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    Role of Communication and Information Technologies in Smart Grid Grid

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    Rishi Tripathi
    Communication technologies play an important role in enabling the smart grid by facilitating two-way information flow between energy producers and consumers. Wireless technologies like WiMAX and ZigBee are suitable for applications like automatic meter reading that require frequent, real-time data collection without human intervention. These wireless standards operate at different bandwidths and data rates depending on their intended use and transmission range. Factors like latency, bandwidth, modulation, and dynamic link quality must be considered to ensure reliable communication for critical smart grid protection and control applications.

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    Role of Communication and Information Technologies in Smart Grid Grid

    Uploaded by

    Rishi Tripathi
    21 views15 pages
    Communication technologies play an important role in enabling the smart grid by facilitating two-way information flow between energy producers and consumers. Wireless technologies like WiMAX and ZigBee are suitable for applications like automatic meter reading that require frequent, real-time data collection without human intervention. These wireless standards operate at different bandwidths and data rates depending on their intended use and transmission range. Factors like latency, bandwidth, modulation, and dynamic link quality must be considered to ensure reliable communication for critical smart grid protection and control applications.

    Original Description:

    smart grid explained by Prof. Rishi Tripathi

    Original Title

    AKC-smart_grid

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    Communication technologies play an important role in enabling the smart grid by facilitating two-way information flow between energy producers and consumers. Wireless technologies like WiMAX and ZigBee are suitable for applications like automatic meter reading that require frequent, real-time data collection without human intervention. These wireless standards operate at different bandwidths and data rates depending on their intended use and transmission range. Factors like latency, bandwidth, modulation, and dynamic link quality must be considered to ensure reliable communication for critical smart grid protection and control applications.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    21 views15 pages

    Role of Communication and Information Technologies in Smart Grid Grid

    Uploaded by

    Rishi Tripathi
    Communication technologies play an important role in enabling the smart grid by facilitating two-way information flow between energy producers and consumers. Wireless technologies like WiMAX and ZigBee are suitable for applications like automatic meter reading that require frequent, real-time data collection without human intervention. These wireless standards operate at different bandwidths and data rates depending on their intended use and transmission range. Factors like latency, bandwidth, modulation, and dynamic link quality must be considered to ensure reliable communication for critical smart grid protection and control applications.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 15

    Role of Communication and 

    Information Technologies In Smart 
    Grid
    Ajit Kumar Chaturvedi
    Ajit Kumar Chaturvedi
    Department of Electrical Engineering
    IIT Kanpur
    Outline
    • Questions ?
    i ?
    • Communications and the Smart Grid
    • Characterization of Signals
    • Modulation
    • Bandwidth and Data Rate
    • Wireless Communications
    • Multiple Access
    Multiple Access
    • Wireless Communications Technologies
    Questions ?
    Questions ?
    Communications and the Smart Grid
    Communications and the Smart Grid
    • Smart Grid will be characterized by a two‐way
    flow of Electricityy and Information
    f to create an 
    automated, widely distributed energy delivery 
    network
    • It incorporates the benefits of distributed 
    computing and communications to deliver  l
    real‐time information to balance power supply 
    and demand
    Characterization of Signals
    Characterization of Signals
    • A time domain signal can be characterized as a 
    i d i i l b h i d
    low‐pass , band‐pass or a high‐pass signal in the 
    f
    frequency domain (just like filters).
    d i (j t lik filt )
    • A low‐pass signal has energy from zero frequency 
    till some finite frequency, say f1.
    • A band‐pass signal has no energy below a 
    frequency, say f1 and above a certain frequency, 
    say f2.
    • A high‐pass signal has energy only above a 
    q y y 1.
    certain frequency, say f
    Modulation
    • Modulation is the process by which a signal is 
    p q y
    up‐converted in the frequency domain
    • Demodulation is the process by which a signal 
    is down converted in the frequency domain
    is down‐converted in the frequency domain
    • Modulation can be analog or digital
    • Examples of digital modulation:
    – MPSK or M‐ary phase shift keying
    MPSK or M ary phase shift keying
    – MQAM  or M‐quadrature amplitude modulation
    Bandwidth and Date Rate
    Bandwidth and Date Rate
    • Si
    Signal sources like speech, image, video etc. can 
    l lik h i id
    be characterized in terms of their bandwidth 
    requirements
    i t
    • Bandwidth is the width of spectrum occupied by 
    the signal in the frequency domain
    • Bandwidth of a video signal is much higher 
    compared to a speech signal
    ,
    • In terms of data rates, bandwidth of a 5 Mb/s /
    signal is higher than that of a lower, say 1 Mb/s 
    g
    signal.
    Wireless Communications
    Wireless Communications
    • Quick and easy to deploy
    • Easy to maintain
    Easy to maintain
    • Channel quality inferior to wired 
    communications
    i i
    • Hence lower reliability and lower data rates
    y
    • However, the latest technologies are 
    considerably superior and ready to facilitate 
    id bl i d d t f ilit t
    deployment of the Smart Grid 
    Multiple Access
    Multiple Access
    • C
    Communication resources, for eg. the channel 
    i i f h h l
    required for communication, are limited.
    • Different services and applications have to share 
    the limited resource
    • Multiple access techniques:
    – FDMA (frequency division multiple access)
    ( q y p )
    – TDMA (time division multiple access)
    – CDMA (code division multiple access)
    ( p )
    – OFDMA (Orthogonal frequency division multiple 
    access) 
    Wireless LAN
    Wireless LAN
    • IEEE
    IEEE 802.11 based wireless LAN provides robust and 
    802 11 b d i l LAN id b d
    high speed communications up to ~ 50 m
    • Allows multiple users to occupy the same frequency 
    All lti l t th f
    band with minimal degradation to other users
    • Spread spectrum based IEEE 802.11b or Wi‐Fi offers 
    Spread spectrum based IEEE 802 11b or Wi Fi offers
    data up to 11Mbps
    • Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) 
    Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)
    based IEEE 802.11a and IEEE802.11g can go up to 54 
    Mbpsp
    • Multiple antennas (MIMO) based IEEE 802.11n can go 
    p
    up to 600 Mbps p
    WiMAX
    • W
    Worldwide inter‐operability for Microwave Access 
    ld id i t bilit f Mi A
    (WiMAX) technology is a part of 802.16 series 
    standards for Wireless Metropolitan Area Network 
    p
    (WMAN)
    • Bands for fixed communications: 3.5 (licensed) and 5.8 
    ( li
    (unlicensed) GHz
    d) GH
    • Some bands assigned for mobile communications:  2.3 
    and 2 5 GHz
    and 2.5 GHz
    • Data up to 70 Mbps and distance up to 48 km 
    (
    (alternative of cable, DSL and T1 communications)
    , )
    • Licensed spectra allow higher power and longer 
    distance transmission
    WiMAX for Smart Grid
    WiMAX for Smart Grid
    • Suitable for WMAR ‐ Wireless automatic 
    meter readingg
    • As frequently as the Smart Grid wishes, in real 
    time and without human intervention
    time and without human intervention
    • Real‐time pricing
    • Outage Detection and Restoration
    ZigBee
    • LLow cost and low power home area wireless 
    t dl h i l
    network 
    • Operates on 868 MHz, 915 MHz and 2.4 GHz 
    Operates on 868 MHz 915 MHz and 2 4 GHz
    using spread spectrum technique
    • Low data rate of 20‐250 Kbps with a coverage of 
    Low data rate of 20 250 Kbps with a coverage of
    10‐100m
    • Transmission reach and battery life depend on 
    Transmission reach and battery life depend on
    the topology used
    • Employs encryption for security
    Employs encryption for security
    • Also suitable for wireless sensor networks
    Latency
    • IIn some applications the communications 
    li ti th i ti
    infrastructure needs to provide exceptionally 
    tight latency characteristics – 6 cycles
    tight latency characteristics  6 cycles
    • If the grid operator has access to fiber optic 
    facilities latency is less than 5 micro‐sec
    facilities, latency is less than 5 micro sec per 
    per
    kilometer
    • Latency in a WiMAX
    Latency in a WiMAX link from base station to 
    link from base station to
    customer premises equipment (CPE) is typically 
    less than 10 ms
    • LTE (long term evolution) provides similar 
    features and performance 
    Dynamic Radio Link Quality
    Dynamic Radio Link Quality
    • Data rate is traded off for robustness in the 
    i d d ff f b i h
    event the quality of a WiMAX radio path 
    degrades
    • This is done through adaptive modulation and 
    g p
    closed loop power control
    • It is essential that each radio link be 
    It is essential that each radio link be
    engineered to strict path propagation 
    specifications because of the criticality of
    specifications because of the criticality of 
    Smart Grid protection and control applications

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