Propagation methods and use of rootstocks

 Plant Propagation- multiplication of plants

by both sexual and asexual means.
 Study of plant propagation has three
different aspects:
A knowledge of mechanical manipulations
and technical skills- art of propagation.
A knowledge of plant growth and structures-
science of propagation.
A knowledge of different kinds of plants and
their methods of propagation.
Horticultural crops are grown from
seeds for three principal reasons:
To produce commercial crops
To develop new varieties
To grow rootstock for budding and
grafting
Plant propagation involves the control
of two basically different types of
developmental life cycles SEXUAL and
ASEXUAL
 SEXUAL PROPAGATION
* UNION OF MALE AND FEMALE SEX CELLS
* FORMATION OF SEEDS
* POPULATION OF SEEDLING INDIVIDUALS
NEW AND SIMILAR AND DIFFERING GENOTYPES
 Advantages of sexual Propagation

Seedling trees - generally long-lived, bear more

heavily and comparatively more hardy.

Only means of reproduction, where asexual

propagation is not possible or economical e.g.
Papaya, phalsa, mangosteen etc.

To develop new varieties

 For the production of chance seedlings of

highly superior merits.
 Polyembryonic character- some citrus species
and some mango varieties These nucellar
seedlings are true to type.

Rootstocks are mostly raised from seeds.

Seedlings are cheaper and easy to raise.

Easily transported to distant places e.g. seeds

Does not require high technical knowledge and

skilled labour.
 Disadvantages
Seedling trees - not uniform in their growth,
yielding capacity and fruit quality.
Take more years to bear the first crop.
Become large for economic management.
Not possible to maintain the exact character
of any superior selection.
Seed propagation can not be applied in many
plants e.g. banana
Not possible to avail the modifying influence
of rootstock on scion or scion on rootstock.
 Advantages of Asexual Propagation

True to type, uniform in growth, yielding

capacity and fruit quality.
Plants come into bearing earlier.
Uniformity in fruit quality makes harvesting
and marketing easy.
Modifying influence of rootstock on scion can
be profitably availed off.
Possible to regulate the tree size, fruit quality,
precocity etc. according to one’s
requirements by using different rootstocks.
Cross pollination can be effected by grafting
shoots of other suitable varieties (pollinizers)
on some of the branches of self-unfruitful
variety.
Grafting can be used to encourage healing of
tree wounds caused by rodents, implements.
Composite tree can be raised.
One can correct to some extent the initial
mistakes of planting inferior or unsuitable
varieties.
Disadvantages

No new variety can be evolved.

Sometimes more expensive.
Comparatively short lived.
Propagation of Fruit Crops

Sexual Propagation - Seed

Stratification
Moist cold treatment
35 to 40o F for 60 - 90 day
Rootstocks of peach, apple, apricot etc.
Scion: Short piece of detached shoot
containing several dormant buds, which,
when united with the stock, comprises the
upper portion of the graft and from which the
stem or branches or both grow. It should be
of desired cultivar and free from diseases.
Rootstock: is the lower portion of the graft,
which develops into the root system of the
grafted plants. It may be seedling, rooted
cutting, or a layered plant.
Interstock: a piece of stem inserted by means
of two graft unions between the scion and the
rootstock. It is used:
To avoid incompatibility between stock and
scion

To make use of winter hardy trunk

To take advantage of its growth controlling

properties.
Cambium: Thin tissue of the plant located
between the bark (phloem) and the wood
(xylem). Its cells are meristematic.

Callus: Mass of parenchyma cells that

develops from and around wounded plant
tissues. It occurs at the junction of a graft
union, arising from the living cells of both
scion and stock.
Propagation of Fruit Crops

Asexual
Budding ( one bud and a small section of
bark with or without wood is used)
Join bud with rootstock
Time of year
• Active growth season
Methods
• T-budding, Inverted T- budding, Chip budding, patch
budding, annular budding
 Propagation of Fruit Crops
Asexual
Grafting ( art of connecting two pieces of living plant
tissues together in such a manner that they unite and
subsequently grow and develop as one plant)
Join stem piece with rootstock

Time of year
• End of dormant season

Methods
• Tongue, Side Veneer, cleft, epicotyl, soft wood
 Budding and Grafting

Objectives
Produce desired scion

Top work to change scion in established

orchard

Introduce proper pollinizer

Budding and Grafting
Components of Success

Graft compatibility
 Cambium of scion and stock need to be in
contact
 Proper physiological stage
 Healthy and actively growing
 Prevent desiccation
 Proper after care
Control shoot growth from stock
Support scion shoot
 Preparation of rootstocks

Slanting Cut Upward pointing tongue is made in

Rootstock
the upper half of this slanting
on rootstock surface
Preparation of scion

Slanting Cut Downward pointing tongue

Scion stick
is made in the upper half of
Made on scion the slanting surface
Joining of rootstocks and scion

The cut surfaces of the scion and stock are Scion and stock are firmly tied
now placed together so that the tongues
Cambial contact
together with a plastic strip
interlock
Fig. Basic steps in performing tongue grafting
 Preparation of root stock Preparation of scion

The top of the stock This split is made by a vertical split of 5-8 cm At the basal end of each scion a
should be cut off pounding the knife down the center of the smooth, long, sloping wedge
stock cuts of 5 cm is made

Placement of scion with

proper contact of
cambium layer of scion
and stock
Scion and stock are firmly
tied together with a plastic
strip

The scion are inserted in a

stub into the vertical split

Fig. Basic steps in performing cleft grafting

 Preparation of root stock Preparation of scion

A shallow downward and inward cut of about The scion is prepared with a long cut along one side
4.0 - 5.0 cm long is made in a smooth area of and very short one at the base of the scion on the
one side of the rootstock opposite side.

Inserting scion in such a way that

the cambium layer is closely
matched

After the union has healed,

the rootstock is cut back
above the scion either in
gradual steps or all at a once.

Scion and stock are firmly tied

together with a plastic strip

Fig. Basic steps in performing veneer grafting

 Preparation of root stock Preparation of scion

The shield is then removed from the

stick leaving a back strip that
facilitates insertion.
A horizontal cut is made
through the bark about The shield piece / bud
1/3rd the distance is cut out of the bud
A vertical cut about 2.5 cm long in around the stock stick..
the stock

The bud union is then

tightly tied with polythene
strip

The insertion of the shield

piece containing the bud
into the incision in the
stock plant by pushing it
downward under the two
flaps of the bark

Fig. Basic steps in performing T-budding

 Preparation of root stock Preparation of scion

The ring of bark

containing the scion
bud

A complete ring of bark about

3.5 cm wide is removed from
the stock by giving two
transverse cuts and a vertical
cut to connect the two
horizontal cuts A vertical cut through the
A similar ring containing a healthy
Root stock bud in the centre, is then removed width of ring opposite to
from the bud stick the scion

The budded portion is

tied tightly with
The ring of bark polythene strip leaving
containing the scion bud the bud naked.
is fitted on the stock

Fig. Basic steps in performing Annular budding

Preparation of root stock Preparation of scion

Stock

A rectangular patch of bark

approximately 2.5 cm x 1.5 cm,
A rectangular patch of bark approximately with a bud in its centre is removed
2.5 cm x 1.5 cm, is removed from the stock Scion bud from the scion

The patch of bark

containing the scion bud
is fitted tightly on the
stock

The budded portion is tied tightly with

polythene strip leaving the bud naked.

Fig. Basic steps in performing patch budding

 Preparation of root stock Preparation of scion

Similar size chip of bark along with wood

containing bud in its center is removed from the
scion stick
A chip of bark along with wood
Trim the rootstock to give is removed from the smooth
the clean stem beyond the portion between nodes
budding height

The chip is lifted between The budded portion is

thumb and knife blade and tied tightly with
fitted tightly on the rootstock. polythene strip leaving
the bud naked.

Fig. Basic steps in performing chip budding

Propagation through cuttings

 A portion of a stem, root or leaf is cut

from the parent plant and is placed under
certain favourable environmental
conditions to form roots and shoots. Thus
a new independent plant is produced
which in most cases identical with the
parent plant.
Advantages of Propagation through cuttings

 Many new plants can be started in a limited

space from a few stock plants.
 Inexpensive, rapid and simple.
Does not require special techniques necessary
in grafting and budding.
No problem of compatibility with rootstock or of
poor graft unions.
Greater uniformity.
Parent plant is usually reproduced exactly, with
no genetic change.
Types of Cuttings

 Stem cuttings
Hardwood (matured, dormant hardwood after
leaf fall and before new shoots emerge in spring.)
- grapes, fig, quince, olive, currants, kiwi,
pomegranate, plum and apple rootstocks

Semi-hardwood (woody, broadleaved evergreen

species but leafy summer cuttings taken from
partially mature wood of deciduous plants can also
be considered) - citrus and olive
Types of Cuttings

 Stem cuttings
Softwood (Soft, succulent, new spring growth of
deciduous or evergreen species) – Fruit plants not
commercially propagated but – apple, peach,
pear, plum, apricot and cherry under mist.

 Herbaceous (succulent, herbaceous plants)

– geranium, chrysanthemum, coleus or
carnations)
Types of Cuttings

 Leaf cuttings (leaf blade or leaf blade and petiole)

– Begonia rex (leaf pieces), Africon violet (leaf
blade + petiole)
 Leaf bud cuttings (Leaf blade, petiole and a short piece
of stem with the attached axillary bud)- Black
raspberry, boysenberry, lemon, Tea and
Rhododendron.

 Root cuttings ( root pieces from young stock plants in

winter or early spring) – Pecan nut, blackberries
 Propagation Through Layering

Layering ( adventitious roots are caused to form on a

stem while it is still attached to parent plant. The rooted or
layered plant is detached to become a new plant growing on
its own newly formed roots).
 Uses of layering:
1.Natural reproduction ( black raspberry).
2. Propagation of clones whose cuttings do not root easily
(Muscadian grapes, clonal rootstocks of apple & pear).
3. Producing large sized plants in short time.
4. Producing relatively small number of plants of good size
with minimum facilities.
Propagation Through Layering

 Factors affecting regeneration of plants by layering

• Nutrition
• Stem treatment (shoot bent, shoot cut, girdling)
• Light exclusion
• Physiological conditioning
• Rejuvenation

For root formation in layered plants factors like

• Continuous Moisture
• Good aeration
• Moderate Temperature in the rooting zone
Propagation Through Layering

Tip layering ( cover tips in late summer)

• Blackberries, trailing
Simple layering ( tip not covered/girdle)
• Grapes
Compound or Serpentine layering ( same as simple but
branch is alternately covered & exposed along its length)
• Muscadine grapes
Air layering ( girdle and moist cover)
• Litchi, Guava, Lemon, Loquat, Fig
 Trench layering ( branch or plant as a whole laid flat in
trench)
• Clonal rootstocks of Apple & pear ;quince etc.
Mound layering or stooling
• Clonal rootstocks of Apple & pear ;quince etc.
Apomixis
 The occurrence of asexual reproductive process in place of
sexual reproductive processes of reduction, division and
fertilization to produce an embryo is known as apomixis.

 Seedlings produced in this manner are known as apomicts

 Obligate apomicts: Plants that produce only apomictic

embryos.

 Facultative apomicts: Plants that produce both apomictic and

sexual embryos.

Apomictic seedlings are identical with its

mother plant and are also completely free from viruses.
Types of Apomixis

 Recurrent Apomixis
Non-Recurrent Apomixis
Nucellar Embryony or Adventitious
Embryony
Vegetative Apomixis
Apomixis

Parthenogenesis Recurrent Non-recurrent/Nucllar

apomixes budding/Polyembryony

1.Mangosteen 1. Apple 1. Mango-Adventitious

Raspberry 2. Citrus-Nucellar

3.Jamun/Javaplum- Nucellar
Use of Rootstocks in Fruit Trees

• Primary function of rootstock is

To provide anchorage by growing deep into the soil.
 To regulate the uptake of moisture and nutrients.
Effects of Rootstock
Rootstock exhibit great effect on:
Vigour of the scion
Anchorage of scion
Precocity in bearing
Flowering, fruiting, yield and fruit quality
Impart resistance to biotic (diseases and
insect/pests) and abiotic stresses (salt tolerance
and water logging) of scion cultivars.
Leaf nutrient status of scion
Ideal Rootstock

 Freestanding  Disease & Insect

resistant
 Precocious
 Widely adaptable
 Dwarfing
 High Yielding
 Graft compatible
 High quality
 Easy to propagate
Seedling Rootstock

Raised from seed

Advantages:
Production of seedlings is simple and economical.
Well adapted to mass propagation methods.
Most seedling plants do not retain viruses
occurring in the parent plant ( although some
viruses are seed transmitted )
Root system of seedlings tend to grow deeper and
more firmly anchored than vegetatively
propagated rootstocks.
Disadvantage: Genetic variation.
Clonal Rootstock

Propagated vegetatively either by stool

layering, rooted cuttings or by aseptic
tissue culture method.
Advantages:
Uniformity
Special characteristics and specific
influences of rootstocks on scion cultivars
such as growth, flowering habit or disease
resistance are preserved
Apple Rootstocks

Vigorous: M1, M13, M25, MAC-4, MAC-24,

O.11, Alnarp 2, Robusta 5, Novole,
seedlings
Semi-vigorous: M2, M4, MM106, MM111,
P18, O.1, O.2
Semi-dwarf: M7, P1, MAC- 1, Northern Spy
Dwarf: M9, M26, P 2, P 16, Bud. 9, MAC-9
Ultra dwarf: M27
Dwarfing Rootstocks

Apple: M9, M26, P 2, P 16, Bud. 9, MAC-9

Pear: OHxF 51, Oregon 211, Oregon 249,
Quince C
Apricot: Prunus besseyi
Cherry: Colt, Charger
Peach: Siberian C and Rubira
Plum: St. Julien K and Pixy
 Pear rootstocks
Seedlings of different Pyrus species- most
widely and most commonly used rootstocks.
In India, most commonly used rootstock
are:
seedlings of Kainth and Shiara
Quince - clonal rootstock
Stone Fruit Rootstocks

Peach: wild peach

Plum: wild peach, wild apricot,
Apricot: wild apricot, wild peach
Almond: wild peach, bitter almond, behmi
Cherry: Paja, Colt, Mazzard, F12/1
Walnut rootstocks

Seed J. hindsii

propagated Cal. Black walnut

Juglans regia Paradox

J. regia x J. hindsii
J. nigra -
Black walnut
Pecan rootstocks
Seed propagated
Seedlings of commercial cultivars
(Burkett, Calaro, Mahan, Apache,
Moore, Western Schley, Riverside etc.)
Selected according to
Soil adaptation
Cold hardiness
Cherry Rootstocks:
Paja
Sour cherry
Colt: dwarfing clonal rootstock
F-12/1
Charger: semi-dwarf
Gisela-10 : dwarfing
Other rootstocks: Mazzard (Prunus avium)
-vigorous
Mahaleb (Prunus mahaleb)
- somewhat dwarf, cold hardy
Rootstocks Resistant to Drought

Apple: MM111
Pear: Oregon 211 and Oregon 249
Peach: GF 557 and GF 677
Plum: Myrobalan 27
Rootstocks Resistant to
Nematodes

Pear: Oregon 211, 249, 260, 261 and 264

Peach: Nemaguard, Nemared, Okinawa,
Flordaguard
Plum: Mariana 2624, Mariana GF8/1
Almond: GF 557, Alnem 1, Alnem 38,
Alnem 201, Hansen 536, Hansen 2168
Rootstocks for Mango

Creeping: dwarfing
Kurukkan: Polyembryonic and salt tolerant
Olour: Dwarfing
Rumani: Dwarfing
Totapuri Red Small; dwarfing
Citrus Rootstocks:

Rough Lemon: commonly used in H.P.

Trifoliate orange: cold hardy
Cleoptra mandarine
Sour orange
Rangpur lime
Sweet orange
Rootstocks for fruit crops

Grape:
Dogridge: Resistant to Phylloxera , nematodes
and salts
Salt Creek: Resistant to salts and nematodes
Rupestris St. George: Resistant to Phylloxera
Riparia Gloire: Resistant to Phylloxera
Temple: Impart resistant to scion against
Pierce disease, anthracnose and downy
mildew
 Rootstocks for fruit crops

Ber
Zizyphus nummularia
Guava
Chinese guava (Psidium friedrichthalianum ) : impart
resistance against guava wilt and nematodes, induces dwarfness
Pusa Srijan (aneuploid No. 82): Induces dwarfing and show field
resistance against guava wilt
Psidium pumilum : used for induction of dwarfing
Rootstocks for fruit crops

Sapota
Khirni (Manilkara hexandra)
Persimmon
Amlook (Diospyros lotus)
Diospyros virginiana