the eddy current and the magnetic field causes torque, which
exerts a force on the disc. Thus, the disc starts rotating.
The force on the disc is proportional to the current and voltage of the coil. The
permanent magnet controls Their rotation. The permanent magnet opposes the
movement of the disc and equalises it on the power consumption. The
cyclometer counts the rotation of the disc.
Theory of Energy Meter

The pressure coil has the number of turns which makes it more inductive. The
reluctance path of their magnetic circuit is very less because of the small length
air gap. The current Ip flows through the pressure coil because of the supply
voltage, and it lags by 90º.
The Ip produces the two Φp which is again divided into Φp1 and Φp2. The major
portion of the flux Φp1 passes through the side gap because of low reluctance.
The flux Φp2 goes through the disc and induces the driving torque which rotates
the aluminium disc.
The flux Φp is proportional to the applied voltage, and it is lagged by an angle of
90º. The flux is alternating and hence induces an eddy current I ep in the disc.
The load current passes through the current coil induces the flux Φ s. This flux
causes the eddy current Ies on the disc. The eddy current Ies interacts with the
flux Φp, and the eddy current Iep interacts with Φs to produce the another torque.
These torques are opposite in direction, and the net torque is the difference
between these two.
The phasor diagram of the energy meter is shown in the figure below.
Let
V – applied voltage
I – load current
∅ – the phase angle of load current
Ip – pressure angle of load
Δ – the phase angle between supply voltage and pressure coil flux
f – frequency
Z – impedance of eddy current
∝ – the phase angle of eddy current paths
Eep – eddy current induced by flux
Iep – eddy current due to flux
Eev – eddy current due to flux
Ies – eddy current due to flux
The net driving torque of the dis is expressed as

where K1 – constant
Φ1 and Φ2 are the phase angle between the fluxes. For energy meter, we
take Φp and Φs.
β – phase angle between fluxes Φp and Φp = (Δ – Φ), therefore
If f, Z and α are constants,
If N is steady speed, braking torque
At steady state, the speed of the driving torque is equal to the braking torque.
If Δ = 90º,
Speed,
The speed of the rotation is directly proportional to the power.
If Δ = 90º, total number of revolutions
The three phase energy meter is used for measuring the large power
consumption.

Energy Meter

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Energy Meter

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Energy Meter

Definition: The meter which is used for measuring the energy utilises by the electric load is

construction of Energy Meter

The detail explanation of their parts is written below.

1. Driving System – The electromagnet is the main component of the driving

4. Registration (Counting Mechanism) – The main function of the

Working of the Energy Meter

Theory of Energy Meter

The net driving torque of the dis is expressed as

β – phase angle between fluxes Φp and Φp = (Δ – Φ), therefore

If f, Z and α are constants,

If N is steady speed, braking torque

The speed of the rotation is directly proportional to the power.

If Δ = 90º, total number of revolutions

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