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The Bones

TYPES OF BONES AND THIER

LOCATION

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 Types of Bones

1) Long bones – bones of the upper and lower arms

and legs as well as the metacarpals and
metatarsals.
2) flat bones – sternum, ribs, scapulae, cranium
3) short bones – carpals and tarsals
4) irregular bones – vertebrae
5) sesamoid bones – patellae

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 Skeletal Divisions

1) Axial skeleton – skull, sternum, ribs, and vertebrae

(including sacrum)
2) Appendicular skeleton – bones of the pectoral and
pelvic girdles and of the arms, legs, wrists, hands,
ankles, and feet.

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 Figure 7.3 a Frontal (coronal) suture Sphenoid
Parietal bone bone

Squamosal Frontal bone

(temporal)
suture
Occipital
(lamdoidal) Nasal bone
suture
Zygomatic
bone
Occipital
bone Maxilla

Temporal bone
Mandible
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Important: the mastoid process (important site for attachment of

muscles such as the sternocleidomastoid), the external acoustic
meatus (opening into the parts of the ear), the articulation of the
temporal bone and mandible ( the TMJ), and the zygomatic arch, all
on the temporal bone.

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 Temporal Bone

External acoustic
meatus

Zygomatic
process (arch)
Styloid process
Mastoid process
5

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 Tempero-mandibular Joint

TMJ disorder –
inflammation which causes
pain, stiffness.

TMJ disorder usually occurs in young people and disappears as the

bones mature. In older adults it results mostly from teeth grinding and
clenching and can be corrected with behavior adaptation or oral
appliances.

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 Parietal bones

Sagittal (longitudinal)
suture

Wormian (sutural) bones

Lambdoidal suture

Occipital bone 7

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 Frontal
bone

Nasal bones

Perpendicular Zygomatic
plate of ethmoid
bone
Maxilla
Nasal conchae
Mandible

Note the nasal bones only make up a small portion of the bridge of the
nose, most of the external nose is cartilage. And most of the nasal
cavity is composed of parts of the ethmoid bone.

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 Ethmoid Bone

Cribriform Crista galli

plate

Ethmoid sinuses

Perpendicular
plate

The cribriform plate allows the nerves for smell to pass from the
olfactory receptors in the nasal mucosa to the olfactory bulb of the brain
which lies directly above.

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 Crista
Cribriform plate galli

Frontal bone

Sphenoid bone

Temporal
Sella turcica bone

Occipital bone
10

Note the upper part of the ethmoid bone in the floor of the cranial cavity.
The sella turcica houses the pituitary gland.

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 Medial View of Nasal Cavity

Ethmoid bone
Nasal bone
Sella turcica

Nasal
Sphenoid sinus
cartilage

Vomer bone
Maxilla
Palatine bone
11

Bones seen here which contribute to the boundaries of the nasal cavity:
sphenoid bone, ethmoid bone, vomer bone, palatine bone,
palatine process of the maxilla.

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 Lateral Wall of Nasal Cavity

Ethmoid bone Nasal bone

Sella turcica
Nasal
Sphenoid sinus conchae

Palatine bone Maxilla

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The nasal conchae increase the surface area for the air to pass across
the mucosa and be warmed and moistened.

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 Sphenoid Bone

Sella turcica – contains the

pituitary gland

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Sometimes called the “bat-shaped bone”

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 Paranasal Sinuses

Frontal sinus
Ethmoid air
cells

Sphenoid
sinus

Maxillary
sinus

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 Frontal sinus
Sphenoid sinus

Ethmoid air
cells

Maxillary sinus

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Sinuses must drain from one to another and into the nasal cavity to
maintain open passages for equilibration of pressure. When the mucosa
swells and pressure is unable to equilibrate sinus pain ensues.

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Foramen Occipital
magnum condyles

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 The Atlas (C1)
Articulation of
occipital condyles

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The occipital condyles sit atop the articular surfaces of the atlas
producing a condylar joint which allows flexion and extension of the
head.

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 The Axis (C2)

Dens (odontoid
process)

Spinous process
(spine)

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The atlas and head rotates around the odontoid process of the axis.

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Cervical vertebrae = C1-C7

Thoracic = T1-T12
Lumbar = L1-L5.
Sacrum = 5 fused
Coccyx = 3 to 5 fused
Exaggerated thoracic curvature = kyphosis
Exaggerated lumbar curvature = lordosis
Exaggerated lateral curvature = scoliosis

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 Thoracic Vertebra 20

Parts to know: body, vertebral foramen, vertebral arch, lamina (part of

the arch), transverse process, spinous process (spine).

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Many of the vertebral ligaments are elastic to provide flexibility. The

intervertebral disks are fibrocartilage, but with variations between the
nucleus pulposus in the center and the annulus fibrosus around the
outer edge.

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The nucleus pulposus (pulpy center) acts to absorb shock, while the
annulus fibrosus (fibrous ring) holds the disk in place. Uneven
pressure placed on the disk from improper lifting, etc. can cause the
nucleus to rupture through the fibrous ring, called a herniated disk.
This can put pressure on the nearby nerve roots, causing pain.
Removal of a portion of the lamina (laminectomy) is sometimes done
to relieve pressure on the spinal nerves when a disk herniates.

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 The Sacrum
(dorsal view)

Location of
sacroiliac joint

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Figure 7.18

Nerve roots pass through the foramina between the processes of the 5
vertebrae which have fused to produce the sacrum.

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Note the three bones of the sternum: the manubrium, the body (or
gladiolus), and the xiphoid process. The xiphoid process usually
remains cartilaginous. Ten of the twelve pair of ribs attach to cartilages,
the costal cartilages, which attach to the sternum.

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 Acromion process Clavicle Sternum

Head of humerus
Greater tubercle
Coracoid process
Bicipital groove
Scapula
Lesser tubercle
Glenoid fossa

Humerus

Figure 7.2225

The shoulder is movable due to flexible fibrous joints between the

scapula and clavicle and bony support is minimal. Because of this a
muscle group called the rotator cuff as well as other muscles are the
main support for the shoulder.

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 Supraspinous fossa
Acromion
Spine of
scapula Glenoid fossa

Infraspinous fossa

Subscapular
fossa
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Muscles pass through the fossas above and below the scapular spine,
as well as the fossa on its anterior surface. These muscles are part of
the rotator cuff.

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 Left Shoulder, Ant. View

glenoid fossa
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Notice the shallowness of the glenoid fossa. For this reason it requires
muscular support in the form of the rotator cuff. Also note the dark
“space” in the radiograph where the soft tissues are located.

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The distal end of the humerus has two important processes: the
capitulum which articulates with the head of the radius, and the
trochlea which articulates with the trochlear notch of the ulna.

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The joint formed by articulation of the radius with the capitulum is a

pivot joint which allows rotation of the radius to produce supination
and pronation of the hand. The joint between the trochlea and
trochlear notch is a hinge joint which permits flexion and extension of
the elbow.

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Note the nomenclature of the metacarpals and phalanges.

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The pelvic bone is properly terms the os coxae or coxal bone (don’t
confuse it with the coccyx) and is comprised of three separate bones.

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The three coxal bones unite at the acetabulum (acetabular fossa)

which is the socket for the hip.

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 Ilium Hip Joint Radiograph

Head of the femur

Pubis

Acetabular fossa
Femur
Ischium
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The hip has much more structural support through the deep socket of
the acetabulum.

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The distal end of the femur has the condyles, which articulate with the
condyles of the tibia at the knee joint. Note the patellar surface of the
tibia which articulates with the patella.

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