AVA L O N DESIGN

P URE C LASS A M USIC R ECORDING S YSTEMS

VT-747SP

Pure Class A Stereo Spectral Opto-Compressor Equalizer

Operation Manual
© 2001 Avalon Industries Incorporated. Release 1.0.
AVA L O N DESIGN
PURE CLASS A MUSIC RECORDING SYSTEMS

VT-747SP

Operation Manual

Avalon Industries, Inc., PO Box 5976, San Clemente, CA 92673

Tel: 949-492-2000 Fax: 949-492-4284 www.avalondesign.com
 AVA L O N DESIGN
PURE CLASS A MUSIC RECORDING SYSTEMS

Table of Contents

1.0 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 5.2.0 Application Settings . . . . . . . . .21

1.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 5.2.1 Stereo Buss for Mixdown . . . . . . . .21
1.2 Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 5.2.2 Stereo Buss with De-ess . . . . . . . .22
1.3 Unpacking and Inspection . . . . . . .6 5.2.3 De-ess on Vocals . . . . . . . . . . . . .22
5.2.4 Stereo Keyboards . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
2.0 Quick Start-up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 5.2.5 Extreme Compression Effect . . . . .23
2.1 Quick Set-up Guide . . . . . . . . . . .8 5.2.6 Acoustic Piano . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24
2.2 Tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 5.2.7 Acoustic Guitar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24
2.3 Tutorial-Using it all . . . . . . . . . . . .9 5.2.8 Drum Overheads . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25

3.0 Safety and Grounding . . . . . . . . . .10 6.0 Compression Primer . . . . . . . . . . .25

3.1 Safety Instructions . . . . . . . . . . .10
3.2 Grounding Instructions . . . . . . . .10 6.1 Equalization Primer . . . . . . . . . . . .27
3.3 AC Voltage Selection . . . . . . . . . .11
3.4 Fuse Replacement . . . . . . . . . . .12 7.0 FAQs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27
3.4 Rack Mounting and Cooling . . . .12
3.5 Turn-on Procedure . . . . . . . . . . .13 8.0 Trouble Shooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30

4.0 Operation and Controls . . . . . . . . .14 9.0 Service and Contact Information . .32
4.1 Rear Panel Description . . . . . . . .17
4.2 Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 10.0 Technical Information . . . . . . . . .33
4.3 Unbalanced Operation . . . . . . . .17 10.1 Recall Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34
4.4 Using the Vt-747sp . . . . . . . . . . .18 10.2 Block Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . .35
4.5 Six Band Passive Equalizer . . . .18
4.6 Using the Equalizer . . . . . . . . . . .18 11.0 Warranty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36
4.7 Using the Side-chain . . . . . . . . . .19 11.1 Returns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36

5.0 Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19 12.0 Safety Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . .36

5.1.0 Typical Set-ups . . . . . . . . . . . .19
5.1.1 Recording . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20 Appendix A - Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . .37
5.1.2 Stereo Mixdown (Buss) . . . . . . . . .20
5.1.3 Mixdown/Mastering - DAW . . . . . . .20
5.1.4 Mastering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21
Introduction AVA L O N DESIGN

1.0 Introduction 1.1 Overview

Welcome to Avalon and the world of high The Vt-747sp combines a stereo tube/
performance Pure Class A music recording discrete Class A opto-compressor with a
systems. The Vt-747sp is an extremely musical six-band program equalizer, as well
versatile, pure Class A, vacuum tube/discrete as Left/Right output level, gain reduction
TSP (Tube Signal Path) stereo opto- metering and an internal regulated power
compressor and program equalizer. supply in a 2U space. Ideal for high
performance DAW (digital audio workstation)
The Vt-747sp is the most creative and flexible input signal conditioning, stereo buss
stereo compressor available. With TSP (Tube compression/EQ, stereo keyboards and
Signal Path), the Vt-747sp uses three hand mastering applications.
selected vacuum tubes in the signal path for
warm tube tone or bypasses the tubes for The Vt-747sp features a minimum signal path
classic Class A discrete transistor sound. Also design utilizing sealed silver relays for all
featured on the Vt-747sp is a passive six- signal routing and bypass functions.
band graphic equalizer for gentle tone-
shaping plus a two-band parametric EQ for Compression with the Vt-747sp is achieved
complete spectral side-chain or musical with twin optical attenuators that act as
control. passive level controllers together with a Class
A variable gain make-up amplifier. Full
The Vt-747sp is hand built in the USA using dynamic control from soft compression to
only the finest active and passive electronic hard-knee limiting can be achieved with
components available. Many of these parts master threshold, compression ratio, attack
have been custom-manufactured exclusively and release controls. Gain reduction
for Avalon. A "no compromise" approach in indication is a large analog VU meter. Low
every stage of design and production ensures and High Frequency (LF and HF) contour
that the Vt-747sp will give many years of parametric spectral controls can be routed
dependable high-quality service. into the on-board side-chain path for
enhanced frequency dependent compression
Please take a moment to read this manual with variable frequency and threshold levels.
and enjoy your Avalon experience! An SC LISTEN switch provides side chain
listen mode for easy monitoring.

Page 4 Avalon Vt-747sp Operation Manual

 AVA L O N DESIGN Introduction

The Vt-747sp equalizer utilizes 100% 1.2 Features

discrete, Class A high voltage transistors for
optimum sonic performance. The six-band  Class A optical compression
stereo program EQ incorporates the smooth
 100% discrete Pure Class A operation
characteristics of an all passive design. The
frequency turnover, Q and amplitude ranges  Built-in side chain for spectral control
have been carefully chosen for each band to
 Six-band discrete graphic passive EQ
provide the most natural harmonic balance
with lowest phase change while offering  TSP (Tube Signal Path) with bypass
simple and effective tone control. The EQ can
be placed pre or post compressor for  EQ pre/post compression selection
enhanced effects.
 Twenty-two silver relays for signal routing

The Vt-747sp features TSP (Tube Signal  True hard-wire bypass

Path) which gives you the choice of either
tube tone (utilizing three high-voltage dual  Low noise, better than -92dB
triode tubes), or the classic, Class A discrete
 High operating headroom +36dB
transistor sound (utilizing discrete transistor
amplifiers) in the primary opto buffers and  Fully balanced operation, input and output
output stages.
 3 military-grade dual triode vacuum tubes
Fully balanced DC coupled, Class A discrete
 High voltage, high current signal path
amplifiers are utilized for the input and output
drive interface with +36dB input headroom. A  Rugged stainless steel metric hardware
high quality analog VU meter indicates
accurate gain reduction. Twin LED meters  2U nineteen inch welded steel chassis
provide a 60dB range with fast L-R output
 Switchable AC power supply 100-240v
status of all levels.
 150W toroidal shielded power transformer

Inside view of Vt-747SP  Discrete soft-start DC power regulators

Avalon Vt-747sp Operation Manual Page 5

Introduction AVA L O N DESIGN

1.3 Unpacking and Inspection

Your Vt-747sp was packed carefully at the Keep the packing materials in case you need
factory. Check to make sure that the shipping to ship your unit for any reason.
carton contains the following items:
Note: You must fill out and send in your
1. Vt-747sp warranty card in order to receive warranty
2. Power cable and technical support. If you have not
3. Warranty card already filled out your warranty card please
4. Operation Manual take the time to do so now.

Vt-747sp contents and packaging

Page 6 Avalon Vt-747sp Operation Manual

 AVA L O N DESIGN Quick Start-up

2.0 Quick Start-up 2. Plug in the AC power cable and connect

your Vt-747sp to your stereo source. (XLR
The following chapter is designed to help you type connectors pin 2 is hot.) You can use
get started using your Vt-747sp right away the Vt-747sp in mono, however, the Left
without having to read the entire manual. and Right will always work together as one
Make sure however to take time to read the dedicated stereo pair.
manual at a later date as there are many
safety aspects and features of the Vt-747sp 3. Turn on the power and allow 60 seconds
that will not be discussed here. while the soft-start procedure commences.
You may hear a relay click at about 45
If you are familiar with this type of equipment seconds. During the soft-start procedure,
you can also familiarize yourself with your the Vt-747sp is in hard-wire bypass mode
Vt-747sp and the functions with the Quick and will pass signal, but the controls will
Set-up Guide on page 8. not work. For optimum performance,
allow 30 minutes for the Vt-747sp to
Note: The Vt-747sp is an extremely high fully warm up.
performance piece of musical equipment.
Every setting has great potential for 4. With all switches in the disengaged or non-
musicality. Do not be afraid of turning the illuminated position, run a signal through
knobs or faders to their full extreme the Vt-747sp. Use the output control on the
positions. right hand side of the unit to check basic
operation.(see figure 2.0 below)

Hook it up, turn it on and play: 5. Now you are ready to start pressing
switches, turning knobs and pushing EQ
1. Check on the rear of your unit that the faders!
power supply is set for your local AC
voltage. (120V in U.S.) Refer to Chapter 3 The Quick Set-Up Guide on the following
page 11 for details. page gives a brief description of the switches
and controls on the Vt-747sp.

Keyboard or Stereo Source

Right and Left Outputs

Right and Left Inputs

Mixing Console
Outputs Inputs or
Monitoring System
Vt-747sp

figure 2.0 Quick Start up

Avalon Vt-747sp Operation Manual Page 7

 LF and HF THRESHOLD
Range -15dB to +15dB, detent at 0dB,
INPUT GAIN VT-747SP QUICK SET-UP OPERATING GUIDE
clockwise rotation raises the threshold
Trims input level
(less compression) and counter clockwise

Page 8
-20dB to +8dB
rotation lowers the threshold (more compression)
detent at 0dB
at the frequencies set by the LF (low frequency)
(+18dB with +10dB IN) SIX (6) BAND PASSIVE CLASS A, PROGRAM EQUALIZER
and HF (high-frequency) spectral frequency
controls located directly below FI F2 F3 F4 F5 F6
THRESHOLD COMPRESSION Boost-cut Boost-cut Boost-cut Boost-cut Boost-cut Boost-cut
+10dB switch Sets compressor
Quick Start-up

Sets ratio of sets amplitude sets amplitude sets amplitude sets amplitude sets amplitude sets amplitude
Boosts input input threshold
EQ to COMP Blue LED SC Listen compressor of low-bass of mid-bass of low-mid of mid-range of presence of treble
amplifier by from -30dB to
Inserts the Indicates Switch (in) from 1:1 to 20:1 -24dB to +24dB -8dB to +8dB -4dB to +4dB -4dB to +4dB -10dB to +10dB -20dB to +20dB
+10dB for extra +20dB
six (6) band compressor for Spectral EQ detent at 0dB detent at 0dB detent at 0dB detent at 0dB detent at 0dB detent at 0dB
tube over-drive
EQ pre the speed and into audio path COMPRESSOR 15Hz 125Hz 500Hz 2kHz 5kHz 32kHz
compressor activation to monitor SC Switch (in) engages shelf peak-dip peak-dip peak-dip shelf shelf
compressor into
signal path
(hard-wire bypass)

INPUT THRESHOLD SIDE-CHAIN THRESHOLD COMPRESSION SIGNAL OUTPUT

0 CONTOUR 0
1 1 0 +2 3 5 6 1 1
3 2 6 4 7 2 2
Figure 2.1 Quick Set-up Guide

5 3 2 1 0 30
6 4 -10 10 3 8 7 1 3 4 3
24
10 2
10 6 15 16 2 10 20 3 2 18 8 4
VU 12
20 8 20 20 1 20 - + 1 20 6 AVALON
- dB + - dB + -15 LF +15 -15 HF +15 6 - dB +
RATIO decibels + +
GAIN
AVA L O N

TSP METER 0
+10dB EQ COMP SIDE-CHAIN GR SC LISTEN COMPRESSOR 0 - EQUALIZER
6
-
vt IN IN IN IN IN
CAL
GR
IN

1
12
IN

747sp ATTACK TUBE RELEASE 200 2k MAKE-UP 18 DESIGN

SIGNAL 160 250 1k6 2k5 +2 +6 AVALON 2 24
PATH 100 300 1k 3k
VA C U U M T U B E 3 30
80 400 800 4k L dB R

70 600 700 6k
60 600 0dB +10
FAST SLOW FAST SLOW Hz 1k Hz 10k GAIN CLASS A PROGRAM EQUALIZER LEVEL

TSP
Twin Signal Path SIDE-CHAIN
ATTACK Inserts spectral
Switch (in) swaps MAKE-UP POWER LED METER OUTPUT METER OUTPUT LEVEL EQ AC POWER
Variable attack EQ into side- SPECTRAL
three (3) tubes Sweep frequency 0dB to +10dB Indicates ac High quality Fast LED meter Stereo output Switch (in) Note: Check
time for the chain
into the audio for LF and HF variable gain on power is on VU meter indicates both L-R level control activates 6 band rear power input
compressor connector for
path from discrete bands, used with opto-compressor indicates spectral content -20dB to +6dB passive EQ into
2mS to 200mS
DESIGN

RELEASE gain reduction and output level detent at 0dB audio path correct local
Class A amps. above threshold ac voltage. Allow
Variable release METER 0dB to -20dB -30dB to +30dB (hard-wire bypass) forty seconds for
controls
TSP
TWIN SIGNAL PATH
time for the Recessed the soft-start
compressor screwdriver procedure to
100mS to 5S activate the
adjust for 0dB
the audio
gain-reduction signal path.
meter trim. AVALON
Note: For the best sonic performance, Class A Vacuum Tube
allow thirty minutes for warm-up.
STEREO SPECTRAL OPTO-COMPRESSOR WITH TSP

When not in use, turn the ac off. This will Note: Knob settings shown represent
extend the life of the electronics . . Enjoy! VT-747SP starting positions only.
Avalon Design is a division of Avalon Industries, Inc. c 2001

Avalon Vt-747sp Operation Manual

All units in dBu.
 AVA L O N DESIGN Quick Start-up

2.2 Tips 2.3 Tutorial - Using it all

Unity Level - The Vt-747sp is calibrated so The following is a tutorial that will quickly get
that unity level is +4dBu. you familiar with all of the functions of the
Vt-747sp.
INPUT - Use the input control as a gain
control, not a level control. This will drive the Start by plugging a stereo source (CD player,
tubes and/or transistors harder for different stereo keyboard, Submix output, etc.) into
tone. your Vt-747sp. If possible, run directly out of
the Vt-747sp to powered monitors bypassing
OUTPUT - Use the output control as the the console or mixing board. Choose a
overall level control. musical selection, loop, patch, sample or
instrument with wide dynamic range so you
TSP (Tube Signal Path) - Pressed in can experiment with the compressor.
(illuminated) is tube mode. Pressed out (non-
illuminated) discrete Class A mode. Set push button switches to their off or non-
illuminated position.
EQ > COMP - Inserts the six-band graphic
EQ before (pre) the compressor in the signal 1. INPUT - Set to 5. (Adjust OUTPUT so that
path. overall signal level is at a comfortable
monitoring level.
SIDE-CHAIN - Engages the built-in side-
chain. Use the SIDE CHAIN THRESHOLD 2. GAIN +10dB - Press in and out to get a feel
and the corresponding frequency bands to for the sound of the high gain switch. Leave
compress specific frequencies. it non-illuminated.

SC LISTEN - To monitor the signal through 3. EQUALIZER - (Located on right side of

the side chain. panel) press in equalizer switch and
familiarize yourself with the six band
GR (Blue LED) - Fast-acting LED illuminates equalizer. Adjust the two outside bands half
when peak gain reduction begins to occur. way between unity and maximum, and the
four mid-bands to half way between unity and
EQ - Six-band graphic EQ parameters: minimum. Toggle the EQUALIZER switch in
Low to high (left to right) and out.
+/-24dB 15Hz shelf
+/-8dB 125Hz selected Q 4. COMPRESSOR - Press in COMPRESSOR
+/-4dB 500Hz selected Q switch and turn the main compression controls
+/-4dB 2kHz selected Q to the following:
+/-10dB 5kHz shelf COMPRESSION - fully clockwise
+/-20dB 32kHz shelf THRESHOLD - fully counter clockwise
ATTACK - fully counter clockwise (Fast)
RELEASE - fully clockwise (Slow)

Avalon Vt-747sp Operation Manual Page 9

Safety and
Grounding AVA L O N DESIGN

5. EQ->COMP - Press in to insert the EQ 3.0 Safety and Grounding

before (pre) the compressor in the signal
path. The following chapter describes how to
safely install your Vt-747sp for optimal sonic
6. Press in TSP. This will engage the tubes performance.
so that you are now in tube mode.
3.1 Safety Instructions
7. Press in SIDE CHAIN and SC LISTEN. You
are now monitoring the signal going through This unit contains voltages that can cause
the side chain. You can use the side chain serious injury or death. Do not operate
listen function as a parametric EQ on the with the covers removed.
primary audio path.

8. Adjust the side chain parameters to the

following settings:
Both LF and HF side chain threshold fully
counter clockwise.
LF frequency set to 300 Hz.
HF frequency set to 1k6 Hz.
Improper connection of the equipment-
9. Press out the SC LISTEN switch (disengaged). grounding cable can result in a risk of electric
shock.
Now you have full compression, with fast
attack and slow release, and two different Check with a qualified electrician or
frequencies going into the side chain that are serviceman if you are in doubt about your
being compressed more than the overall electrical power or ground connection. The
stereo signal. Vt-747sp is for use with an AC supply as
selected by the AC voltage selector (located
Make yourself familiar with all of the functions within the AC inlet on the rear of the chassis).
in the Vt-747sp. The combinations, colors, Voltages are 100-120-220-240 VAC +/-5%,
and tones are endless. For more details on 50-60Hz, at 60 watts.
each specific control or switch, please refer to
Chapter 4 - Operations and Controls.
3.2 Grounding Instructions

Always connect the Vt-747sp to a grounded

AC power circuit.

If the unit should malfunction or become

"live", the chassis ground will provide the path
of least resistance for electric current to
reduce the risk of fatal shock.

Page 10 Avalon Vt-747sp Operation Manual

 Safety and
AVA
AVA LL
OONN DD
EESS
IGIG
NN Grounding

This product is equipped with an AC Voltages available are 100-120-220-240VAC

power inlet and must be connected to a +/-5%, 50-60Hz at 60 watts. (USA uses 120V)
three-wire grounded plug.
To change the AC voltage for your location:
The AC power cable must be plugged into an
appropriate outlet that is correctly installed 1. Make sure there is no AC power cable
and grounded in accordance with all local connected to the AC inlet.
electrical safety codes and ordinances.
2. Insert a small flat-head screwdriver tip into
If hum or ground-buzz is induced into the the voltage selector cavity. Carefully lift-open
system, remove the rear-mounted GROUND the hinged cover from left to right.
LINK. This ground-link isolates the AC
chassis ground from the audio ground. When
the LINK is removed, the AC ground remains
connected to the chassis via the AC inlet
connector and provides a direct path for any
electrical fault or dangerous condition.

3. Rotate the selector wheel to show the

correct voltage for your location, then push
the wheel firmly into the mounting tabs.

4. Press the voltage selector cover snap-shut,

Warning! No ground adapter should ever check correct AC voltage in window.
be used with this unit.

3.3 AC Voltage Selection

Before connecting the Vt-747sp to the AC

supply, check the OPERATING VOLTAGE
located on the rear of the chassis in the
AC inlet connector.

5. Connect grounded AC power cable.

Avalon Vt-747sp Operation Manual Page 11

Safety and
Grounding AVA L O N DESIGN

3.4 Fuse Replacement 3.5 Rack Mounting and Cooling

The fuse on the Vt-747sp is located within the The Vt-747sp is designed to be mounted in a
AC plug assembly on the back of the unit. A fuse standard 19" equipment rack. As vacuum
can blow if the AC selection is not selected tubes and Class A circuitry can generate heat,
properly or if there is a sudden surge of AC to it is highly recommended that an additional
your Vt-747sp. rack space above and below the unit be kept
empty to allow for adequate cooling. Avalon
Your Vt-747sp uses a 250V, 1 amp slow blow Design has developed 1U ventilation panels
fuse. (VP-1) specifically to keep your rack-mounted
gear cool.
To change the fuse:

1. Make sure there is no AC cable connected

to the AC inlet.

2. Insert a small flat-head screwdriver tip into

the voltage selector cavity. Carefully lift-open
the hinged cover from left to right.

3. Pull fuse casing (labled with an arrow)

straight out.

4. Replace fuse in casing. Insert casing into

casing slot. Close AC voltage selector cover.

Avalon units with VP-1 vent panels

Page 12 Avalon Vt-747sp Operation Manual

 Safety and
AVA
AVA LL
OONN DD
EESS
IGIG
NN Grounding

Be sure that the ventilation slots (located on 3.6 Turn-on Procedure

the top and bottom of the unit) are not
obstructed and air is allowed to flow easily The Vt-747sp is designed with a "soft-start"
through the chassis. If the unit is not rack- feature that slowly brings the unit to life when
mounted, be sure to place supports under the the unit is powered on. This feature ensures
unit to allow air to pass underneath. Never that there is no strain on the electronic
leave any obstruction on top of the unit (such components when it is activated. It takes
as papers or books) blocking ventilation slots. approximately 60 seconds for the unit to run
Also, be sure that the heat sink mounted on through the "soft-start" turn-on procedure.
the rear panel of the chassis has adequate
clearance from the equipment enclosure and When the Vt-747sp is switched off or during
any adjacent equipment. In electronic the "soft-start" turn-on procedure, it is in hard
equipment, excessive heat is the cause of wire bypass mode and the unit will pass
most component failures. A little extra signal utilizing a hard wire relay but none of
precaution to ensure proper ventilation can the controls will operate.
help avoid many premature equipment
breakdowns. Allow the unit to warm up for at least
thirty minutes prior to use. This allows the
Always use all four front panel-mounting components time to come up to temperature
holes when mounting the Vt-747sp in a rack and stabilize before recording begins.
enclosure. If not shipped in its original
packing, the Vt-747sp should be transported It is recommended that the unit be turned
in a floating-type shock-mounted flight case. off during periods of "non-use" greater
than 4 hours.
Although the Vt-747sp is well shielded
against moderate electrical and magnetic
fields, care should be taken to avoid areas
that are in proximity to large motor or power
transformers. Locations near sources of high
RFI (radio frequency interference) such as
computers or digital effects devices should
also be avoided.

Because of the microphonic nature of

vacuum tubes, areas of extreme vibration or
sound levels should also be avoided.

Avalon Vt-747sp Operation Manual Page 13

Operation and
Controls AVA L O N DESIGN

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
1

14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

4.0 Operation and Controls

5
The following chapter describes the details of EQ > COMP
your Vt-747sp and how to operate each Switches six-band passive equalizer before
function. (pre) the compressor. This gives flexibility to
achieve different sounds. Putting the EQ
1 before the compressor will give the signal a
INPUT
Continuously variable control trims input level more squashed and narrow sound than if the
of signal source. This control will drive the EQ follows the compressor.
tubes harder while in tube mode to get more
6
tube tone into the compressor. In discrete LF SIDE-CHAIN THRESHOLD
mode (TSP disengaged) the transistors are Controls the increase of compression for the
driven harder to achieve more classic LF specified frequency range. As the
discrete transistor sound. The input has Threshold is turned counter clockwise (made
+36dB of headroom before overload. You can more negative), the frequency set with the LF
use this control at minimum and maximum Side-Chain Threshold Hz will be compressed
levels for different sounds and colors. harder than the compression of the overall
program. (Operates in the reverse of a stan-
2 dard EQ +/- control.)
GAIN +10dB
Boosts the signal by +10dB. This switch
7
enables more flexibility for another set of HF SIDE-CHAIN THRESHOLD
sounds and colors, and for matching low level Controls the increase of compression for the
sources. (e.g. keyboards, synthesizers, etc.) HF specified frequency range. As the
Threshold is turned counter clockwise (made
3 more negative), the frequency set with the HF
TSP (Tube Signal Path)
Illuminated switch IN swaps three (3) tubes Side-Chain Threshold Hz will be compressed
into the audio path from discrete Class A harder than the compression of the overall
transistor-based amplifiers. program.

4
THRESHOLD
This control sets compressor threshold level.
Continuously variable from -30dB to +20dB.

Page 14 Avalon Vt-747sp Operation Manual

 Operation and
AVA L O N DESIGN Controls

8 13
VU METER (0dB calibration screw) OUTPUT
Recessed screwdriver adjustment for setting Continuously variable output control. This
0dB on the VU meter. The VU meter indicates controls the overall program level of the Vt-747sp.
the amount of gain reduction in dB. The Vt-747sp is calibrated so that 0 on the
LED output meters accurately shows +4dBu.
To calibrate the VU meter: Power unit on and
14
allow 30 minutes before making this adjust- ATTACK
ment so that components can warm up to Varies attack time of compressor from 2ms
operating temperature. While there is no signal (FAST) to 200ms (SLOW).
present, adjust the trim pot so the needle on
15
the VU meter lines up with zero (“0”). RELEASE
Varies release time of compressor from
9
COMPRESSION RATIO 100ms (FAST) to 5 seconds (SLOW).
Sets the compression ratio. Continuously
16
variable from 1:1 to 20:1. LF SIDE-CHAIN THRESHOLD Hz
Sweep variable peak/dip frequency setting for
Note: With opto-compressors, the Threshold Side-Chain parameter. (60Hz to 1kHz)
and Compression Ratio are interactive and
17
are effected by one another. SIDE-CHAIN
Activates the two-band parametric spectral
10
COMPRESSOR Side-Chain controls.
Switches the compressor in the signal path
18
with a sealed silver relay. (Hard-wire bypass) GR (Blue LED)
Fast-acting blue light indicates peak gain
11
VU METER reduction.
Analog VU meter indicates gain reduction.
19
The VU meter’s needle is speed sensitive for HF SIDE-CHAIN THRESHOLD Hz
measuring attack and release of the signal. Peak/dip variable sweep frequency side
chain parameter. (600Hz to 10kHz)
12
EQUALIZER
20
Switches the six-band passive graphic SC LISTEN
equalizer in the signal path with a sealed To monitor the signal going into through the Side
silver relay. This EQ is designed for subtle Chain before it is effected by the compressor.
sweetening and shaping. It is very simple and
21
easy to use. The frequency turnover, Q and MAKE-UP GAIN
amplitude ranges have been carefully chosen Variable 0dB to +10dB control to add gain
for each band to provide extremely smooth after compressed signal. (Only acts when the
musicality. Pushing the faders up from center compressor switch is in.)
detent will boost and pushing the faders down
will cut.

Avalon Vt-747sp Operation Manual Page 15

Operation and
Controls AVA L O N DESIGN

22 26
LOW-BASS EQUALIZER BAND HIGH-MID EQUALIZER BAND
Controls low-bass frequency range: Controls high-mid frequency range:
+/-24dB 15Hz shelf +/-10dB 5kHz shelf

23 27
MID-BASS EQUALIZER BAND HIGH-RANGE EQUALIZER BAND
Controls mid-bass frequency range: Controls high frequency range:
+/-8dB 125Hz peak/dip +/-20dB 32kHz shelf

24 28
LOW-MID EQUALIZER BAND AC Power Switch
Controls low-mid frequencies0 Turns the power on and off. You must allow
+/-4dB 500Hz peak/dip approximately 60 seconds from the time you
turn on the power switch for the Vt-747sp to
25
MID-RANGE EQUALIZER BAND complete the entire soft start turn-on proce-
Controls mid frequency range: dure. For more details on the soft start pro-
+/-4dB 2kHz peak/dip cedure please refer to Chapter 3.5 Turn-on
Procedure.

Vt-747sp production at Avalon

Page 16 Avalon Vt-747sp Operation Manual

 Operation and
AVA
AVALLO
ONN D
DEES
SIIG
GNN Controls

3 1

4 2

4.1 Rear Panel Description 4.2 Connections

1
LINE INPUT (Left and Right) The LINE INPUTS are an electronically
Female XLR-3 connectors. Balanced input for balanced Class A circuit with a nominal 20k ohm
line level signals to +36dB maximum. input impedance. (Can be used unbalanced by
(pin +2 hot) shorting pin 3 to ground on the cable connector.)
The connectors are female XLR-3.
2
LINE OUTPUT (Left and Right)
Male XLR-3 connectors. Balanced DC coupled, The OUTPUTS are a low impedance
capable of +30dB into 600 ohms. electronically balanced circuit which terminates
(pin +2 hot) to a male XLR-3 connector. (Can be used
unbalanced by shorting pin 3 to ground on the
3
GROUND LINK cable connector.)
2-terminal barrier strip. Provided to isolate
chassis ground from audio ground. To lift All XLR connectors are wired:
ground, simply unscrew both phillips-head Pin 1 ground
screws and remove the metal strip held by the Pin 2 high (+)
screws. Pin 3 low (-)

4
AC INPUT & FUSE Input Impedance: 20k Ohm
Combination IEC socket, voltage selector and Output Impedance: 600Ohm
fuse location. AC voltage is factory set as
ordered. To change the factory voltage setting,
refer to the AC Voltage Selection section of this 4.3 Unbalanced Operation
manual in Chapter 3 (page 11), or contact your
authorized Avalon dealer. The Vt-747sp can also be used in unbalanced
mode by grounding pin 3 on the cable input
For instructions on changing the fuse, see and output pins.
Chapter 3.4 Fuse Replacement (page 12).

Avalon Vt-747sp Operation Manual Page 17

Operation and
Controls AVA L O N DESIGN

4.4 Using the Vt-747sp 4.6 Using the Equalizer

The opto-compressor of the Vt-747sp has

the standard features of a typical outboard
compressor plus a few other unique features
like no other compressor. Basic operation is
as follows:
1. Engage the COMPRESSOR push-button.
This will insert the compressor into the signal
chain.
2. Set ATTACK to FAST.
3. Set RELEASE to FAST.
4. Set COMPRESSION to 20:1 (fully clockwise)
5. Set THRESHOLD to –30dB (fully counter
clockwise) The equalizer section of the Vt-747sp has
6. Test compression by introducing signal. been designed to be easy to use.
Needle should move rapidly for any substan-
tial input signal. Turn up the INPUT GAIN if Engage EQ push-button (illuminates "IN") to
needle is not moving. insert the EQ in the signal path.
8. Fine tune controls for desired effect.
All six faders have a center detent. When all
4.5 Six Band Passive Equalizer faders are set to center detent the EQ is
completely flat.
The six band graphic equalizer is extremely
smooth and musical. The six frequency Pushing a fader up from the center detent
bands and corresponding Q settings have boosts the corresponding frequency band
been carefully chosen to provide the most and pushing a fader down from the center
natural harmonic balance and lowest phase detent cuts the corresponding frequency
change while offering simple and effective band.
tone control.
Because of the passive design, the equalizer
The following is a description of the six fre- on the Vt-747sp is smooth and musical. It can
quency bands. be used to subtly shape and color while still
keeping the signal musically balanced
From Low to High (left to right) (program equalizer.)
1. +/- 24dB 15Hz shelf response
2. +/- 8dB 125Hz selected Q response
3. +/- 4dB 500Hz selected Q response
4. +/- 4dB 2kHz selected Q response
5. +/- 10dB 5kHz shelf response
6. +/- 20dB 32kHz shelf response

Page 18 Avalon Vt-747sp Operation Manual

 AVA L O N DESIGN Applications

4.7 Using the Side-chain 5.0 Applications

The first thing to remember is that there are

no specific rules. The Vt-747sp was
designed to be extremely flexible and filled
with endless colors, textures and tones.
TRUST YOUR EARS!

5.1.0 Typical Set-ups

The following setup diagrams are a few

typical ways (not the only ways) to insert the
Vt-747sp in the audio chain during a
recording project. Much of the power in the
Inserting an equalizer into a compressor’s Vt-747sp lies within its flexibility. You can use
gain reduction control path is commonly the Vt-747sp in every stage of the recording
known as side-chaining. This effect allows or mixdown process:
for spectral control of the compression at the
specified frequencies. The most frequent Figure 5.1.1 - Recording to direct to Digital
application of this technique is known as Audio Workstation (DAW) or tape machine.
de-essing. De-essing is the removal of
excessively pronounced "S" sounds from Note that the Vt-747sp is a line level unit only.
vocal recordings. You can de-ess with the It does not have microphone preamplifiers
Vt-747sp and any other frequencies where (mic pre’s). You must use mic pre’s Such as
you need a little more compression than the the two-channel Avalon AD2022, before
overall program. inserting the Vt-747sp during recording. The
Vt-747sp works wonderfully with keyboards,
To insert the two-band spectral EQ into the drum machines, synthesizers and other line
Side Chain: level inputs enabling you to completely
1. Set the compressor to full compression to bypass the mixing console and go directly to
begin. (described in previous section) your DAW or tape machine.
2. Engage the SIDE-CHAIN switch
3. Set the HF and LF Threshold controls to Figure 5.1.2 - Mixdown Stereo Buss - Main
-15dB (fully counterclockwise) right/left Insert or across the entire stereo mix.
4. Press in the SC LISTEN to monitor
5. Sweep the LF and HF frequency controls Figure 5.1.3 - Mixdown and/or Mastering
to find the desired signals to send into the on DAW - Across a stereo submix or the
Side-Chain. entire mixed stereo signal
6. Depress the SC LISTEN switch (non-illuminated)
so that the signal you were emphasizing with Figure 5.1.4 - Mastering Tape Based - Main
the SC LISTEN is now routed into the gain Right and Left Outputs
control section of the compressor.

Avalon Vt-747sp Operation Manual Page 19

Applications AVA L O N DESIGN

Figure 5.1.1 - Recording Figure 5.1.3 - Mixdown or Mastering Using

DAW
Stereo Mics

Keyboard, synth,
OR drum machine, etc. DAW
Outputs
Inputs Rt and Lft Stereo Inputs - Record
Submix Outputs Two New Tracks
AD2022
(mic pre)
Outputs

Inputs Inputs Outputs

Inputs

Vt-747sp

outputs Outputs

Inputs Inputs

Tape Machine Tape Machine

or or
DAW DAW
Outputs Outputs
Figure 5.1.4 - Mastering Tape Based
Inputs Inputs

Mixing Console Mixing Console

for Monitoring for Monitoring Stereo Mix
on DAT, CD, or
Tape Mach

Outputs

Figure 5.1.2 - Stereo Mixdown (Buss) Inputs

Analog or Digital
Tape Machine

Multiple Outputs
Outputs Vt-747SP
Multiple Line Inputs Inputs

Mixing Console
Final Media - DAT or CD

Stereo Submix 2 new inputs Main Outputs

or Main Insert or buss inputs or Tape Output Outputs

Inputs Inputs
Inputs

DAT Monitoring System

or
Vt-747sp CD Burner

Page 20 Avalon Vt-747sp Operation Manual

 AVA L O N DESIGN Applications

5.2.0 Application Settings 5.2.1 Stereo Buss for Mixdown

The following are a few example settings for

the Vt-747sp to be used as starting points for
specific applications. You will most likely need
to adjust the settings given here for your
recordings because of the many variables
which depend on a recorded sound. Variables
such as microphone choice, microphone
placement, recording room, recording media,
mixing console, the musician, etc., can
greatly alter and change the sound of a
recording. Simply stated, trust your ears.

Note: The output controls the signal level to

the next piece of equipment in the audio
chain. The output control is designed to be
sonically invisible. This means that you can
set the output level based on what signal Input: +3
level you want coming out of the Vt-747sp Gain: Out
and you will not color the signal by turning this TSP: Out
control up or down. Therefore, the output Compressor: In
level is not included in the example EQ->Comp: Out
settings. Compression Ratio: 5:1
Compression Threshold: -15
Attack: 11 o’clock
Release: Fast
Make-up: +1 (10 o’clock)
Side-Chain: Out
Side-Chain LF Threshold: bypassed
Side-Chain LF Frequency: bypassed
Side-Chain HF Threshold: bypassed
Side-Chain HF Frequency: bypassed
Equalizer: In
EQ Faders from left (1) to right (6):
1. +2
2. +1
3. +1
4. +1
5. +1
6. +2

Avalon Vt-747sp Operation Manual Page 21

Applications AVA L O N DESIGN

5.2.2 Stereo Buss & Vocal De-ess 5.2.3 De-ess on Vocals

Input: +3 Input: +2
Gain: Out High Gain: Out
TSP: In TSP: In
Compressor: In Compressor: In
EQ->Comp: In EQ->Comp: In
Compression Ratio: 5:1 Compression Ratio: 20:1
Compression Threshold: -12 Compression Threshold: -20
Attack: Fast Attack: Fast
Release: Fast Release: Fast
Make-up: +1 (10 o’clock) Make-up: +2
Side-Chain: In Side-Chain: In
Side-Chain LF Threshold: +15 Side-Chain LF Threshold: +15
Side-Chain LF Frequency: 200Hz Side-Chain LF Frequency: 200Hz
Side-Chain HF Threshold: -15 Side-Chain HF Threshold: -15
Side-Chain HF Frequency: 7kHz Side-Chain HF Frequency: 7kHz
Equalizer: In Equalizer: In
EQ Faders from left (1) to right (6): EQ Faders from left (1) to right (6):
1. +1 1. +1
2. +1 2. 0
3. +0.5 3. 0
4. +0.5 4. +0.5
5. +1 5. +0.5
6. +1 6. +0.5

Page 22 Avalon Vt-747sp Operation Manual

 AVA L O N DESIGN Applications

5.2.4 Stereo Keyboards 5.2.5 Extreme Compression

Input: +3 Input: 0 - Unity

High Gain: Out Gain: Out
TSP: In TSP: In
Compressor: In Compressor: In
EQ->Comp: Out EQ->Comp: In
Compression Ratio: 6:1 Compression Ratio: 20:1
Compression Threshold: -17 Compression Threshold: -20
Attack: 11 O’clock Attack: Fast
Release: Fast Release: 12 O’clock
Make-up: +2 Make-up: +10
Side-Chain: Out Side-Chain: Out
Side-Chain LF Threshold: bypassed Side-Chain LF Threshold: bypassed
Side-Chain LF Frequency: bypassed Side-Chain LF Frequency: bypassed
Side-Chain HF Threshold: bypassed Side-Chain HF Threshold: bypassed
Side-Chain HF Frequency: bypassed Side-Chain HF Frequency:bypassed
Equalizer: In Equalizer: In
EQ Faders from left (1) to right (6): EQ Faders from left (1) to right (6):
1. 0 1. +3
2. +1 2. +2
3. +1 3. +1
4. +2 4. +1
5. +2 5. +2
6. +1 6. +2

Avalon Vt-747sp Operation Manual Page 23

Applications AVA L O N DESIGN

5.2.6 Acoustic Piano 5.2.7 Acoustic Guitar

Input: +2 Input: +3
Gain: Out Gain: Out
TSP: In TSP: Out
Compressor: In Compressor: In
EQ->Comp: Out EQ->Comp: Out
Compression Ratio: 6:1 Compression Ratio: 9:1
Compression Threshold: -12 Compression Threshold: -15
Attack: Fast Attack: 10 O’clock
Release: Fast Release: Fast
Make-up: 0 Make-up: 0
Side-Chain: In Side-Chain: In
Side-Chain LF Threshold: +15 Side-Chain LF Threshold: 10 O’clock
Side-Chain LF Frequency: 70 Hz Side-Chain LF Frequency: 250 Hz
Side-Chain HF Threshold: -15 Side-Chain HF Threshold: 3 O’clock
Side-Chain HF Frequency: 3kHz Side-Chain HF Frequency: 7 kHz
Equalizer: In Equalizer: In
EQ Faders from left (1) to right (6): EQ Faders from left (1) to right (6):
1. +1 1. 0
2. +2 2. -0.5
3. +1 3. -1
4. +2 4. 0
5. +1 5. +0.5
6. +1.5 6. +0.5

Page 24 Avalon Vt-747sp Operation Manual

 Compression and
AVA L O N DESIGN EQ Primers

5.2.8 Drum Overheads 6.0 Compression Primer

A compressor is one of the most widely used

signal processors in the recording studio.
Compressors are used during the recording
process as well as during mixdown and
mastering. During the recording process
compressors are used to control the dynamic
range or volume of a signal. For example,
a singer may vary his volume level from a
whisper to a scream during a particular song.
A compressor will control the volume of the
vocal so that the volume is consistent whether
the singer is whispering or screaming. During
mixdown compressors are used to "tighten
up" the tracks so that nothing pops out of the
mix uncontrollably. During the mastering
process compressors are used very slightly to
tighten up the entire mix and can give the mix
Input: +4 a bigger sound.
Gain: Out
TSP: In The way a compressor works is like an
Compressor: In automatic fader. When the input signal
EQ->Comp: Out exceeds a predetermined level called the
Compression Ratio: 4:1 threshold, the gain is reduced by the
Compression Threshold:-17 compressor and the signal is attenuated. By
Attack: Fast attenuating the louder signal levels, you are in
Release: Fast fact, reducing the program’s overall dynamic
Make-up: +5 range. Because the range between the
Side-Chain: Out loudest and softest signal is "compressed" by
Side-Chain LF Threshold: bypassed increasing the signal’s overall gain, the
Side-Chain LF Frequency: bypassed average level will be greater. Thus the signal
Side-Chain HF Threshold: bypassed will be perceived as being louder than it
Side-Chain HF Frequency: bypassed otherwise would be.
Equalizer: In
EQ Faders from left (1) to right (6): Compression is measured by the ratio of the
1. 0 change in output level (in dB) to the change in
2. +2 input level, called the compression ratio. If a
3. +1 compressor is set to 8:1 compression then an
4. +0.5 8 dB increase in the input level will result in a
5. +1 1dB increase in the output level.
6. +2

Avalon Vt-747sp Operation Manual Page 25

Compression and
EQ Primers AVA L O N DESIGN

means that if the input signal is 4dB over the

Compression Ratio = 5:1 threshold, the compressor only allows an
Threshold = +5 dB
dB output 1dB over the threshold.

Attack: The very beginning of a sound is

usually the loudest and most difficult to record
+5dB smoothly (for example, vocals, slap bass,
guitar, etc.). In many cases you want to let
these initial transients pass through before
Time
pulling down the gain, other times you want the
compression to start right away. To help make
adjustments to this specific event, the attack
Graphic description of compression control adjusts the length of time it takes for the
compression to begin.

Compression Variables Defined Release: Once the signal falls below the
threshold, the Release control determines how
Compressors are controlled by four main quickly the compressor "lets go" of the volume
functions: Threshold, Ratio, Attack and control and lets the level rise back to unity
Release. gain. Just as the Attack control sets the volume
of the start of a sound, the Release control sets
Threshold: Defines the level where the volume of the end of a sound. The release
compression begins. If the sound level coming can be used creatively to make sounds cut-off
into the input is below the threshold, the sharply or sustain longer.
compressor passes the signal with no change.
When a louder signal rises above the Compressors usually have built-in metering to
threshold, the compressor starts working, allow monitoring of the amount of gain
automatically reducing the output gain by the reduction taking place. The meter usually sits
amount set with the ratio control. at 0 VU when the input signal is below the
threshold and falls to the left to indicate the
Ratio: The ratio control is the amount of number of decibels of gain reduction. Also the
volume reduction relative to the original signal actual speed of the moving needle indicates
level. A 1:1 (one to one) ratio is the lowest the attack and release speeds.
compression ratio. This means that the volume
that goes into the compressor is exactly the
same as the volume that comes out. A 2:1 ratio
means that the compressor will only allow the
output level to rise 1dB for every 2dB that the
input is over the threshold. This way the
compressor allows the signal to be louder than
the threshold, but only by half as much. This is
typical moderate compression. A 4:1 ratio

Page 26 Avalon Vt-747sp Operation Manual

 AVA L O N DESIGN FAQs

6.1 Equalization Primer 7.0 FAQs

An equalizer is a group of tone controls that The following are answers to Frequently
allow adjustment to the frequency range of an Asked Questions about the Vt-747sp:
incoming signal using a number of separate
frequency bands. A graphic equalizer Q: Can I use the Vt-747sp as an insert for
consists of a number of pre-selected compression and EQ?
frequency bands, boost/cut control, and a A: Yes. the Vt-747sp is perfect as an insert for
pre-set bandwidth or “Q” control for each a recorded stereo signal such as keyboards,
frequency band. Each fader on a graphic acoustic piano, drum overheads, acoustic
equalizer corresponds to a specific frequency guitar, etc.
range to either cut or boost. The bandwidth
of the frequency range is preselected. The Q: What’s the main difference between the
mid bands are typically peak/dip while the Vt-747sp’s compressor and Avalon’s
end bands are typically shelving filters. AD2044 compressor?
A: The Vt-747sp is a dedicated stereo
A six-band graphic (program) equalizer as compressor that is loaded with many different
found in the Vt-747sp consists of six tones and color. The Vt-747sp has vacuum
frequency selection controls: Low-bass, Mid- tubes, six-band program equalizer and built in
bass, Low-mid, Mid, High-mid, and High. spectral control. The AD2044 is an ultra-high
Each frequency band has carefully selected performance pure Class A 100% discrete
cut/boost, frequency range, and Q traditional compressor. It features extreme
parameters that are useful and effective to dynamic range, ultimate low noise and
shape and sweeten the signal. The Low completely transparent compression, great
Bass, High Mid and High bands are shelving for mastering, tracking and mixing.
filters while the Mid-bass, Low-Mid, and Mid
bands are peak/dip filters. For details on the Q: How often will I need to change the
Vt-747sp graphic EQ parameters see tubes?
Chapter 3, Operation and Controls. A: The vacuum tubes on the Vt-747sp are
military spec tubes rated for over 5,000 hours.
Avalon recommends changing the tubes
approximately every 2 years or so on a unit
that is used regularly. Avalon recommends
that you replace tubes with exact make and
model of the tubes that Avalon specifies. You
may purchase a spare set of tubes for your
Vt-747sp directly from Avalon.

Q: Can I damage the Vt-747sp by turning

the preamp gain up too high?
A: No. The Vt-747sp has enormous
headroom. Crank it up and check it out.

Avalon Vt-747sp Operation Manual Page 27

FAQs AVA L O N DESIGN

Q: Why does Avalon use opto cells? down) the High Frequency band to bring
A: Avalon uses opto-cell compression down the ultra high end, giving you more
because they are the most musical of all creative possibilities.
ccntrol elements.
Q: Why does the needle in the VU meter
Q: Can I do mastering with a Vt-747sp? sometimes drift to the left of 0dB after the
A: Yes. Since the Vt-747sp is a dedicated Vt-747sp warms up?
stereo unit it is a great tool for mastering. The A: As the unit warms up, after approximately
noise floor is low enough for mastering and 30 minutes, the resistance of the meter coil is
the built-in EQ and side chain are perfect for increased with heat and the needle then
gentle shaping and sweetening. settles into its operating 0dB position. If
inadequate cooling is provided, the operating
Q: Is the Vt-747sp durable enough for the emperature will be too high. (just like the old
road? LA2A’s). To calibrate the VU meter to 0dB see
A: Yes. the Vt-747sp as well as all Avalon page 32.
equipment is literally built like a tank. Steel
chassis, metal faceplate, metal knobs, all Q: Will the Vt-747sp work with unbalanced
circuit boards are fixed with stainless steel inputs on my recording device?
hardware and more. A: Yes. You need to make sure that the
cables you are using are wired the same (pin
Q: Should I power down the Vt-747sp ? 2 hot). You can get a cable that has XLR on
A: The Vt-747sp is equipped with a “soft-start” one side and RCA or 1/4” on the other. This
procedure that slowly brings the unit to life will work fine for unbalanced systems. Keep
without damaging the tubes. Avalon the cables 20 ft in length or less for best sonic
recommends that you turn the unit off if not performance.
being used for more than 4 hours. This
procedure will also save on your electric bills. Q: Can I use the Vt-747sp with a recording
device that is designed for -10dB operation?
Q: Will the Vt-747sp continue to work A: Yes. The Vt-747sp will work however the
when I travel to different countries? output signal from the Vt-747sp may be too
A: Yes. The power supply on the Vt-747sp hot. Adjust the output control on the Vt-747sp
has selectable voltages: 100V, 120V, 220V, to match the input to the -10dB device. If you
and 240V. It is very easy to change the have a choice, always run at +4dB.
voltage. See chapter 3.
Q: Can I use different types of tubes in the
Q: Why is the High-Mid Band on the Vt- Vt-747sp to get different or better sounds?
747sp shelving and not peak/dip like the A: Avalon has selected the tubes in your Vt-
other Mid Bands? 747sp for optimal sonic performance. Avalon
A: Having two shelving bands on the high end does not recommend experimenting with
of the equalizer gives more flexibility and different types of tubes because they may
musicality. If you want to utilize the High-Mid cause extreme damage to the Vt-747sp.
Band as a peak/dip then simply cut (turn

Page 28 Avalon Vt-747sp Operation Manual

 AVA L O N DESIGN FAQs

Q: Why does the Vt-747sp have a six-band Q: Can I use the SIDE CHAIN LISTEN func-
graphic EQ? tion as a parametric EQ?
A: The Vt-747sp’s graphic EQ is designed to A: Yes. Press in the SIDE CHAIN LISTEN
be very simple to operate and musical. It is button and use the Threshold controls as
intended to enhance the program material for cut/boost and the two frequency selectors to
sonic retouching and eliminates the need to select the frequencies of interest. Note that
patch and addtional EQ if only minor the Threshold controls will act in the opposite
adjustments are required. direction. (ie. clockwise will cut and counter
clockwise will boost selected frequency.)
Q: What are the advantages of using the
Vt-747sp with my digital recording sys- Q: What is the difference between the
tem? Vt-737sp and the Vt-747sp?
A. The Vt-747sp breaths life into digital A: The Vt-737sp is a mono Mic, Line, and
recordings. It will add air to the top, enhance Instrument level preamplifier with compressor
the space in the lower mid range and solidify and parametric equalizer. It is great for
the bottom end. This process is very effective recording one channel at a time and for
if used with high quality A-D and D-A convert- mixdown on the most important channel.
ers. Even if your converters are not of the
highest quality it will still enhance your record- The Vt-747sp is a dedicated stereo line level
ings. compressor and graphic equalizer. It has no
microphone preamplifier. The Vt-747sp is
Q: Will the Vt-747sp help to warm up the great for stereo keyboards, synthesizers, drum
signal going to a digital recorder? machines, stereo submix or mix buss
A: Yes. The Vt-747sp will give the signal a applications and mastering.
richer warmer sound. The bottom end will open
up and your recorded music will sound bigger.
It works wonderfully for synths, drum
machines, and keyboards that would
otherwise sound thin and lifeless.

Avalon Vt-747sp Operation Manual Page 29

Trouble Shooting AVA L O N DESIGN

8.0 Trouble Shooting

If you experience any problems with your 1. Plug your input source (keyboard, synthesizer
Vt-747sp, please make sure to first isolate the or line input) into Vt-747sp; make sure to check
problem to your Vt-747sp. In many cases the your cables.
problem can be a bad cable or another piece
of equipment in the signal path. 2. Connect the output of Vt-747sp directly to your
powered speakers or monitor system. Use the
It is easiest to isolate the problem by removing OUTPUT control on the Vt-747sp to adjust the
as many pieces of extraneous gear in the volume.
signal path as possible. If you believe that
your Vt-747sp has a problem, please set up Once you have isolated the problem to the
the following test system: Vt-747sp please check the following list for
suggested solutions.

Vt-747sp Trouble Shooting Table

Problem Cause Solution

No Power Power cable on back of chassis not Plug in power cable

securely plugged in

No Power Fuse blown due to power surge or Replace fuse (page 12) and check AC
improper AC voltage setting voltage setting (page 11)

Lights dim / Improper AC voltage setting Check AC voltage setting (page 11)
no sound

No sound Bad cable Check cables

Hum or buzzing ground loop Check cable wiring and grounding, lift
noise ground on Vt-747sp (page 10)

Distorted sound Vt-747sp is overheating Make sure Vt-747sp has adequate

cooling and ventilation (page 12)

Distorted sound Input source overloading Try a different input source, reduce
input level control

Page 30 Avalon Vt-747sp Operation Manual

 AVA L O N DESIGN Trouble Shooting

Tube Related Symptoms Other problems

Please call your nearest dealer or the Avalon

The following list are symptoms of a failing
factory at 949-492-2000 if you have any
vacuum tube. If you are experiencing these technical questions or are experiencing
symptoms please call your local dealer or problems not listed in our Trouble Shooting
the Avalon factory at 949-492-2000. Table.

1. Background noise (a crackling or sizzling

sound)

2. Ringing noise

3. Low output volume

4. Distorted sound

Avalon Vt-747sp Operation Manual Page 31

Service Information AVA L O N DESIGN

9.0 Service and Meter Calibration and Alignment

Contact Information The VU meter can be easily adjusted to 0 VU
when no signal is present. To adjust the VU
Maintenance and Tube Life meter to zero:
Because of the exceptional build quality of the 1. Turn the unit on
Vt-747sp, the unit will perform for many years 2. Let unit warm up for at least 30 minutes
to come. Like any musical instrument, it 3. Unplug all inputs
needs care and maintenance to keep it in top 4. From the front of the unit use a small flat
shape. head screwdriver to turn the recessed trim pot
so that the needle reads zero.
Vacuum Tube Replacement
For peak performance, Avalon Design
recommends changing these tubes every
5000 hours of run time. Changing the tubes
every two years is recommended assuming
use of 8 hours per day, 7 days per week. A
matched set of replacement tubes can be
purchased directly from your local dealer or
Avalon. Avalon only recommends Sovtek
6922 vacuum tubes for your Vt-747sp.
Replacement of tubes should be performed
by an authorized Avalon technician.

External Cleaning
The Vt-747sp can be cleaned using an
ordinary mild house cleaner such as 409 or
Windex. Do not use abrasive cleaners or
petroleum-based solvents. Doing so could
cause damage to the finish.

Contact Information
Avalon Design
PO Box 5976
San Clemente, CA 92673

Tel: 949-492-2000
Fax: 949-492-4284

Email: avalon@avalondesign.com
Website: www.avalondesign.com

Page 32 Avalon Vt-747sp Operation Manual

 Technical
AVA L O N DESIGN Information

10.0 Technical Information Make-up gain: Variable 0dB to +10dB stereo

tracking
Your Vt-747sp is built to withstand many
years of high performance music making. If Compression ratio: Variable 1:1 to 20:1
you experience any malfunctions or
problems, please contact the dealer where Threshold: Variable -30dB to +20dB
your unit was purchased. If your Vt-747sp
has outlasted your dealer, please contact Attack: Variable 2mS to 200mS
Avalon directly.
Release: Variable 100mS to 5 seconds
Specifications
Side-chain spectral contour: Variable
Circuit Topology: Three dual triode vacuum threshold -15dB to +15dB, frequency 70Hz to
tubes, plus high-voltage discrete Class A 9kHz

Input Gain Range: Balanced, Class A, 20k Equalizer type: Discrete Class A, passive
ohms, +6dB with high gain switch in design optimized for full-range program
material
Maximum input level: +36 dB balanced XLR
Frequency bands (6):
Maximum output level: +30dB balanced 1. LF +/-24dB 15Hz shelf response
XLR 600 ohms, DC coupled, Pin 2 hot 2. MF1 +/-8dB 125Hz selected Q response
3. MF2 +/-4dB 500Hz selected Q response
Output gain range: Output trim gain 4. MF3 +/-4dB 2kHz selected Q response
-45dB to +10dB 5. MF4 +/-10dB 5kHz selected shelf
6. MF5 +/-20dB 32kHz shelf response
Noise 20-20kHz unweighted: -92dBu
AC power: Internal toroidal 100v to 240v, 50-
Distortion (THD, IMD) @ 1kHz: 0.5% 60Hz selectable, 60 watts maximum,
enclosed in separate steel chassis
Bandwidth (-3dB): 1 to 200kHz
Dimensions: 19 x 12 x 3.5 inches
Frequency Response: 10 to 40kHz +/-0.2dB 482 x 305 x 89 mm

VU meter and gain reduction: 0VU=+4dBu Weight: 22 lbs. (10 kg)

and gain reduction to -20dB.
Dimensions - shipping carton:
Output meter: Twin 20 segment LED VU 21 x 18 x 8 inches
meters with -27dB to +30dB range 533 x 457 x 203 mm

Compressor type: optical passive attenuator Weight packed: 26 lbs. ( 11.8 kg)

Avalon Vt-747sp Operation Manual Page 33

Page 34
VT-747SP RECALL SETTINGS
Technical
Information

INPUT THRESHOLD SIDE-CHAIN THRESHOLD COMPRESSION SIGNAL OUTPUT

0 CONTOUR 0
1 1 0 +2 3 5 6 1 1
3 2 6 4 7 2 2
5 3 2 1 0 30
6 4 -10 10 3 8 1 3 4 3
10 7 2 24

10 6 15 16 2 10 20 3 2 18 8 4
VU 12
20 8 20 20 1 20 - + 1 20 6 AVALON
- dB + - dB + -15 LF +15 -15 HF +15 6 - dB +
RATIO decibels + +
GAIN 0
TSP EQ COMP SIDE-CHAIN GR SC LISTEN METER COMPRESSOR EQUALIZER
+10dB 0 -
10.1 Vt-747sp Recall Sheet

6
-
vt IN IN IN IN IN
CAL
GR
IN

1
12
IN

747sp ATTACK TUBE RELEASE 200 2k MAKE-UP 18 DESIGN

SIGNAL 160 250 1k6 2k5 +2 +6 AVALON 2 24
PATH 100 300 1k 3k
VA C U U M T U B E 3 30
80 400 800 4k L dB R

70 600 700 6k
60 600 0dB +10
FAST SLOW FAST SLOW Hz 1k Hz 10k GAIN CLASS A PROGRAM EQUALIZER LEVEL
AVA L O N

INPUT THRESHOLD SIDE-CHAIN THRESHOLD COMPRESSION SIGNAL OUTPUT

0 CONTOUR 0
1 1 0 +2 3 5 6 1 1
3 2 6 4 7 2 2
5 3 2 1 0 30
6 4 -10 10 3 8 1 3 4 3
10 7 2 24

10 6 15 16 2 10 20 3 2 18 8 4
VU 12
20 8 20 20 1 20 - + 1 20 6 AVALON
- dB + - dB + -15 LF +15 -15 HF +15 6 - dB +
RATIO decibels + +
GAIN 0
TSP EQ COMP SIDE-CHAIN GR SC LISTEN METER COMPRESSOR EQUALIZER
+10dB 0 -
6
-
vt IN IN IN IN IN
CAL
GR
IN

1
12
IN

747sp ATTACK TUBE RELEASE 200 2k MAKE-UP 18 DESIGN

SIGNAL 160 250 1k6 2k5 +2 +6 AVALON 2 24
PATH 100 300 1k 3k
VA C U U M T U B E 3 30
80 400 800 4k L dB R

70 600 700 6k
60 1k 600 10k 0dB +10
FAST SLOW FAST SLOW Hz Hz GAIN CLASS A PROGRAM EQUALIZER LEVEL
DESIGN

Class A Vacuum Tube

STEREO SPECTRAL OPTO-COMPRESSOR

VT-747SP
Avalon Design is a division of Avalon Industries, Inc. c 2001

TSP
TWIN SIGNAL PATH

Avalon Vt-747sp Operation Manual

 METER TSP
TWIN SIGNAL PATH
LEFT METER
BUFFER DISCRETE
CLASS A
EQUALIZER COMPRESSOR
AMPLIFIER

TIMER
40 sec. OUTPUT
BALANCED 200v
LEVEL
600 OHM +30dB 200v
EQ DISCRETE, CLASS A, EQ DISCRETE OPTO
BALANCED
PASSIVE SIX BAND CLASS A
CLASS A
PROGRAM EQUALIZER AMPLIFIER
OUTPUT IN IN COMP IN IN
COMP
EQ PRE EQ PRE TSP TSP EQ PRE
STANDBY
COMP COMP COMP
BYPASS
OUTPUT V2 THRESHOLD
LEFT OUTPUT
OPTO
LINE AMP
BALANCED BUFFER
INPUT +6dB 15 125 500 2K 5K 32K
20K OHM +36dB LEVEL MAKE-UP V1-A
SIDE-CHAIN GAIN
BALANCED DISCRETE LF & HF LISTEN
CLASS A CLASS A 2 BAND

Avalon Vt-747sp Operation Manual

INPUT AMP AMPLIFIER EQ
10.2 Vt-747sp Block Diagram

IN COMPRESSOR
INPUT SIDE-CHAIN
LEFT VU
HI-GAIN
FREQUENCY
AVA L O N

GAIN GAIN
REDUCTION REDUCTION
THRESH ATTACK RELEASE RATIO LED VU METER
METER TSP
TWIN SIGNAL PATH
RIGHT METER
BUFFER DISCRETE
CLASS A
EQUALIZER COMPRESSOR
AMPLIFIER

TIMER
40 sec. OUTPUT
BALANCED 200v
LEVEL
600 OHM +30dB 200v
EQ DISCRETE, CLASS A, EQ DISCRETE OPTO
BALANCED
PASSIVE SIX BAND CLASS A
CLASS A
PROGRAM EQUALIZER AMPLIFIER
OUTPUT IN IN COMP IN IN
COMP
EQ PRE EQ PRE TSP TSP EQ PRE
STANDBY
DESIGN

COMP COMP COMP

BYPASS
OUTPUT V3 THRESHOLD
RIGHT OUTPUT
OPTO
LINE AMP
BALANCED BUFFER
INPUT +6dB 15 125 500 2K 5K 32K
20K OHM +36dB LEVEL MAKE-UP V1-B
SIDE-CHAIN GAIN
BALANCED DISCRETE LF & HF LISTEN
CLASS A CLASS A 2 BAND
INPUT AMP AMPLIFIER EQ AVALON
IN Class A Vacuum Tube
VT-747SP POWER SUPPLY SIDE-CHAIN
INPUT
RIGHT AUDIO STEREO SPECTRAL OPTO-COMPRESSOR WITH TSP
GROUND +200v HI-GAIN
AC SOFT +48v
+34v FREQUENCY
INPUT START -34v
LINK SELECTOR POWER +18v
-18v
CHASSIS 100-240V SUPPLY
+12v
VT-747SP
GROUND +6v3 Avalon Design is a division of Avalon Industries, Inc. c 2001

Page 35
Information
Technical
Warranty and
Safety Standards AVA L O N DESIGN

11.0 Warranty 11.1 Returns

Avalon Industries, Inc. warrants this product If your Vt-747sp has become defective within
against defects in material or workmanship as the one (1) year period as specified above,
follows: please contact the place of purchase to
1. For a period of one (1) year from the date arrange for warranty repair. If you would
of purchase Avalon will pay the labor charges rather work directly with Avalon, please call
to repair the defective product. After this one the factory at (949) 492-2000.
(1) year period, all labor charges will be paid
by the customer. To return a unit to Avalon for repair or
2. Avalon will supply at no charge, new or exchange, you will need to obtain a Return
rebuilt replacements for any defective Authorization Number (RA) from Avalon. Do
mechanical switches, potentiometers or not send your unit to Avalon without an
moving parts for a period of one (1) year from RA number.
original date of purchase.
3. Avalon will supply at no charge, new
replacement for any defective vacuum tubes 12.0 Safety Standards
for a period of ninety days (90) from the
original date of purchase.
4. This warranty is void if the product has
been found to be subjected to misuse, abuse
or unauthorized service. Avalon Industries, Inc. declares that the
5. This warranty does not cover cosmetic Vt-747sp conforms to standards EN55013
damage, and damage due to acts of God, (Emissions), EN55020 (Immunity), and
accident or transit damage. EN60065 (Product Safety).
6. Proof of purchase in the form of a bill of
sale or invoice to provide evidence that the
unit is within the warranty period must be
presented to obtain warranty service.
7. This warranty is only valid if the serial
number appears on the product.

Outside of the USA

Please check www.avalondesign.com for

your nearest authorized service center.

Page 36 Avalon Vt-747sp Operation Manual

 AVA L O N DESIGN Glossary

Appendix A - Glossary clipping – A cause of audio distortion that is

the result of excessive gain requiring the
amplification – The process by which a peaks of the audio signal to rise above the
signal level is increased. capabilities of the circuit.

amplitude – The distance above or below the compressor – In effect, an automatic fader.
centerline of a signal’s waveform. The greater When the input signal exceeds a
the distance from the centerline, the larger predetermined level, called the threshold, the
the pressure variation or electrical signal. gain is reduced by the compressor and the
signal is attenuated.
attack – The initial transient or first part of the
envelope of a signal. The beginning of a note. compression ratio – The ratio of signal
dynamic range between the compressor input
attenuate – To reduce the signal level and the output above the device’s set
threshold point (such as 2:1, 4:1, 20:1).
balanced – In a classic balanced audio
circuit, the two legs of the circuit (+ and -) are console – A term for a sound mixer, usually a
isolated from the circuit ground by exactly the large desk-type mixing board used to mix
same impedance. Additionally, each leg together multiple track musical material.
carries the signal at exactly the same level
but with opposite polarity. Balanced input crosstalk – The unwanted leakage of a
circuits can offer excellent rejection of noise signal from one channel or track onto another.
and grounding loops.
decibel (dB) – A unit of audio measurement
balanced line – A cable having two of sound pressure level (SPL), signal level,
conductors and a ground connection and and changes of difference in signal level. The
often surrounded by a shield. With respect to decibel is a logarithmic (log) mathematical
ground, the conductors are at equal potential function that reduces large numeric values
but opposite polarity. These lines are often into smaller, more manageable numbers.
used in professional setting to reduce or Decibel is calculated as 10 times the log of
eliminate induced noise and interference from the ratio of two powers, and 20 times the log
external electromagnetic sources. of the ratio of two voltages.

bandwidth – The band of frequencies that dBm: Decibels referenced to 1 milliwatt.

pass through a device with a loss of less than
3dB, expressed in hertz or in musical dBu or dBv: Decibels referenced to 0.775
octaves. volt.

channel – A single functional path in an audio dBV: Decibels referenced to 1 volt.

circuit.

Avalon Vt-747sp Operation Manual Page 37

Glossary AVA L O N DESIGN

de-ess – Using a frequency-dependent filter – A simple equalizer designed to

function in a compressor to reduce excessive remove certain ranges of frequencies. A high-
sibilance ("sss”, "sh," and "ch") sounds. pass filter (also called a low-cut filter) reduces
or eliminates frequencies below the cutoff
detent – A point of slight physical resistance frequency. There are also high-cut (low-pass)
(a click stop) in the travel of a knob or slide filters, bandpass filters, which cut both high
control. and low frequencies but leave a band of
frequencies in the middle untouched, and
dynamic range – The range between the notch filters, which remove a narrow band but
maximum and minimum sound levels of an leave the high and low frequencies alone.
audio system. It is usually expressed in
decibels as the difference between the level flanging – A process whereby a delayed
at peak clipping and the level of the noise signal is combined with itself undelayed. The
floor. delay is varied to create continual changes in
sound.
equalizer – A frequency-dependent amplifier
that controls the relative amplitude of various frequency – The rate at which a sound wave
frequencies in the audible bandwidth. The repeats a cycle. The number of cycles that
equalizer lets you exercise tonal control over occurs over the period of one second is called
the harmonic content or timbre of a sound. hertz (Hz). Often , the perceived range of
hearing is from 20Hz to 18,000Hz.

EQ curve – A graph of the response of an

equalizer, with frequency on the x (horizontal) gain – The measure of how much a circuit
axis and amplitude (level) on the y (vertical) amplifies a signal. Gain may be stated as a
axis. Equalizer types and effects are often ratio of input to output values, such as
named after the shape of the graphed decibels from line amplifier.
response curve, such as peak, dip, shelf,
notch, knee and so on. gain stage – An amplification point in a signal
path, either within a system or a single
fade – A slow change in volume. device. Overall system gain is distributed
between the various gain stages.
fader – A linear attenuation device or linear
volume control. graphic EQ – A type of equalizer where the
frequency bands for cut/boost and
feedback – The returning of a loudspeaker bandwidths are fixed. Graphic EQs are
signal back into a microphone feeding the usually controlled by faders instead of knobs.
loudspeaker. Excessive feedback results in
ground – The point of zero voltage in a circuit
unpleasant, screaming sounds usually at
or electrical system.
particular, high frequencies.

Page 38 Avalon Vt-747sp Operation Manual

 AVA L O N DESIGN Glossary

ground loop – A condition that exists in an mix. Several mono sources, however, can be
improper grounding situation, whereby a DC panned into a stereo (or at least two-channel)
current differential exists between one signal mix.
path and another, resulting in a 50Hz or 60Hz
hum. mono – short for monaural.

headroom – The difference between nominal noise – Unwanted sounds. Hum, buzz or
operating level and peak clipping in an audio hiss; could be crosstalk or digital hiss.
system.
noise floor – The residual level of noise in
hertz – The unit of measure for frequency of any system. The lower the noise floor and the
oscillation, equal to 1 cycle per second. higher the headroom, the more usable
Abbreviated Hz. kHz is an abbreviation for dynamic range a system has.
kilohertz, or 1000 Hertz.

impedance – The opposition of current flow overload – The distortion that occurs when
in a circuit. an applied signal exceeds a system’s
maximum input level.
knee – A sharp bend in an EQ response
curve. Also used in describing dynamic parametric EQ – A parametric EQ allows
processors. continuous control of each of the three
primary EQ parameters (frequency, gain and
line level – A signal level that is referenced to bandwidth) independently.
either +4dB (professional) of –10dB (semi-
pro/consumer). passive EQ - A filter topology similar to early
mastering – The processing and transfer of a equalizer designs (such as pultec) where
final, sequenced or mixed audio tape to a passive components (capacitors) are only used
medium for duplication. to filter the signal. In a passive EQ, amplifiers are
only used as make-up gain devices. The
mixdown – The process in which the capacitors used to filter the signal are not
separate audio tracks of a multiple track incorporated in the active feedback stage of the
recording are combined, balanced, and circuit. Passive EQ’s have a distinctively smooth
routed through the recording console. During and musical sound.
mixdown, volume, tone, special effects and
spatial positioning can be artistically set by peak amplitude – The maximum instantaneous
the engineer to create a stereo or surround amplitude of a signal.
sound mix that is then recorded to a master
recording device, such as a DAT recorder.

monaural – Confined to a signal channel.

One microphone is a mono pickup; many
microphones mixed to one channel is a mono

Avalon Vt-747sp Operation Manual Page 39

Glossary AVA L O N DESIGN

phase – The degree of progression in the an equalizer to be inserted into the

cycle of a wave, where one complete cycle is compressor drive electronics.
360 degrees. Phase is measured in degrees
of a cycle and will result in audible variations shelving filter – A rise or drop in frequency
of a combined signal’s amplitude and overall response at a selected frequency that tapers
frequency response. off to a preset level and continues at the level
to the end of the audio spectrum.
phase shift – The difference in degrees of
phase angle between corresponding points spectral control - The use of a side chain in
on two waves. a compressor to compress selected
frequencies of a musical program. One
potentiometer (pot) – A rotary gain, pan, or example of spectral control is removing the
other type of continuously variable signal “sss” sounds of a vocal (de-essing).
control.
preamplifier - A piece of equipment that sweep EQ – An equalizer that allows you to
boosts the signal level so that the signal "sweep" or continuously vary the frequency of
operates at a higher and more desired level one or more sections.
enabling greater frequency and dynamic
range. unbalanced – An electrical circuit in which
the two legs of the circuit are not balanced
release time – Once compression has begun, with respect to ground. Unbalanced circuit
the time taken for the attenuated signal to return connections require only two conductors
to 63% of its original (unprocessed) level. (signal "hot" and ground). Unbalanced audio
circuitry is less expensive to build, but under
resistance – The opposition to the flow of certain circumstances is more susceptible to
DC current in a wire or circuit. noise. An unbalanced audio cable has only
one conductor plus a surrounding shield, in
ribbon microphone – A microphone that which the shield is at ground potential. The
uses a diaphragm of extremely thin, conductor and the shield carry the signal.
aluminum ribbon suspended in a strong field
of magnetic flux. As sound-pressure volume – Electrical or sound level in an audio
variations displace the metal diaphragm in system.
accordance with air-particle velocity, the
ribbon cuts across the magnetic lines of flux. waveform – A graph of a signal’s sound
This induces a current in the ribbon of pressure or voltage level versus time.
proportional amplitude and frequency to the
acoustic waveform.

side chain - A function on a compressor

where a specified frequency range is
compressed more than the overall musical
program. Many compressors have a jack for

Page 40 Avalon Vt-747sp Operation Manual