Standard Fixed Point Temperatures

Temperature Measurement

Prof. Dr. M. Zahurul Haq

zahurul@me.buet.ac.bd
http://teacher.buet.ac.bd/zahurul/

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology

ME 361: Instrumentation & Measurement

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Prof. Dr. M. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Temperature Measurement ME 361 1 / 25 Prof. Dr. M. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Temperature Measurement ME 361 2 / 25

Temperature Measurement by Mechanical Effects Temperature Measurement by Mechanical Effects

Liquid-in-glass Thermometer

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Inexpensive, simple, portable & no need for additional indicator.
High heat capacity =) time lag exists.
Not suitable for distant reading.
Not suitable for surface temperature measurement.
Alcohol is limited to low-temperature measurements. Its high
coefficient of expansion makes it more sensitive.
Mercury cannot be used below its freezing point of 37:8o C . Its
upper limit is usually 315o C , but it may be extended to 540o C by e590.eps
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filling gas filling above the mercury.

Prof. Dr. M. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Temperature Measurement ME 361 3 / 25 Prof. Dr. M. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Temperature Measurement ME 361 4 / 25
 Temperature Measurement by Mechanical Effects Temperature Measurement by Mechanical Effects

Reading in Liquid-in-Glass Thermometer Bimetallic Strip Thermometer

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Temperature Measurement by Mechanical Effects Temperature Measurement by Thermoelectric Effects

Thermocouple

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Low cost, negligible maintenance & longer stable operation. Seebeck EMF: is generated when heat is applied to the junction
Good resistance to mechanical shock. of two dissimilar metals.
Close linearity within temperature range ( 30 ! 550o C). Peltier EMF: While measuring, Seebeck emf may be slightly
Compact, low thermal inertia and reduced lag. altered due to Peltier emf caused by the current flow.
Accuracty 1-2% of the scale range.
Thomson EMF: results from a temperature gradients in metals.
Widely used as on-off temperature-control device, thermostat.
Also used for measuring ambient and oven temperatures. Usually, Peltier and Thomson emfs are negligible in the circuit.
Prof. Dr. M. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Temperature Measurement ME 361 7 / 25 Prof. Dr. M. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Temperature Measurement ME 361 8 / 25
Temperature Measurement by Thermoelectric Effects Temperature Measurement by Thermoelectric Effects

Law of Interior Temperature Law of Inserted Material

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The thermocouple is unaffected by hot spots along the The thermocouple is unaffected by the presence of the inserted
thermoelement and the reading is only a function of T1 and T0 material and any local hot spot

Prof. Dr. M. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Temperature Measurement ME 361 9 / 25 Prof. Dr. M. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Temperature Measurement ME 361 10 / 25

Temperature Measurement by Thermoelectric Effects Temperature Measurement by Thermoelectric Effects

Law of Intermediate Materials Laws of Intermediate Temperatures

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Junction pairs at T1 and T3 produce the same voltage as two sets
As there is no thermal gradient across the new thermoelectric of junction pairs spanning the same temperature range (T1 to T2
junctions then the presence of the inserted material does not and T2 to T3 ; therefore V13 = V12 + V23
contribute to the net emf produced by the thermocouple
Prof. Dr. M. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Temperature Measurement ME 361 11 / 25 Prof. Dr. M. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Temperature Measurement ME 361 12 / 25
Temperature Measurement by Thermoelectric Effects Temperature Measurement by Thermoelectric Effects

Thermocouple Temperature Measurement Circuits Thermopile Arrangement

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Thermopile, a multiple-junction thermocouple circuit, is used to

amplify the output of the circuit.
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Temperature Measurement by Thermoelectric Effects Temperature Measurement by Thermoelectric Effects

Thermocouples Arranged in Parallel Thermocouple Based System

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When a spatially averaged temperature is desired, multiple

thermocouple junctions arranged in parallel are used. e616.eps

Prof. Dr. M. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Temperature Measurement ME 361 15 / 25 Prof. Dr. M. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Temperature Measurement ME 361 16 / 25
Temperature Measurement by Thermoelectric Effects Temperature Measurement by Thermoelectric Effects

Standard Thermocouple Compositions Resistance Thermometry

The essential elements required in precise resistance thermometry are a

resistor properly mounted & protected, a means for measuring its
resistance, and a relation between resistance and temperature.
(
Ro (1 +haT + bT 2 )i


RTD
R =
Ro exp  T1 1
To


Thermistor

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Temperature Measurement by Thermoelectric Effects Temperature Measurement by Thermoelectric Effects

Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD) Thermistor Examples

Platinum RTD is used as an interpolation standard from oxygen point

( 182:96o C ) to the antimony point (630:74o C )

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(a) Cylindrical PRT with wire set in grooves. (b) Bifilar wound
coil. (c) Multi-bore alumina tubing support. (d) Flat pack. (e)
Thin-film PRT. e618.eps
Prof. Dr. M. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Temperature Measurement ME 361 19 / 25 Prof. Dr. M. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Temperature Measurement ME 361 20 / 25
Temperature Measurement by Thermoelectric Effects Temperature Measurement by Thermoelectric Effects

IC Temperature Sensor

A recent innovation is the ic temperature transducer.

Available in both voltage & current sensitive configurations. Both
supply an output that is linearly proportional to the absolute
temperature.
Used widely in on/off or alarm point control.

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Typical semiconductor temperature sensor packaging. (a) TO99

can. (b) TO-92 plastic moulding. (c) DIP plug e456.eps

Prof. Dr. M. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Temperature Measurement ME 361 21 / 25 Prof. Dr. M. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Temperature Measurement ME 361 22 / 25

Miscellaneous Thermal Measurements Miscellaneous Thermal Measurements

Blackbody Radiation Optical Pyrometer

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 Miscellaneous Thermal Measurements

Heat Flux Measurement

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Slug-type Foil-type

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Thin-film type
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