Adhd
Adhd
Adhd
These are strategies designed to occur across and between school, health care provider and home.
Many children with ADHD do not require special education and related services but do require
specific adaptations and accommodations to their general education program.
Each student with ADHD is an individual with unique characteristics. Effective educational programs
are based on individual student’s behavioral and academic needs rather than on presumed
characteristics of the group of individuals with ADHD. Realistic expectations should be set for each
student, and those interventions and strategies that will allow the student the best chance of success
should be implemented.
These strategies can be used with any student who is demonstrating a behavior listed in column “area
of concern”.
AREA OF CONCERN INTERVENTIONS
Teacher / Student Match ►Seek a good fit between students’ learning
style and teacher’s style.
►Assign student to structured but flexible
teachers.
►Develop daily/weekly journal.
Parent/ Student /Teacher
►Maintain parent / student school contacts.
Communications
►Notify parents immediately of missing or in
complete assignments.
►Provide daily or weekly progress reports.
►Use email for homework assignments
►Provide set of texts for home use if student has
trouble remembering to bring books home for
schoolwork.
►Schedule periodic parent meetings.
Staff Communications ►Identify staff resources & resource staff.
►Schedule team meetings as necessary.
Instructional Day/Class Schedule ►Allow student more passing time.
►Alternate lessons/classes that require greater
auditory attention with those that are more
visual or active.
►Modify class schedule.
►Schedule more demanding classes earlier in
the day.
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AREA OF CONCERN INTERVENTIONS
►Allow student 5 minutes at end of class to
Difficulty sequencing and completing steps organize books, paper etc.
to specific tasks ( writing a book report, term paper, ► Break up task into workable and obtainable
organized paragraphs, division problems ) steps.
► Color code student’s materials to help
student keep organized.
► Have a more organized student take notes
on carbon paper or duplicate his/her notes.
► Provide examples and specific steps to
accomplish task.
► Show organization is important by
modeling it.
Need for reinforcers. ► Increase frequency of rewards and fines.
► Provide access to rewards several times a
day.
► Use token systems.
► Increase immediacy of consequences
► Increase magnitude or power of rewards.
► Have parents send in preferred toys or
games.
► Have computer games/activities for reward.
► Use homebased reward programs.
Shifting from one uncompleted activity to ► Define the requirements of a completed
another without closure. activity ( e.g. Your math is finished when all six
problems are complete and corrected. Do not
begin on the next task until your math is
finished.)
Difficulty following through on ► Gain student’s attention before giving
instructions from others. instructions.
► Use both oral and written instructions.
► Give one instruction at a time. Quietly
repeat directions to the student after they have
been given to the rest of the class.
Check for understanding by having the
student repeat the instructions.
► Place general methods of operation and
expectations on charts displayed around the
room and / or on sheets to be included in
student’s notebook.
Difficulty prioritizing from most to least ►Prioritize assignments and activities.
important. ►Provide a model to help students.
►Post priority model and refer to it often.
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AREA OF CONCERN INTERVENTIONS
► Arrange for student to have a “study
Difficulty completing assignments buddy” with phone # in each subject area.
► List and / or post all steps necessary to
complete each assignment.
► Make frequent checks for work/assignment
completion.
► Reduce the assignment into manageable
sections with specific due dates.
► Use calendar to plan longterm
assignments.
► Use daily or weekly assignment sheets or
notebook.
Difficulty sustaining effort and accuracy ► Decrease work load to fit child’s attention
overtime. capacity:
#Smaller quotas for productivity.
#More frequent but shorter work periods.
#Lower accuracy quotas that increase over
time with child’s success.
#Don’t send unfinished class work home.
#Eliminate high appeal distracters.
#Accept a reasonable limit to the amount of
time the student will spend each night on
homework.
►Develop discrete cues to let student know
when she/he is off task.
►Increase the frequency of positive
reinforcement and encouragement.
►Reduce assignment length and strive for
quality rather than quantity.
►See if student benefits from cooperative
learning groups or peer tutoring.
►Teach problem solving behavior and time
management strategies.
►Set time limits for work completion.
►Use timer if possible for external time
references.
►Use tape recorded prompts.
►Combine seeing, saying, writing, and doing;
Difficulty with any task that requires student may need to subvocalize to remember.
memory. ► Teach memory techniques as a study
strategy (e.g. mnemonics, visualization, oral
rehearsal, numerous repetitions.)
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AREA OF CONCERN INTERVENTIONS
Confusion from nonverbal cues (misreads ► Model and have student practice reading
body language, etc.) nonverbal cues in a safe setting.
► Directly teach / tell what nonverbal cues
mean.
Difficulty with taking tests. ► Allow extra time for test taking.
►Teach test taking skills and strategies.
►Allow oral and or untimed tests.
►Allow student to type tests or use word
processor.
► Give more “wait time”.
► Permit breaks during tests.
► Use clear, readable, and uncluttered test
forms.
► Use test format with which student is most
comfortable. Allow ample space for student
response. Have lined answer spaces for essay
or short answer questions.
► When impulsivity on multiple choice tests
means the student will not read all choices,
have the student eliminate all incorrect
responses, rather than choose one correct
answer.
Confusion from spoken material, lectures ►Allow peers to share notes from
and audio visual material (difficulty finding presentation. (Have student compare own notes
main idea from presentation, attributes greater with copy of peer notes.)
importance to minor details.) ► Encourage use of tape recorder.
► Provide framed outlines of presentations.
(Introducing visual and auditory cues to important
information.)
► Provide student with copy of presentation
notes.
► Teach and emphasize key words. (The
following, the most important etc.)
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AREA OF CONCERN INTERVENTIONS
Difficulty with fluency in handwriting (e.g. ►Allow alternate methods of production;
good letter/word production but very slow and scribe, computer, oral presentation etc.
laborious.) ►Allow for shorter assignments (quality vs.
quantity.)
Poor handwriting (often mixing cursive & ►Allow for a scribe, guide for content, not
manuscript & capitals with lower case letters.) handwriting.
►Allow use of a computer/word processor.
►Consider alternative methods for student
response (e.g. tape recorder, oral reports, etc.)
►Allow student to mix cursive and manuscript
(allow any method of production).
Difficulty sustaining attention to tasks or ►Avoid open classroom settings.
other activities (easily distracted by extraneous ►Create a structured environment with
stimuli.) predictable routines.
►Sit the student close to teacher.
►Post class rules in prominent place.
►Prepare a stimulireduced area available to
all students e.g. a study carrel, cubicle, or stall.
►Reward attention. Break up activities into
small units.
►Reward for timely accomplishments.
►Seat at individual desks rather than tables.
►Consider use of individual headphones to
play soft music to block other auditory
distracters. Introduce headphones as a
privilege or pair appropriate use with
reinforcement.
►Seat away from auditory distractions such
as heaters, fans, airconditioners, etc.
►Seat near appropriate student role models.
►Seat where most visual distractions are
behind student.
►Surround by model students.
►Use proximity & touch to cue attention.
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AREA OF CONCERN INTERVENTIONS
Confusion from written
►Provide advance organizers such as maps,
material(difficulty finding main from a
charts, outlines etc.
paragraph, finds greater importance in minor
►Provide outline of important points from
details.)
reading material.
►Provide tape of text / chapter.
►Teach outlining, main idea/details concept.
Poorly developed study skills. ►Student can be part of cooperative study
group that composes unit study guides or
questions for class.
►Teach study skills specific to subject:
assignment calendar, test book reading, note
takingmappingskimmingsummarizing.
►Use analogies, metaphors, outlines and
mapping strategies.
Difficulty participating in class without ►Reward appropriate behaviorcatch student
being disruptive; difficulty working quietly. being good.
►Seat student in close proximity to teacher.
►Use study carrel if appropriate.
►Arrange for peer helper for organizing.
Frequent messiness or sloppiness; ►Assist student to keep materials in a specific
poor organization. place.
►Repeat expectations as necessary.
►Give reward points for notebook checks and
proper paper format.
►Be sure student has daily, weekly, and
assignment sheets; list of materials needed
daily and consistent format for written work.
► Have a consistent way for students to turn
in and receive back papers.
►Use graph paper for handwriting and math
problems.
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AREA OF CONCERN INTERVENTIONS
►Allow use of calculators as appropriate.
Poor self monitoring (careless errors in ►Have student proofread work when it is
spelling, math, & reading.) “cold”.
►Teach specific methods of selfmonitoring,
e.g. stoplooklisten.
►Use checklists when necessary outline
directions, steps, or procedures to be followed.
Frequent fidgeting with hands, feet, or ►Allow alternative movement when possible.
objects; squirming in seat. ►Break tasks down to small increments and
give frequent positive reinforcement for
accomplishments. (Squirming & fidgeting is
often due to frustration.)
Inappropriate responses in class often ►Seat student in close proximity to teacher for
blurted out; answers given to questions before visual and physical monitoring.
they have been completed. ►State behavior that you want .
Difficulty remembering to follow rules.
►Provide cards on desk with rules for
individual desk work.
►Periodically ask child to restate rules.
►Teach child to use selfinstruction during
work.
►Have child recite rules to other children
before work period.
►Provide posters with rules for various work
periods.
►Use tape recorder cues or reminders.
Apparent inattention (underactive, day ►Attempt to involve student actively in lesson.
dreaming, “not there.”) ►Get student’s attention before giving
directions, tell student how to pay attention.
( “Look at me while I talk; watch my eyes while I
speak”.)
►Ask student to repeat directions.
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AREA OF CONCERN INTERVENTIONS
Agitation under pressure & ►Put stress on effort & enjoyment for self,
competition. (Athletic or academic.) rather than competition with others.
►Minimize timed activities; structure class for
team effort & cooperation.
Difficulty remaining seated or in a
►Give student frequent opportunities to get
particular position when required.
up and move around.
►Allow/provide space for movement.
Inappropriate seeking of attention. ►Catch when appropriate & reinforce that
(Clowns around exhibits loud, excessive or “good” behavior.
exaggerated movement as attentionseeking ►Provide conflict resolution activities or
behavior, interrupts, interferes with other training.
students’ activities, teases others.) ►Provide social skills training.
►Show studentmodelhow to get another
person’s attention appropriately.
►Avoid lengthy reasoning with student over
misbehavior.
►Make sure student is called upon when it is
Frequent/excessive talking. appropriate and reinforce listening.
►Teach student hand signals and use to tell
student when to and when not to speak.
►Give time limit for small units of work with
Poor use of time (staring off into space, positive reinforcement for accurate completion
doodling, not working on assigned task.) ►Teach “reminder cues” (touch on shoulder,
hand signal etc.)
►Tell your expectation of what it means to
pay attention. “You look like your paying
attention when………..”
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AREA OF CONCERN INTERVENTIONS
Difficulty making transitions (from ►Allow extra time for student to organize
activity to activity or class to class). books & papers from last class before
Takes an excessive amount of time to beginning next class.
find school supplies, gives up, refuses to leave ►Allow student to leave class early to go to
previous task, appears agitated during change. his/her locker for supplies before hallways
become crowded and distracting.
►Arrange for an organized “peer helper.”
►Have specific locations for all materials
(pencils pouches, tabs in notebooks etc.)
►Program student for transitions. Give
advance warning of when a transition is going
to take place (“Now we are completing the
worksheet; next we will…….”) and the
expectations for the transitions ( “…and you
will need.)
►Specifically name and display lists of
materials needed until a routine is possible.
List steps necessary to complete each
assignment.
►Allow opportunities for the student to show
Frequent self putdowns, poor personal
his/her strengths.
care and posture, negative comments about
►Give positive recognition.
self and others, low selfesteem.
►Help student identify and develop strengths
and affinities.
►Train student for selfmonitoring, reinforce
improvements, teach selfquestioning
strategies. ( “What am I doing? How is that going
to affect others?”)
Frequent involvement in high risk/ ►Stress “StopLookListen” strategies.
dangerous activities without considering ►Anticipate dangerous situations & plan.
possible consequences. ►Pair with responsible peer. (Rotate peer
helpers so they don’t wear out.)
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AREA OF CONCERN INTERVENTIONS
Inappropriate behaviors in a team or large ►Give student a responsible job ( e.g. team
group sport or athletic activity (difficulty waitng captain, care & distribution of equipment, score
turn in games or group situations.) keeping, etc.); consider a leadership role.
►Have student in close proximity to teacher.
►Provide / Plan for positive attention.
Poor adult interactions; defies authority; ►Talk with student individually about the
constantly seeks adult approval; clings. inappropriate behavior (What you are doing
is……………. A bettor way of getting what you
need or want is ………………….
►Teach self monitoring activity to student.
Difficulty using unstructured time—recess, ►Allow student to assist custodian or work in
hallways, lunch room, library. Assembly. cafeteria , assist librarian, office aide, or to do
helpful errands for teachers.
►Allow student to eat lunch with a friend
away from the cafeteria area, and in a quiet
less stimulating environment.
►Encourage participation in group games.
►Provide student with a definite purpose
during unstructured activities ( /The purpose of
going to the library is to find & check
out…………………the purpose of…………………
is to…………………
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