Hydrology-Report g4

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Reporters Name: Shermay Bajenting Date: February 11, 2020

KizhelleY. Mercado
Jianne Burgos
Jireh Nuñez
Lito Mendoza
Jan Joseph R. Padul
Harvey B.Balmonte
The Physics of Evaporation and Transpiration
Evaporation- is the process by which water changes from a liquid to a gas or vapor
Transpiration
Is the process of water movement through a plant and its evaporation from aerial parts,
such as leaves, stems and flowers. Water is necessary for plants but only a small amount of water
taken up by the roots is used for growth and metabolism. The remaining 97–99.5% is lost
by transpiration and guttation.
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Stomata
are pores in the leaf that allow gas exchange where water vapor leaves the plant and carbon
dioxide enters. When stomata are open, transpiration rates increase; when they are
closed, transpiration rates decrease.
Xylem
is one of the two types of transport tissue in vascular plants, phloem being the other. The
basic function of xylem is to transport water from roots to stems and leaves, but it also
transports nutrients.
Evapotranspiration
Is the sum of evaporation and transpiration from the Earth's land and ocean surface to the
atmosphere.
Is an important process in the water cycle because it is responsible for 15% of the
atmosphere's water vapor. Without that input of water vapor, clouds couldn't form and
precipitation would never fall.
Is the combined name for the processes of evaporation and transpiration.
Types of Evapotranspiration
Potential evapotranspiration (Maximal)

Is a measure of the ability of the atmosphere to remove water from the surface through
the processes of evaporation and transpiration assuming no control on water supply.
Actual evapotranspiration
Is the quantity of water that is actually removed from a surface due to the processes
of evaporation and transpiration
Factors Affecting Evaporation and Transpiration
Evaporation
- The process through which water is transferred from the surface of the Earth to the
atmosphere.
- Evaporation is important in all areas of water resources
Because it affects:
 The capacity of the reservoir,
 The yield of river basin,
 The consumptive use of water by plants
- Is the process in which water from open water surfaces (Oceans, seas, lakes and rivers),
from uncovered soil and from surfaces covered by snow and glaciers goes into the
atmosphere in vapour state.
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Transpiration
- The water loss from the plants, through the pores at the surface of their leaves.
- Is the process in which a fraction from water assimilated by vegetation is set free into
the atmosphere in vapour state.
Evapotranspiration
- Is the sum of those two processes, evaporation and transpiration. So the
evapotranspiration is the total quantity of water, in the shape of vapour, transferred
from atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, lithosphere and anthrosphere.
The evaporation and evapotranspiration processes play a major role in the hydrological
cycle and in maintaining a climatical balance at planetary level. The evaporation and
evapotranspiration role is explained by the fact that these processes are associated with an
important energetic consumption.
Factors affecting Evaporation and Transpiration

• Meteorological Factor
• Crop Factors
Meteorological Factor
The meteorological factors that influence the evaporation process are: solar radiation, air
pressure and wind, the specific and relative air humidity and also the air and water temperatures.
o Solar radiation
- The quantity of water evaporated from a surface depends mainly on the heat quantity
that the surface receives from the sun. The heat quantity received by a surface alternates
depending on the geographic conditions (latitude gradient) and altitude (altitude
gradient) where the surface is located. This heat exchange between the atmosphere, the
soil surface and the water surface is achieved through heat convection and conduction.
This energy exchange is compensated in all points by a transfer into the atmosphere of
evaporated water, which through condensation returns as rainfall. These heat
exchanges maintain the hydrological cycle.
o Atmospheric pressure and wind (air movement)

- The weather pattern indicated by atmospheric pressure affects evaporation. The edge
of an anticyclone provides ideal conditions for evaporation as long as some air
movement is operating in conjunction with high air pressure. Low atmospheric pressure
is usually associated with weather in which the air is charged with water vapour and
conditions are not conducive to aid evaporation.
- Wind plays an important role in the evaporation process. The amount of evaporation
increases as drier air replaces humid air accumulated above the evaporating surface.
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o Water & air temperature and air humidity

- Temperature of both air and evaporating surface is an important factor in evaporation.
The higher the air temperature, the more water vapour it can hold, and similarly, if the
temperature of evaporating water is high, it vaporizes faster. Thus evaporation amounts
are high in tropical climates and tend to be low in Polar Regions. Similar contrasts are
found between summer and winter evaporation quantities in temperate climate.
- The water vapour capacity of air is directly related to temperature. Evaporation is
dependent on the saturation deficit of the air, which is given by the difference between
the saturation vapour pressure at the surface temperature and the actual vapour pressure
of the air.
- Hence more evaporation occurs in inland areas where the air tends to be drier than in
coastal regions with damp air from the oceans.
Crop Factors
The crop type, variety and development stage should be considered when assessing the
evapotranspiration from crops grown in large, well-managed fields. Differences in resistance to
transpiration, crop height, crop roughness, reflection, ground cover and crop rooting characteristics
result in different ET levels in different types of crops under identical environmental conditions.
Management and Environmental Conditions
Soil Salinity
Because of salt accumulation which reduces osmotic potential at the soil surface,
evaporation rate from saline soil was lower than that from salt-free surface and remained more
moisture content subsequently.
Soil type
The impact of the soil on evapotranspiration depends upon the properties of its pore space,
which are determined primarily by its grain size distribution and structure.
Albedo (reflectance)
of the crop-soil surface. The albedo is affected by the fraction of ground covered by
vegetation and by the soil surface wetness.
Estimation / Measurement of Evaporation
USWB Class a Evaporation Pan

-A pan of diameter 1210mm and depth 255mm
-Depth of water is maintained between 18 and 20cm
-The pan is made of unpainted GI sheet
-The pan is placed on a wooden platform of height 15cm above ground level to allow free
air circulation below the pan
-Evaporation is measured by measuring the depth of water in a stilling well with a hook
gaugeNTENT.
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ISI Standard Pan

-Specified by IS:5973 and known as the modified Class A Pan
-A pan of diameter 1220mm and depth 255mm
-The pan is made of copper sheet 0.9mm thick, tinned inside and painted white outside
-The pan is placed on a square wooden platform of width 1225mm and height 100mm
above ground level to allow free air circulation below the pan
-A fixed point gauge indicates the level of water
-Water is added to or removed from the pan to maintain the water level at a fixed mark
using a calibrated cylindrical measure
-The top of the pan is covered with a hexagonal wire net of GI to protect water in the pan
from birds
-Presence of the wire mesh makes the temperature of water more uniform during the day
and night
-Evaporation from this pan is about 14% lower as compared to that from an unscreened
pan title
Colorado Sunken Pan

-920mm square pan made of unpainted GI sheet, 460mm deep, and buried into the ground
within 100mm of the top
Main advantage – its aerodynamic and radiation characteristics are similar to that of a lake
Disadvantages – difficult to detect leaks, expensive to install, extra care is needed to keep
the surrounding area free from tall grass, dust etc.
USGS Floating Pan

-A square pan of 900mm sides and 450mm deep
-Supported by drum floats in the middle of a raft of size 4.25m x 4.87m, it is set afloat in
a lake with a view to simulate the characteristics of a large body of water
-Water level in the pan is maintained at the same level as that in the lake, leaving a rim of
75mm
-Diagonal baffles are provided in the pan to reduce surging in the pan due to wave action
Disadvantages – High cost of installation and maintenance, difficulty in making
measurements
EMPIRICAL EQUATIONS
Meyer’s Formula
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Rohwer’s Formula
Wind Velocity
In the lower part of the atmosphere, up to a height of about 500m above the ground level,
wind velocity follows the one-seventh power law as
Analytical Methods of Evaporation Estimation

• Water Budget Method
• Energy Budget Method

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Reporters Name: Shermay Bajenting Date: February 11, 2020

The Physics of Evaporation and Transpiration

Potential evapotranspiration (Maximal)

Factors Affecting Evaporation and Transpiration

Factors affecting Evaporation and Transpiration

o Atmospheric pressure and wind (air movement)

o Water & air temperature and air humidity

Management and Environmental Conditions

Estimation / Measurement of Evaporation

USWB Class a Evaporation Pan

ISI Standard Pan

Colorado Sunken Pan

USGS Floating Pan

Analytical Methods of Evaporation Estimation

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