Minerals by Class

MINERALS BY CLASS
SILICATES HALIDES TUNGSTATES ELEMENTS PHOSPHATES/

/ VANADINATES/
aegirine (7) chlorargyrite (4) antimony (3)
MOLYBDATES ARSENATES
analcime (2) fluorite (15) bismuth (3)
crocoite (3) annabergite (6)
andalusite (3) halite (6) gold (6)
ferberite (3) apatite (6)
andradite (3) salammoniac (4) silver (8)
scheelite (3) autunite (3)
apophyllite (4) sulfur (2)
wulfenite (19) brazilianite (5)
augite (2)
carnotite (3)
babingtonite (3)
CARBONATES OXIDE / clinoclase (5)
benitoite (3)
HYDROXIDE collinsite (3)
ankerite (6)
beryl (6)
atacamite (2) cornetite (4)
aragonite (2)
boltwoodite (4)
bixbyite (5) cornubite (2)
artinite (4)
cavansite (3)
brookite (4) eosphorite (3)
azurite (16)
chrysocolla (4)
cassiterite (4) erythrite (3)
bastnasite (4)
cuprosklodowskite
chalcotrichite francevillite (3)
(5) calcite (25)
(7)
cerussite (3) koettigite (6)
danburite (4)
chrysoberyl (3)
dolomite (11) lazulite (6)
datolite (4)
corundum (2)
kutnohorite (2) legrandite (4)
diopside (8)
cryptomelane
magnesite (5) libethenite (5)
dioptase (9) (5)
malachite (6) mimetite (4)
epidote (2) cuprite (3)
rhodochrosite olivenite (4)
eudialyte (3) goethite (3)
(5) phurcalite (3)
feldspar (14) hausmannite (3)
rosasite (5) purpurite (3)
ferroAxinite (4) hematite (15)
siderite (6) pyromorphite (4)
grossular (7) latrappite (3)
smithsonite (13) roselite (4)
hemimorphite (6) limonite (4)
strontianite (3) scholzite (3)
heulandite (8) magnetite (2)
skutterudite (3)
hornblende (3) pseudobrookite
SULFOSALTS
(6) strengite (3)
ilvaite (3)
anglesite (6)
pyrolusite (6) svanbergite (4)
Inesite (5)
anhydrite (3) torbernite (2)
joaquinite (3) rutile (11)
barite (8)
spinel (4) vanadinite (25)
kinoite (3)
brochantite (4) variscite (4)
kyanite (4)
creedite (8) BORATES vivianite (3)
laumontite (3)
cyanotrichite (3) hilgardite (4) wardite (4)
mesolite (3)
ettringite (3) rhodizite (5) wavellite (3)
mica (21)
glauberite (2)
murmanite (3)
spangolite (3)
natrolite (3)
2
neptunite( 6)
nontronite (3)
okenite (2)
olivine (3)
opal (18)
piemontite (3)
prehnite (2)
quartz (4)
scolecite (3)
sillimanite (3)
spessartite (2)
staurolite (4)
stilbite (5)
titanite (3)
topaz (8)
tourmaline (13)
uranophane (6)
uvarovite (2)
uvite (4)
vesuvianite (3)
willemite (2)
zoisite (4)
3
Silicates
Name: aegirine (acmite)
Class: Silicates
Chemistry: Na Fe Si2O6 Sodium Iron Silicate
Color(s): Dark green, black Streak: pale yellow
Hardness: 6 SpecGrav: 3.5 - 3.6
Fracture: Uneven Cleavage: 2 good
Crystal: Monoclinic - often long prismatic, striated, sometimes acicular
Envronment: contact metamorphics
Association: albite, sodalite, barite, quartz,nepheline
Locals: | Greenland | Ak., Ca., Or., USA | Africa |

Named for Aegir, the Scandinavian God of the sea. The acmie name is
Misc: derived from the Greek "akme", meaning "point", which describes its
crystal shape.
4
5
Name: analcime (analcite)
Class: Silicates
Chemistry: Na[AlSi2O6] * H2O hydrous sodium aluminum silicate
Color(s): clear, white, gray, yellow, red, green
Hardness: 5 - 5.5 SpecGrav: 2.2 - 2.3
Fracture: conchoidal Cleavage: none
Crystal: Cubic (ikositetrahedrons or cubic forms common)

Occurs primarily in zeolite mineral groups, often in sodium rich basalts or
Envronment:
nepheline syenites. Structurally related to "feldspathoids"
Association: leucite, natrolite, stilbite, apophyllite, prehnite, chlorite, calcite
| Colorado, Michigan, New Jersey, USA | Sicily, Italian Alps | Tasmania |
Locals:
Nova Scotia |
Name is from the Greek "an alkimos" meaning "not strong", because it is
Misc:
weakly pyroelectric..
6
7
Name: andalusite
Class: Silicates
Chemistry: Al2SiO5 Aluminum Silicate
Color(s): red, brown, tan, olive green
Hardness: 6.5 - 7.5 SpecGrav: 3.13 - 3.16
Fracture: uneven Cleavage: perfect

Orthorhombic, often square in cross section with a distinguishing X in
Crystal:
cross section
Envronment: low pressure metamorphic rocks low in Ca and rich in Al.
Association: kyanite, sillimanite, cordierite, and corundum
Locals: | Calif., Penn., Mass. Maine, USA | Brazil | China | Spain | Italy | Australia |
The variety with the strong X-pattern is called "chiastolite", from the
Greek "chiastos", meaning "X-marked". The name, Andalusite, comes
Misc: from the Spanish local Andalusia. It is one of three polymorphs of
Aluminum Silicate, the other two being Sillimanite, and Kyanite. They are
related through their pressure and temperature of formation.
8
9
Name: andradite (garnet)
Class: Silicates
Chemistry: Ca3Fe2(SiO4)3
Color(s): yellow, brown, red-brown, black, greenish
Fracture: Brittle Cleavage: None
Crystal: Cubic - usually dodecahedrons or sometimes trapezohedrons.

occurs in granite pegmatites, in carbonatites, and in some contact
Envronment:
metamorphics
Association: albite, biotite, calcite, wollastonite, orthoclase, hedenbergite
Locals: | N.J., Ca., Nv., USA | Canada | England | Geermany |

Named for a Brazilian Mineralogist, d¹Andrada Silva. Part of the garnet
Misc: family of minerals and a close cousin to grossular. The green variety is
sometimes called Demantoid.
10
11
Name: apophyllite
Class: Silicates
KCa4(Si4O10)(F)*8 H2O hydrous calcium potassium (fluoro)
Chemistry:
silicate
Color(s): pale green, white, gray, reddish, clear, Streak: white
4.5 -
Hardness: SpecGrav: 2.3 - 2.4
5.0
Fracture: uneven Cleavage: perfect one direction
Crystal: tetragonal (often dipyramidal) may look cubic if non terminated
Envronment: cavities in basaltic rocks
Association: zeolites, prehnite, stilbite, analcite, scolecite
Locals: | Poona/India | New Jersey, Michigan/USA | Mexico |

from the Greek "apo" and "phyllon", meaning "off" - "leaf", because it
Misc:
flakes apart when heated in flame.
12
13
Name: augite
Class: Silicates
(Na,Ca,Mg,Fe2,Ti,Al)2[(AL,Si)2O6 mixed metal aluminum
Chemistry:
silicate
Color(s): green, black, brown, rarely colorless
Hardness: 5-6 SpecGrav: 3.2 - 3.6
Fracture: conchoidal Cleavage: incomplete

Monoclinic (often short prismatic) twinning and striations common - well
Crystal:
formed crystals are rare.
Envronment: found in nepheline syenite, and some carbonates.
Association: hornblende, feldspars, biotite, olivine

| Oregon, Colorado, New York, USA | Canada | Italy | Greenland | India |
Locals:
Pakistan |
Name comes from the Greek "augites", meaning "brightness" because of
Misc:
its bright, vitreous luster. Not affected by acids.
14
15
Name: babingtonite
Class: Silicates
Chemistry: Ca2Fe2Si5O14 OH
Color(s): Black
Hardness: 5 SpecGrav: 3.25-3.35
Fracture: uneven Cleavage: perfect- 2 directions
Crystal: triclinic, thick and tabular or short and prismatic

cavities and crevices in granite, and pegmatites and with zeolites in
Envronment:
altered basalts.
Association: epidote, quartz, prehnite
Locals: NJ, MS, C), USA / Sweden
Misc: named after the minerologist William Babington (1757-1833)
16
17
Name: benitoite
Class: Silicates
Chemistry: BaTi Si3O9 barium titanium silicate
Color(s): blue, purple, pink, white, clear streak: uncolored
Hardness: 6 - 6.5 SpecGrav: 3.6
Fracture: conchoidal Cleavage: indistinct

trigonal (pyramidal or tabular, usually flattened on c-axis and somewhat
Crystal:
triangular in shape)
Envronment: Two Locals San Benito Co. Calif. and Mont. St. Hilaire, Quebec, Canada
Association: neptunite, joaquinite, natrolite
Locals: | Calif., Texas (sand grains) , USA | Belgium (sand grains) |

Blue fluorescence under short wave UV. Strongly dichroic. Named after
Misc: the local (San Benito County) where it was first found (1907). This is the
only site on earth where it has been found in place.
18
19
Name: beryl
Class: Silicates
Chemistry: Be3Al2Si6O18
green (emerald), blue (aquamarine), yellow (golden), pink
Color(s):
(morganite), red, colorless
Hardness: 7.5-8 SpecGrav: 2.66-2.92
uneven-
Fracture: Cleavage: indistinct-one direction
conchoidal
hexagonal: crystals are common - usually six sided, maybe striated along
Crystal:
lengthwise.
Envronment: pegmatites and some metamorphic rocks.
Association: quartz, micas, almandine.,microcline,calcite, topaz, fluorite

NC, CA, NV, CO, New England, USA / Brazil / Columbia / China /
Locals:
Ireland/ Switzerland
Misc: the name come from the Greek, beryllos, indicating a green gemstone.
20
21
Name: boltwoodite (Nenadkevite)
Class: Silicates
Chemistry: KH(UO2)(SiO4) ¥ 1.5 H2O
Color(s): yellow or light yellow. Streak: white

3.5
Hardness: - SpecGrav: 3.6
4.0
Fracture: Cleavage: perfect 2 directions
Crystal: Monoclinic - Sphenoidal

alteration areas surriounding hydrated uranyl oxides; also in fractures at
Envronment:
some distance from primary uraninite.
Association:
Locals: | Ca., Ut., USA | England | South Africa | Namibia |

Named after Bertram Borden Boltwood of Yale University; who devised
Misc:
the U-->Pb method of measuring geologic time.
22
23
Name: cavansite
Class: Silicates
Ca(VO)(Si4O10) - 4 H2O hydrated calcium vanadium
Chemistry:
silicate
Blue (sometimes greenish but usually bright blue),
Color(s):
Streak:blue
Fracture: conchoidal Cleavage: perfect in one direction
Crystal: Orthorhombic (usually in radiating spherical clusters)
Envronment: usually formed in pockets in volcanic basalts
Association: stilbite, heulandite, apophyllite and other zeolites
Locals: | Poona/India | Oregon/USA |
Misc: Named after its composition of calcium, vanadium, and silicon.
24
25
Name: chrysocolla
Class: Silicates
Chemistry: Cu4(OH)8(Si4O10) * n H2O hydrated copper silicate
Color(s): blue, light blue, blue-green, greenish, Streak: greenish-white
Crystal: rhombic (seldom crystals, usually found amorphous, often globular)
Envronment: in the oxidized zone of copper deposits
Association: malachite, dioptase, azurite, cuprite

| Germany | England | USSR | Zaire | Arizona, New Mexico, Idaho/USA |
Locals:
Mexico | Chile |
soluble in HCl, from the Greek words "chrynos" and "kolla" which mean
Misc: "gold" and "glue". It was similar in color to a material used in gold
soldering in ancient times.
26
27
Name: cuprosklodowskite
Class: Silicates
Chemistry: Cu[(UO2)(SiO2OH)]2·6(H2O)
Color(s): greenish-yellow, light green
Hardness: 4.0 SpecGrav: 3.8
Fracture: Cleavage: good
Crystal: triclinic: acicular to radial needles
Envronment:
Association: sklodowskite, dioptase, uranophane,
Locals: | Zaire | England | France |
Misc: Named from its similar composition and affinity to Sklodowskite
28
29
Name: danburite
Class: Silicates
Chemistry: CaB2Si2O8 calcium borosilicate
Color(s): clear, white, brown, greenish, occasionally pale yellow
Fracture: conchoidal Cleavage: poor
Crystal: Orthorhombic large crystals common, prismatic with good termination

found in fissures, in Alpine crevices, contact metamorphic dolomites, and
Envronment:
hydrothermal sulfide veins.
Association: feldspar, calcite, dolomite, quartz, datolite, prehnite, pyrite
| Conn., New York, USA | Mexico | Bolivia | USSR | Japan | Germany |
Locals:
Switzerland |
Named for an original source location in Danbury Connecticut. It shows a
Misc:
green color in a flame test (boron), it is not particularly soluble in acids.
30
31
Name: datolite
Class: Silicates
Chemistry: CaB(SiO4)(OH) hydrous calcium borosilicate
Color(s): colorless, white, yellowish, green, rarely red or gray

uneven,
Fracture: Cleavage: none
conchoidal
monoclinic, short prismatic, thick tabular, and unusual porcelaneous
Crystal:
nodules from Michigan
Secondary mineral in basalt cavities, serpentinites, and sometimes with
Envronment:
zeolites.
prehnite, apophyllite, wollastonite, diopside, copper, quartz, stilbite,
Association:
heulandite
Locals: | New Jersey, Mich., USA | Germany | Italy | Norway |Australia | USSR|
The name is from the Greek "dateisthai", meaning "to divide", as it often
Misc: crumbles easily. Flame test is green, and it is slightly soluble in
Hydrochloric acid.
32
33
Name: diopside
Class: Silicates
Chemistry: CaMg(Si2O6) calcium magnesium silicate
Color(s): green, yellow, bronze, blue to violet, and sometimes clear.
Fracture: uneven Cleavage: complete
Crystal: monoclinic short columnar, tabular, often twinning
Envronment: contact metamorphics, marbles, and in calcium silicates.
Association: wollastonite, grossular garnets, chlorite, calcite, magnetite, mica

| Calif., Montana, USA | Sweden | Canada | Germany | India |USSR |
Locals:
Switzerland |
The name is from the Greek meaning "two views", referencing its two fold
monoclinic symmetry. Some of the material can be cabbed to form a cats-
Misc: eye stone. It is a member of the pyroxene solution series, hedenbergite
CaFe(Si2O6), johannsenite Ca(Mn,Fe)(Si2O6) and diopside
CaMg(Si2O6).
34
35
Name: dioptase
Class: Silicates
Chemistry: CuSiO2(OH)2 hydrous copper silicate
Color(s): green, blue, deep green , Streak: green
Hardness: 5.0 SpecGrav: 3.28 - 3.53
Fracture: conchoidal Cleavage: perfect in 3 directions
Crystal: hexagonal (often rhombohedral)
Envronment: formed in hydrothermal alteration zones
Association: malachite, azurite, chrysocolla, brochanite
Locals: | Chile | Congo | Namibia | Zaire | USSR | Arizona,California/USA |

From the Greek "diopteia", meaning "to see through", most small crystals
Misc: are transparent with many small cleavage fractures. It was first mistaken
for emerald.
36
37
Name: epidote
Class: Silicates
Ca2(Al,Fe)Al2O(SiO4)(Si2O7)(OH) hydrous calcium iron
Chemistry:
aluminum silicate
Color(s): green, yellow, gray, Streak: gray
Fracture: conchoidal Cleavage: complete
Crystal: monoclinic (typically elongated columns)
Envronment: metamorphics, pegmatites, in felsec igneous rocks containing calcium
Association: actinolite, idocrase, augite, hornblende, apatite, quartz

| Austria | Bulgaria | France | USSR | Norway | Texas, Michigan,
Locals:
California/USA |
The name from the Greek words "epi" and "didonai", "to give"-"over",
Misc: apparently in reference to one side being larger than the others in many
crystals.
38
39
Name: eudialyte
Class: Silicates
Na4(Ca,Ce)2(Fe,Mn,Y)ZrSi8O22(OH,Cl)2 Complex
Chemistry:
Zirconium Silicate
Color(s): Brown, red-brown, reddish, pink
Fracture: uneven Cleavage: Indistinct
Crystal: Trigonal, rhombohedral, often tabular or often in massive forms.
Envronment: Forms in coarse grained igneous rocks. Chiefly in nepheline - syenites
Association: microcline, aegirine, nepheline
Locals: | Montana, Arkansas, USA | Canada | Norway | Ireland | USSR |
Misc: It is easily dissolved in acids.
40
41
Name: feldspar
Class: Silicates
Chemistry: (K,Na)AlSi3O8 - Ca(Na)Al2Si2O8 Metal AluminoSilicates

white, bluish, gray, pink, blue, green, yellowish, brown,
Color(s):
reddish
Fracture: uneven Cleavage: two directions
Crystal: Monoclinic (orthoclase), triclinic (microcline), triclinic (albite,anorthite)

potassium rich feldspars (Orthoclase group) are important parts of rock
forming minerals, granite, granite pegmatites, carbonatites, and hornfels.
Envronment:
Calcium rich feldspars (plagioclase group) are also important rock
forming minerals, gabbro, nepheline syenites, schists, and hornfels.
Association: quartz, mica, tourmaline, topaz, garnet,augite, calcite, zeolites
| Colorado,Calif., Virginia, N.H., Maine, USA | Brazil | Germany | Italy |
Locals:
USSR | Madagascar | Finland | Canada | Tanzania | Madagascar |
The generic term "feldspar" comes from the Germanic term "feldt spat",
meaning "mineral with prominent cleavage from the field". It was a prime
constituent of many of the rocks over turned by farmers while plowing
their fields. The feldspars are made up of three fundamental members and
a wide number of chemical mixtures. There is the potassium rich member
KAlSi3O8 (Orthoclase), the sodium rich member NaAlSi3O8 (albite), and
the calcium member CaAl2Si2O8 (anorthite). These three members make
up the vertices of a solid solution phase diagram. Orthoclase takes its
name from the Greek "orthos", meaning "upright" and "klasis" meaning
"fracture". This is due to its perfect right angle cleavage. The "albite"
member gets its name from the Latin "albus" which means "white"
illuding to its color. The calcium end member (anorthite) gets its name
from the Greek, "an-" (meaning a negative), and "orthos" meaning
Misc:
"upright", ie. "not-upright" cleavage. The sodium-rich (albite) and the
calcium-rich (anothite) form a continuous series of what is known as the
"plagioclase" feldspars. The ratios are as follows: Albite (100) -
Anorthite( 0) Albite Albite ( 90) - Anorthite( 10) oligoclase Albite ( 70) -
Anorthite( 30) andesine< Albite ( 30) - Anorthite( 70) labradorite Albite (
10) - Anorthite( 90) bytownite Albite ( 0) - Anorthite(100) Anorthite
"oligoclase" comes from the Greek "oligos", meaning "little" and "klasis"
meaning "fracture". "Andesine" is named for the after a locality in the
Andes, "Labradorite" is named for Labrador, and "Bytownite" is named
for the locality Bytown in Ottawa, Canada. "Orthoclase" composition has
a variety of different crystal structures based on their temperature of
formation. Adularia, sanadine, and microcline. The potassium-sodium
series are known as the "potash feldspars". The name "Andularia" comes
42
from a locality in Switzerland known as the Adula Mts., "Sanadine"
comes from the Greek "sanis" and "inos", which mean "tablet" and "like".
"like a tablet" from its tabular habit. "Microcline" comes from the Greek
"mikos" and "klinein" meaning "small" and "to incline". The green variety
of microcline is called "amozonite" and is often cut as a cabochon. The
Adularia variety is called "moonstone" in the gem trade, and has what is
described ad "adularescence" (a blue-white schiller effect.) There is also a
variety of plagioclase that shows this same effect and is known as
"moonstone" too. Labradorite may show what is called "labradorescence",
a bluish to yellow schiller effect. Labradorite is sometimes found in pale-
yellow, transparent crystals as is orthoclase, and both are cut into faceted
gemstones. When tiny hematite or goethite platelets are trapped in
feldspar it is known as Aventurine feldspar or "sunstone".
43
44
Name: ferroAuxinite
Class: Silicates
Ca2 Fe Al2 BO3 Si4O12 (OH) Boro-Calcium Iron
Chemistry:
AluminoSilicate
Color(s): Yellow, yellow-brown
6.5 -
Hardness: SpecGrav: 3.28
7.0
Fracture: Brittle Cleavage: 2 good, 2 poor
Crystal: Triclinic - often platy
Envronment:
Association:
Locals: | Russia |
Name from Iron and Axinite. A series mineral with an Iron rich end-
member and a Manganese rich end member. The name ³axinite² comes
Misc:
from the Greek ³axine² meaning axe, probably due to its rather distinctive
crystal form.
45
46
Name:
grossular Garnet (var
Hessonite)
Class: Silicates
Ca3Al2(SiO4)3 Calcium aluminum silicate (Hessonite contains
Chemistry:
some iron)
Color(s): honey, brown, brown-orange Streak: white
Crystal: isometric (icositetrahedron, dodecahedral etc.) often aggregates
Envronment: contact metamorphics,
Association: diopside, wollastonite, idocrase
Locals: | Kenya | South Africa | Italy | USSR | Canada | Mexico | Maine/USA |

The name Grossular comes from the Latin Grossulara (the name of
gooseberry fruit) which is the same color as the greenish variety of garnet.
Misc:
The name Hessonite comes from the Greek word meaning "less". Soluble
in hot sulfuric acid.
47
48
Name: hemimorphite
Class: Silicates
Chemistry: Zn4 Si2O7 (OH)2 · H2O
Color(s): Clear, white, brown, yellow brown streak: white
Fracture: conchoidal Cleavage: perfect
Crystal: Orthorhombic - Pyramidal - otten bladed or botryoidal
Envronment: develops at low temperatue in hydrothermal replacement deposits
Association: ,calcite, limonite, aurichalcite, smithsonite
Locals: | Mexico | England | NM, NJ, USA | Zambia |

Named after the hemimorphic nature of the crystals, it has different
Misc: terminations at each end. The ³hemi² means ³half² and the ³morph² means
³shape². It is also pyroelectric and piezoelectric.
49
50
Name: heulandite
Class: Silicates
(Na,K,Ca,Sr,Ba)5Al9Si27* 26 H2O zeolite - hydrous sodium
Chemistry:
calcium aluminum silicate
Color(s): red, orange, white, gray, Streak: white
3.5 -
4.0
Fracture: uneven Cleavage: perfect 1 direction
Crystal: monoclinic (often tabular "coffin" shaped crystals)
Envronment: in cavities in basaltic rocks, and sometime contact metamorphics.
Association: other zeolites, quartz, calcite
Locals: | Nova Scotia/Canada | Brazil | Iceland | New Jersey/USA | Norway |

it is one of the most open structured of the zeolite and capable of
Misc:
holding/trapping a number of large ions.
51
52
Name: hornblende
Class: Silicates
(Ca,Na,K)2-3(Mg,Fe,Al)5(SiAl)8O22(OH)2 Complex hydro-
Chemistry:
Silicate
Color(s): green, brown, black
Hardness: 5-6 SpecGrav: 3 - 3.4

Monoclinic (usually long prismatic, sometimes w/ diamond shaped cross-
Crystal:
section)
Envronment: a major rock-forming mineral, found in igneous and metamorphic rocks.
Association: augite,garnet,biotite,feldspars,quartz,epidote
Locals: | New Jersey, Idaho, USA | Canada | USSR | Japan |

The name comes from a old German miners word, "horn", which may be
related to the color of horn, and the German word "blenden", which means
Misc:
"to deceive". It looked like many of the other mineral ores which could be
smelted to produce metals, but hornblende failed to be smelted.
53
54
Name: ilvaite
Class: Silicates
Chemistry: CaFe2+3 (SiO4)2 (OH)

dark brown, brownish-blackish, black streak; brownish -
Color(s):
back
5.5 -
Hardness: SpecGrav: 3.95-4.05
6.0
Fracture: uneven Cleavage: distinct two directions
Crystal: Orthorhombic - Dipyramidal
Envronment: occurs with other ore bodies especially cpper and zinc deposits
Association:
Locals: | Russia | Bulgaria | England | Germany | Al., Co., Id., R.I., USA |
Misc: Ilvaite is derive from the Latin name for the island of Elba.
55
56
Name: Inesite
Class: Silicates
Ca2Mn7Si10O28(OH)2 * 5H2O Hydros Calcium
Chemistry:
Mangenese Silicate
rose, flesh-pink, pale pink, yellow, brown streak: pale-
Color(s):
pink

triclinic (prismatic, fibrous, sometimes spherulitic with radiating
Crystal:
crystals)
Envronment: hydrothermal metamorphic rocks.
Association: rhodonite, axinite
Locals: | Calif., | Mexico | Sweden | Japan | Australia |

The origin of the name is not absolutely know, but it may be from the
Misc:
Greek, "ines" meaning "fibers"
57
58
Name: joaquinite
Class: Silicates
Ba2NaCe2Fe(Ti,Nb)2 Si8O26(OH,F)2 Hydros Ferrous
Chemistry:
Aluminum Silicate
Color(s): yellow-brown, honey-yellow
Fracture: conchoidal Cleavage: brittle
Crystal: monoclinic (tabular crystals)

Two Locals San Benito Co. Calif. and Mont. St. Hilaire, Quebec,
Envronment:
Canada
Association: benitoite, neptunite
Locals: | Calif., USA | Canada |
Misc: Can be cleaned with dilute acid.
59
60
Name: kinoite
Class: Silicates
Chemistry: Ca2Cu2Si3O8 (OH)4
Color(s): blue
Hardness: 5 SpecGrav: 3.16
Fracture: Cleavage: perfect 2 way
Crystal: Monoclinic; usually prismatic
Envronment:
Association:
Locals: AZ., USA /
Misc: named for a Jesuit explorer ...Eusebio Francisco Kino (1645-1711)
61
62
Name: kyanite
Class: Silicates
Color(s): light blue, gray to greenish
Hardness: 5.5-7.0 SpecGrav: 3.41-3.67

Triclinic, tabular crystals, often not terminated, sometimes bent or twisted,
Crystal:
often long and flattened
Envronment: high pressure metamorphic rocks low in Ca and rich in Al.
Association: garnet, staurolite and micas
Locals: | Mass, Conn., N.C., USA | Brazil | Switzerland | Austria | Italy | India |
The name comes from the Greek "kyanos", meaning "blue". The crystals
are usually bladed and have a mica-like structure in one direction. It is
Misc:
sometimes used for the manufacture of high-temperature porcelain
products. It is trimorphous with both andalustie and sillimanite.
63
64
Name: laumontite
Class: Silicates
Chemistry: Ca(AlSi2O6)2* 4 H2O Hydrous Calcium Aluminum Silicate
Color(s): white, yellow, reddish, colorless
Crystal: monoclinic (columnar, vertically striped)

occasionally found in veins of ore, often in metamorphic rocks or
Envronment:
magmatites in pore space or crevices.
Association: calcite, heulandite, stilbite, analcite, albite, chlorite, quartz
Locals: Germany | Italy | New Jersey, Calif., Georgia/USA

Soluble in hydrochloric acid, the mineral is named for Francois Nicholas
Pierre Gillet De Laumont, who discovered the first specimens in the cliffs
Misc:
of Brittany. Laumontite will dehydrate when exposed to the air, so
crystals are often coated with a sealant to protect them.
65
66
Name: mesolite
Class: Silicates
Na2Ca2(Al6Si9)O30 * 8H2O Hydrous Sodium Calcium
Chemistry:
AluminoSilicate
Color(s): white, colorless
Hardness: 5.0 SpecGrav: 2.0-2.3
Crystal: Monoclinic (usually acicular, also fibrous)

a low temperature mineral associated with zeolites in basalt in volcanic
Envronment:
rocks
Association: other zeolites, apophyllite
Locals: | Germany | Iceland | India | Oregon, Calif./USA | Canada | Australia |

The name comes from the Greek "mesos" meaning "middle" and "lithos"
Misc: meaning "stone", because its composition falls between two other
minerals, natrolite, and scolecite.
67
68
Name:
mica : Muscovite, Biotite,
Phlogopite, Lepidolite
Class: Silicates
K2Al2((AlSi3O10)|(OH,F)2 ) Muscovite (fuchsite)
K(Mg,Fe)3((AlSi3O10)|(OH,F)2) Biotite KMg3(
Chemistry: (AlSi3O10)|(OH,F)2 ) Phlogopite KLi2Al( (AlSi3O10)|(OH,F)2 )
Lepidolite Mixed hydrated potassium aluminum silicates with a sheet
structure.
Muscovite: colorless, yellow, silvery, green (fuchsite), Biotite: black,
Color(s): brown, bronze, Phlogopite: reddish-brown, brown, black, yellowish,
Lepidolite: purple, magenta, pink, gray
Hardness: 2 -3.5 SpecGrav: 2.7 - 3.8
Fracture: foliated Cleavage: perfect

monoclinic (tabular habit, with thin parallel growths, can easily be
Crystal:
separated into thin layers.)
common rock forming minerals (all except lepidolite), and can be found
Envronment:
in metamorphic rocks, pegmatites, and veins.
Association: quartz, calcite, spinel, garnet, feldspars, andalusite,albite
| USSR | India | Italy | South Africa | Canada | Scotland | Germany |
Locals: Austria | Finland | Switzerland | Colorado, Utah, S.D., N.H., Calif.,
Idaho, Maine, USA |
Muscovite: comes from the local Muscovy (Russia) where in ancient
times it was used as glass in buildings. Biotite: is named after J.B. Biot, a
French astronomer, physicist and mathematician. Phlogopite: comes
from the Greek "phlogopos", meaning "firey-look" from its reddish-
brown color. Lepidolite: comes from the Greek "lepidos", meaning
Misc:
"scale", alluding to the scaly conglomerates in which it often forms .
Phlogopite and Biotite both dissolve in sulfuric acid. Lepidolite give a
RED flame test. Fuchsite: is a variety of muscovite that contains traces
of chromium and is colored green. There have been some large finds in
Minas Gerais, Brazil, but much of it is miss-labeled as "Fuschite".
69
Muscovite
Biotite
70
Phlogopite
Lepidolite
71
Name: murmanite
Class: Silicates
Na2(Ti, Nb)2Si2O9 *nH2O Sodium Titano/Niobium
Chemistry:
Silicate
Color(s): Lilac, pink, bright-pink

Triclinic? Euhedral crystals rare, aggregates of platy crystals, or small
Crystal:
lamellar masses
Envronment: alkali pegmatites, nepheline-syenite
Association: aegirine, microcline, eudialyte, sodalite
Locals: | Russia | Canada |
Misc: Very rare mineral, looks a little like lepidolite
72
73
Name: natrolite
Class: Silicates
Na2Al2Si3O10 * 2H20 Hydrated sodium aluminum silicate
Chemistry:
(zeolite)
Color(s): white, yellowish,brown, reddish, colorless
Crystal: orthorhombic (prismatic, acicular, filamentary)

lining cavities in basalts and other lavas, sometimes as an alteration
Envronment:
product in syenites. Hydrothermal veins.
Association: benitoite,neptunite,calcite,apophyllite
Canada | India | Italy | Greenland | France | Ireland |New Jersey, Oregon,
Locals:
Calif./USA
Soluble in strong acids leaving silica gel, loses water at about 300 C.
Misc: Sometimes fluoresces orange. The name comes from the Greek "natron",
meaning that it contains sodium.
74
75
Name: neptunite
Class: Silicates
(Na,K)3 Li (Fe,Mn)2 Ti2O2 (Si4O11)2 Complex Titanium
Chemistry:
Silicate
Color(s): black, red-brown internal reflection
Crystal: monoclinic (sell formed long prisms are common)
Envronment: hydrothermal replacement deposits, also in nepheline syenite pegmatites.
Association: benitoite, aegirine, natrolite
Locals: | USA | California, USA | Canada | Ireland | Greenland |

Named after the roman god of the sea, Neptune, because it is often found
Misc:
with Aegirine, and Aegirine is the Norse name for the God of the Sea.
76
77
Name: nontronite
Class: Silicates
Chemistry: NaFe2(Si,Al)4O10(OH)2 € H2O
Color(s): pale green, olive green, opaque streak:white

earthy-
Fracture: Cleavage: perfect
dull
Crystal: monoclinic fine grained clay like
Envronment:
Association:
Locals: | Ausralia | Brazil | England | Az., Ca., Me., W.V., USA |
Misc: local name based on Nontrone, France
78
79
Name: okenite
Class: Silicates
Chemistry: CaH2Si2O6* H2O zeolite
Color(s): white, yellow, bluish Streak: white
Hardness: 4.5 - 5 SpecGrav: 2.3
Crystal: triclinic (flat acicular common)
Envronment: cavities in basaltic rocks
Association: stilbite, heulandite
Locals: | Poona/India | Iceland | Greenland | Chile | USA |

crystals a very fragile and often form in small, radiating, spherical
Misc:
clusters.
80
81
Name:
olivine (forsterite -
fayalite)
Class: Silicates
Chemistry: (Mg,Fe)2 SiO4 Mg2 SiO4 - forsterite Fe2 SiO4 - fayalite
Color(s): brown-green, brown, dark green, apple green

6.5 -
7.0
Fracture: brittle Cleavage: good
Crystal:
Envronment: occurs n several rocks as a rock formng mineral. Also in volcanic bombs.
Association:
Locals: | Canada | Russia | Az., Ca., USA | Italy | Pakistan |

Olivine is named for its green color, and ³fayalite² after Fayal, and island
in the Azors. Foresterite is named after Johann R. Forester, a German
Misc:
naturalist. When found in large enough sizes Olivine is known as Peridot
and used as gem in the jewelry trade.
82
83
Name: opal
Class: Silicates
Chemistry: SiO2 * nH2O Hydrated Silica

colorless, red, green, blue, brown, black, milky, yellow etc. "precious
Color(s):
opal" is distinguished by "color-play" or "fire"

amorphous (a layered silica formed in a precipitation process and
Crystal:
cemented with a hydrous silica cement)
precipitation process, or "fossilization product" as in the replacement of
Envronment:
organic materials (opalized wood, clam, shell, etc.)
Association: zeolites, limonite, chalcedony
| Austrailia | Brazil | Nevada,Wyoming,Montana, USA | Tanzania | Iceland
Locals:
| Mexico |
Opal may go by a number of names depending on the kind, some examples
include hyalite (clear transparent samples 1-3 below), Cloudy or Milky
(samples 4-6), clear or slightly cloudy (samples 7-9), fossilized opal
(samples 10-11), sand stone opal (samples 12-14), Mexican opal (15), fire
Misc:
opal (16), green prose opal, brown liver opal ... It is easily damaged by
dehydration thermally or chemically. Heat can dehydrate and crack opal,
and solvents with an affinity for water can damage opal (acetone, strong
bases, some acids). Soluble in KOH solutions.
84
85
Name:
piemontite
(piedmontite)
Class: Silicates
Chemistry: Ca2(Mn,Fe)Al2(SiO4)(Si2O7)O(OH)
Color(s): red, brown-rd, reddish-black, black

6-
6.5
Crystal: monoclinic; prismatic, acicular
Envronment: found in manganese deposits, and shists
Association: quartz, glaucophane, braunite, rhodonite, rhodochrosite
Locals: Italy / NM., USA / France / Egypt / Scotland / Sweden /
Misc: named from locality of Piedmont, Italy
86
87
Name: prehnite
Class: Silicates
Chemistry: Ca2Al2Si3O10(OH)2 hydrous calcium aluminum silicate
Color(s): white, light green, gray, coorless, Streak: white
Crystal: orthorhombic (often forms in lamellar aggregates) rarely good crystals

forms in cavities in basaltic rocks, low temperature hydrothermal
Envronment:
fissures, and in limestone
Association: datolite, calcite, pectolite, quartz, zeolites
| New Zealand | India | Switzerland | Scotland | California, Colorado,
Locals:
Michigan/USA |
Named for the Dutch minerologist Hendrik von Prehn. It is sometimes
Misc:
faceted when crystals are found.
88
89
Name: quartz
Class: Silicates
Chemistry: SiO2 Silicon dioxide
Color(s): clear, white, brown, yellow, purple, green, blue, Streak: white
Crystal: hexagonal (prisms, pyramidal)

develops in a wide variety of environments, igneous, metamorphic,
Envronment:
hydrothermal ...
Association: pyrite, calcite, feldspars, garnet, sphalerite ...
| Switzerland | Brazil | Arkansas, Colorado, New York/USA | Austrailia |
Locals:
Mexico |
The Greeks called quartz "krystallos" or "ice", but the name remained with
Misc: the origin of the word crystal and not with quartz. The name appears to be
from the German "Quartz", of uncertain origin.
90
91
92
Name: scolecite
Class: Silicates
Chemistry: Ca[Al2Si7O10] * 3 H2O zeolite member
Color(s): white, colorless, Streak: white
Crystal: monoclinic (often fine fibers)
Envronment: cavities in volcanic rock, and contact metamorphics
Association: stilbite, heulandite, apophylite
Locals: | Poona/India | Iceland | USSR | California, Colorado/ USA | Brazil |

soluble in dilute HCl. from the Greek "skolex", or "worm", from the
Misc:
worm-like shape it creates when heated.
93
94
Name: sillimanite (fibrolite)
Class: Silicates
Color(s): gray-white, brown, greenish-brown
Crystal: orthorhombic -usually fibrous, columnar
Envronment: a metamorphic mineral found in shists,
Association: biotite, quartz, almandine
Locals: | MA, CN, SC, USA | Germany | Austira | Italy | Brazil | S. Africa |
Misc: Named after Benjamin Sillman, first professor of Mineralogy at Yale.
95
96
Name: spessartite Garnet
Class: Silicates
Mn3Al2(SiO4)3 Manganese aluminum silicate (var.
Chemistry:
garnet)
Color(s): orange to reddish-brown, pink Streak: white
Crystal: isometric (icositetrahedron, dodecahedral etc.) often aggregates
Envronment: granite pegmatites, and shists
Association: albite, muscovite, microcline, quartz
Locals: | Virginia, California/USA | Brazil | Germany | Sweden
Misc: Named after an occurrence in the Spessart district, Bavaria, Germany.
97
98
Name: staurolite
Class: Silicates
Chemistry: Fe2Al9Si4O22(OH)2 Hydros Ferrous Aluminum Silicate
Color(s): yellow-brown, reddish to brownish, black

monoclinic (in single or very often twinned crystals, often in the general
Crystal:
shape of a cross) 60 or 90 degrees
Envronment: metamorphic rocks.
Association: garnets, kyanite, andalusite, quartz

| USSR | France | Austria | Switzerland | Scotland | Namibia | Tennessee,
Locals:
New Hampshire, Georgia, USA |
The name is derived from the Greek word "stauros", meaning "cross". It
Misc:
comes from the common cross shaped twinning pattern.
99
100
Name: stilbite
Class: Silicates
Ca[Al2Si7O18* 7 H2O NaCa4[[Al9Si27]O72* 30 H2O a
Chemistry:
Zeolite member
Color(s): white, pinkish, brown, gray, yellowish, Streak: white
3.5 -
4.0
Crystal: monoclinic
Envronment: cavities in volcanic rock
Association: zeolites, calcite, aphopholyte, heulandite, scolecite
Locals: | Poona/India | Iceland | USSR | California, Colorado/ USA | Brazil |

The name from the Greek word "stilbein", "to shine", it has a pearly
Misc:
luster.
101
102
Name: titanite (Sphene)
Class: Silicates
Chemistry: CaTiSiO5 Calcium Titanium Silicate
Color(s): brown-black, yellow, gray, green
Fracture: conchoidal Cleavage: distinct
Crystal: monoclinic (usually sharp edged and tabular
Envronment: found in magmatic and metamorphic veins
Association: chlorite, hornblende, rutile, apatite, nepheline, feldspars, quartz, calcite

| Germany | Maine, Massachusetts, New York, Montana, USA | Mexico |
Locals:
Austria | Italy | Switzerland | Canada | USSR| Mexico |
The Sphene name comes from the Greek "sphen", meaning "wedge", from
Misc: its sharp wedge shaped crystals. The titanite comes from the titanium
constituent of it composition. Soluble in sulfuric acid.
103
104
Name: topaz
Class: Silicates
Chemistry: Al2(SiO4)(F,OH)2 Aluminum hydroxy fluoro silicate
Color(s): blue, orange, clear, yellow, red, pink, violet, green Streak: white
Fracture: conchoidal Cleavage: perfect basal
Crystal: orthorhombic (often capped columnar-pyramidal)

high temperature formation in igneous rocks and veins, also hydrothermal
Envronment:
replacements
Association: albite, quartz, beryl, rutile
| USSR | Brazil | Colorado, Utah, Maine/USA | Germany | Burma | Sri
Locals:
Lanka | Pakistan |
The name Topaz is thought to have come from the island named Topazion
(after the Greek "topazos"), which was later changed to Zebergit, and is
Misc: now called St. John's Island, in the Red Sea. It is not found there, but it is
believed that it may have been the name originally given to peridot
(mineral olivine) which is abundant there.
105
106
Name: tourmaline
Class: Silicates
(Ca,K,Na)(Al,Fe,Li,Mg,Mn)3(Al, Cr,Fe,V)6(BO3)3 Si6O18(O,OH,F)4
Chemistry:
Complex Silicate
black(schorl)(uvite), dravite(brown), pink & red (rubellite), blue
Color(s): (indicolite), green, chrome green, yellow, orange, violet (siberite),
multicolored

Hexagonal, short or long prismatic with rounded triangular cross section,
Crystal: striated lengthwise, black varieties sometimes fan like, good terminations
on many, flat tops on some
igneous and metamorphic rocks and veins. Pegmatites,schists, hypothermal
Envronment:
veins, hydrothermal replacement deposits.
Association: quartz, lepidolite, spodumene, mica, feldspars, topaz, apatite
| Calif., Maine, USA | Brazil | Italy | Germany | Pakistan | USSR |
Locals:
Madagascar | Afghanistan | Tanzania |
The name comes from the Singhalese term "turamali", which was used as a
general description for mixtures of gem pebbles from the alluvial deposits
of Ceylon (Sri Lanka). Often color zoned by length or from the center out.
Misc: Tourmaline is pyroelectric (generates electricity with heat), and
piezoelectric (generates electricity with pressure). The Dutch called
tourmaline, aschentrekker (ash remover), because tourmaline could be
heated and it would attract ashes from a pipe.
107
108
109
Name: uranophane (uranotile)
Class: Silicates
CaH2(UO2|SiO4)2 * 5H2O Hydrated Calcium Uranium
Chemistry:
Silicate
Color(s): yellow
Crystal: monoclinic (prismatic and often acicular)
Envronment: oxidized zone of uranium deposits in pegmatites
Association: torbernite, autunite, uranocircite, fluorite
Locals: | Germany | Zaire | New Mexico, USA | Canada | Austrailia |
Misc: From uran and phanos - "to appear."
110
111
Name: uvarovite
Class: Silicates
Ca3Cr2(SiO4)3 Calcium chromium silicate
Chemistry:
(garnet)
Color(s): emerald green Streak: pale green
Crystal: Isometric (dodecahedrons and trapezohedrons common)
Envronment: hydrothermal metamorphics, and plutonic rocks
Association: olivine, chromite
Locals: | USSR | Austrailia | Canada | India | Oregon/USA | South Africa |
Misc: Named after Count S.S. Uvarov, Russian mineral collector.
112
113
Name: uvite (var of tourmaline)
Class: Silicates
Chemistry: (Ca,Na)(Mg,Fe++)3Al5Mg(BO3)3Si6O18(OH,F)4
Color(s): greenish streak: light brown

sub
Fracture: Cleavage: indistinct
conchoidal
Crystal: Trigonal - Ditrigonal Pyramidal
Envronment: pegmatites, hydrothermal veins, schists
Association: quartz, feldspar, mica, beryl
Locals: | Brazil | Canada | Greenland | Nepal | Sri Lanka | N.J., N.Y., USA |
Misc: Named after its locality, province Uva, Sri Lanka.
114
115
Name: vesuvianite (idocrase)
Class: Silicates
Ca10 (Mg,Fe)2 Al4 [ (OH)4 | (SiO4)5 | (Si2O7)2 ] Hydrated Calcium
Chemistry:
Magnesium Aluminum Silicate
Color(s): brown, green, magenta, rarely yellow, blue, black, gray
Fracture: uneven Cleavage: incomplete

tetragonal (short and long columnar, dipyramidal, sometimes acicular)
Crystal:
often vertically striated
Envronment: metamorphic and igneous rocks as a by product of volcanic activity.
Association: garnet, diopside, wollastonite, epidote

| Germany | Switzerland | California, USA | Canada | Mexico | Italy | USSR
Locals:
|
The name Vesuvianite comes from the famous locality in Italy, Mt.
Vesuvius. The name Idocrase comes from the Greek word "eidos",
Misc:
meaning "form" and "krausis" meaning "mixture". This referenced its
mixed crystal form. Partially soluble in acids.
116
117
Name: willemite
Class: Silicates
Chemistry: Zn2SiO4 Zinc Silicate

colorless, brown, yellow-green, reddish, black,
Color(s):
Streak: white
uneven to
Fracture: Cleavage: good 3 directions
conchoidal
Crystal: Hexagonal (short prismatic or rhombohedral)
Envronment: hydrothermal replacement deposits
Association: calcite, zincite, franklinite, rhodonite, hemimorphite
Locals: | Zambia | Greenland | New Jersey,New Mexico/USA | Mexico |

Named for the Willem I, king of Netherlands. It fluoresces a bright
Misc:
yellow-green
118
119
Name: zoisite
Class: Silicates
Chemistry: Ca2Al3[Si3O12 (OH)
Color(s): gray, yellowish brown, greenish, pink (thulite), blue (tanzanite)
Hardness: 6-6.5 SpecGrav: 3.2-3.4
Fracture: conchoidal Cleavage: one good
Crystal: Orthorhombic; long prismatic, deeply striated, columnar, bladed, fibrous
Envronment: only in metamorphic rocks
Association: hornblende, almandine, glaucophane, wollastonite
Locals: NC. CA., TN., CO., USA / Tanzania / Italy / USSR /Austria / Switzerland
named for Baron S. Zois van Edeltein (1747-1819), thulite named for
Misc:
Thule and ancient name for Norway, Tanzanite for the local Tanzania
120
121
Halides
Name: chlorargyrite
Class: Halides
Chemistry: AgCl Silver Chloride

colorless, pearly gray to brown, decomposes to violet or black upon
Color(s):
exposure to sunlight streak: white

isometric (crystals are somewhat rare as it decomposes easily to a powdery
Crystal:
crust. Cubes are a common crystal habit when present)
Envronment: alteration zone in epithermal veins, and hydrothermal replacement deposits
Association: acanthite, barite, fluorite, calcite

| Nevada, Calif., Idaho, USA | Chile | Germany | Bolivia | Peru | England |
Locals:
France | Australia |
The name is derived from the Greek word "argyros", meaning "silver", not
Misc: from the element, but from the silvery sheen of the minerals luster.
"Chlor" does come from the elemental halide name, chlorine.
122
123
Name: fluorite
Class: Halides
Chemistry: CaF2 Calcium Fluroide
Color(s): violet, blue, green, orange, yellow, pink, etc., Streak: white
Crystal: contact metamorphics, epithermal deposits, hydrothermal replacements
Envronment: contact metamorphics, epithermal deposits, hydrothermal replacements
Association: barite, apatite, calcite, galena, sphalerite, siderite
Locals: | England | Illinois, Kentucky, Ohio, Colorado/USA | Mexico | Canada |

Often violet, green, or blue fluorescence, dangerous to add acid - forms
Misc: toxic HF, from the Latin "fluere", "to flow" (because it was used in ancient
times as a flux)
124
125
126
Name: halite
Class: Halides
Chemistry: NaCl
Color(s): white, reddish-orange, blue, yellow, red
Fracture: conchoidal Cleavage: perfect 3 directions
Crystal: Isometric; usually cubes, rarely octahedrons.
Envronment: evaporative deposits in sedimentary deposits.
Association: gypsum, thenardite, borax
Locals: CA, KA, LA, MI,
Misc: the name halite comes from the Greek, hals, "salt".
127
128
Name: salammoniac
Class: Halides
Chemistry: (NH4) Cl
Color(s): colorless, white, brownish, yellowish streak: white
Hardness: 1.5 - 2.0 SpecGrav: 1.5
Fracture: conchoidal Cleavage: poor
Crystal: cubic - often in aggregates, crusty or scaley coverings.
Envronment: evaporate
Association: phosphorite
Locals: | Russia | Iceland | Ca., Hw., USA | Italy |

The name derived from ancient alchemist's Latin name for the
Misc:
chemical, sal = salt
129
130
CARBONATES
Name: ankerite
Class: Carbonates
Chemistry: CaFe(CO3)2 calcium iron carbonate
Color(s): clear, white, gray, yellow-brown
Hardness: 3.5 - 4 SpecGrav: 2.9 - 3.8
Crystal: Hexagonal (often rhombohedral or trigonal)
Envronment: in mineral veins often associated with sulfides
Association: calcite, siderite, quartz, dolomite, galena
Locals: | Hungary | England | South Dakota, USA ||

Soluble with effervescence in dilute HCl, occasional yellowish to reddish
Misc:
fluorescence.
131
132
Name: aragonite
Class: Carbonates
Chemistry: CaCO3 Calcium Carbonate
Color(s): yellow, colorless, pale green, violet, brown Streak: white
Fracture: subconchoidal Cleavage: complete 1 direction

not as common as calcite, it is a high pressure polymorph, evaporative
Crystal: deposits in sedimentary rocks, and some metamorphic and disseminated
hydrothermal deposits
not as common as calcite, it is a high pressure polymorph, evaporative
Envronment: deposits in sedimentary rocks, and some metamorphic and disseminated
hydrothermal deposits
Association: calcite, cerussite, lawsonite, gypsum, albite
Locals: | Spain | New Mexico, Arizona/USA | Mexico | Morocco |

Named for the Spanish province of Aragon, Spain where it was first
Misc:
discovered, soluble in HCl with effervescence
133
134
Name: artinite
Class: Carbonates
Chemistry: Mg2(CO3)(OH)2*3 H2O hydros magnesium carbonate
Color(s): white or gray

2-
2.5
Fracture: brittle Cleavage: complete
Crystal: monoclinic (generally in clusters of fine needles or as a crust in veins)
Envronment: a very low temperature hydrothermal mineral.
Association: serpentines, talc, hydromagnesite, brucite
Locals: | Italy | Austria | Calif., New York, USA |

It easily is soluble in dilute acids with effervescence, and can be heated to
Misc: lose water and carbon dioxide, but it does not fuse. It was discovered in
1902 in Italy, and named after researcher, Ettore Artini.
135
136
Name: azurite
Class: Carbonates
Chemistry: Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 copper hydroxy-carbonate
Color(s): blue
Crystal: monoclinic (typically tabular or short prismatic)
Envronment: oxidized zone in hydrothermal deposits
Association: malachite, cuprite, enargite, limonite, chalcopyrite

| Germany | France | England | Italy | Australia | Arizona, New
Locals:
Mexico/USA |
soluble in ammonia or nitric acid (bubbles). Named from "azure"
Misc:
meaning "blue"
137
138
Name: bastnasite (bastnaesite)
Class: Carbonates
Chemistry: Y (CO3) F
Color(s): yellow, yellow-brown, reddish-brown streak: white

4.0
Hardness: - SpecGrav: 4.9 - 5.0
4.5
Fracture: Cleavage: imperfect
Crystal: hexagonal - often prismatic
Envronment:
Association:
Locals: | N.M., USA | Sweden |

Named as the Y end member from the Bastnas Mine, Riddarhyttan,
Misc: Vastmanland, Sweden. There are three minerals that make up the group Y,
Ce, and La.
139
140
Name: calcite
Class: Carbonates
Chemistry: CaCO3 calcium carbonate
Color(s): white, yellow, pink, red, brown, green, clear, etc.

hexagonal (rhombohedral, prismatic, and virtually all other shapes in the
Crystal: hexagonal system and many combinations.) It can easily be cleaved to
form perfect rhombohedrons.
typical sedimentary mineral formed by precipitation through evaporation.
Under high carbon dioxide pressure it is stable through most phases of
Envronment: metamorphosis, when the pressure is reduced it may dissociate into a
variety of complex calcium silicates. It has been found in lava flows, and is
often associated with hydrothermal veins. A very abundant mineral.
Association: quartz, mica, dolomite, ore minerals, sulfides, analcime
| Alps | France | Germany | Ireland | England | Canada | Russia | China |
Locals:
Mexico | Mo., Co. Tn., USA | (just about everywhere)
soluble in cold HCl with loss of CO2 , fluorescence under UV light several
Misc:
colors depending on local, high double refraction.
141
142
Name: cerussite
Class: Carbonates
Chemistry: PbCO3 lead carbonate
Color(s): white, gray, colorless, yellow-brown, Streak:white
Crystal: Orthorhombic, (often twinned dipyramidal)
Envronment: hydrothermal replacements
Association: galena, barite, anglesite, smithsonite
Locals: | Germany | Zambia | Colorado, New Mexico, California/USA | Australia |

sometimes yellow fluorescence, soluble in nitric acid, the name comes
Misc:
from the Latin "cerussa" which means "white lead"
143
144
Name: dolomite
Class: Carbonates
Chemistry: CaMg(CO3)2 Calcium Magnesium Carbonate
Color(s): Colorless, white, pink, gray, greenish, brown
Fracture: subconchoidal Cleavage: 1 perfect

Hexagonal - often twinned, simple rhombohedrons (Sometimes with
Crystal:
curved faces), massive, aggregates.
sedimentary rocks, metamorphic rocks, in hypothermal veins, and
Envronment:
hydrothermal replacements
Association: calcite, siderite, rhodochrosite, galena, gypsum
Locals: CA, MI, NV, USA / Italy / Switzerland

Named for the French geologist, D. de Dolomieu. A series member with
Misc:
ankerite and with kutnohorite.
145
146
Name: kutnohorite
Class: Carbonates
Chemistry: Ca (Mn,Mg,Fe) (CO3)2 ] Calcium (Mixed-Metal) Carbonate
Color(s): translucent, white, pink
Crystal: Trigonal (simple rombs, small needles) granular/massive
Envronment: hydrothermal veins, rock cavities, can form under many conditions
Association: calcite, dolomite

| Italy | Mexico | New Jersey, Colorado, North Carolina, USA | Japan |
Locals:
Czechoslovakia |
The name Kutnohorite comes from the famous locality in Kutna Hora,
Misc:
Czechoslovakia, were it is found. As a carbonate it is soluble in acids.
147
148
Name: magnesite
Class: Carbonates
Chemistry: MgCO3 Magnesium Carbonate
Color(s): white, yellowish, brownish, Streak: white
Fracture: conchoidal Cleavage: perfect in 3 directions
Crystal: hexagonal (usually rhombohedral) distinct xtals are are

at contact zone of metamorphics, with hydrothermal metamorphics, and
Envronment:
hydrothermal replacements
Association: brucite, calcite, aragonite, talc, chlorite
Locals: | Austria | Italy | China | USSR | Nevada, California / USA |

soluble in warm HCl, sometimes fluorescence, cryptic Latin "magneus
Misc:
carneus", "flesh magnet"
149
150
Name: malachite
Class: Carbonates
Chemistry: Cu2CO3(OH)2 hydrous copper carbonate
Color(s): green, dark green Streak: pale green
Crystal: monoclinic (often in botryoidal masses)
Envronment: alteration zone in hydrothermal replacements
Association: azurite, limonite, cuprite, chalcosite

| Zaire | France | USSR | Germany | Chile | Austrailia | Arizona, New
Locals:
Mexico/USA |
soluble in HCL with effervescence, from the Greek "mallow", a green
Misc:
herbaceous plant.
151
152
Name: rhodochrosite
Class: Carbonates
Chemistry: MnCO3 Manganese Carbonate
Color(s): pink, gray, brown-black, dark red, Streak: white

3.5 -
4.0
Crystal: hexagonal (rhombohedral xtls. common)

hydrothermal, mesothermal, & epithermal veins and hydrothermal
Envronment:
replacements
Association: rhodonite, quartz, limonite, fluorite
Locals: Rumania, Peru, Colorado/Montana/Maine/ USA

soluble in warm HCL, name comes from Greek phrase "rhodon chros",
Misc:
"rose colored"
153
154
Name: rosasite
Class: Carbonates
Chemistry: (Cu,Zn)2[(OH)2/CO3]
Color(s): bluish-green
Fracture: fibrous Cleavage: none
Crystal: monoclinic; acicular, radiating fibrous needles
Envronment: in oxidation ore zones
Association: hemimorphite, auricalcite, smithsonite
Locals: AZ., NM., CA.,USA / Italy / Mexico
Misc: named from the local, the Rosas mine,Sulcis, Sardinia, Italy
155
156
Name: siderite
Class: Carbonates
Chemistry: FeCO3 Iron Carbonate
Color(s): yellowish to brownish, black, occasuibakky white

Hexagonal (commonly rhombohedral, prismatic and scalenohedral.
Crystal:
Sometimes massive.)
Envronment: hypothermal veins, and hydrothermal replacements.
Association: barite, calcite, galena, sphalerite, chalcopyrite

| Austria | Germany | Czechoslovakia | England | Spain | Conn., Colorado,
Locals:
Az., USA |
The name is derived from the Greek word "sideros", meaning "iron". It is a
Misc: minor ore of iron. It is soluble in warm hydrochloric acid. It often has a
soft yellow fluorescence under UV light.
157
158
Name: smithsonite
Class: Carbonates
Chemistry: ZnCO3 Zinc Carbonate

white, colorless, blue, green, yellow, purple, pink, brown, Streak:
Color(s):
white
Crystal: trigonal (often pseudomorphic) usually botryoidal

Secondary zinc mineral forms in oxidized zone of hydrothermal
Envronment:
replacements
Association: galena, cerussite, malachite, calcite, dolomite
Namibia | Austrailia | Greece | Germany | S.W. Africa | | Oklahoma, New
Locals:
Mexico, Arkansas/USA |
soluble in warm acid (bubbles), named after Mineralogist James
Misc:
Smithson, founder of the Smithsonian Institution.
159
160
Name: strontianite
Class: Carbonates
Chemistry: SrCO3 Strontium Carbonate
Color(s): white, yellowish, greenish-gray streak: white
Crystal: orthorhombic (prismatic, tabular, radiating fibrous, sometimes massive)

hydrothermal veins, fillings in chalk cavities, sometimes in limestone
Envronment:
cavities
Association: galena, calcite, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, dolomite, quartz
| Scotland | Switzerland | Italy | Germany | Calif., N.Y., Pa., Illinois, Ohio,
Locals:
USA |
Strontianite colors a flame crimson, it is used in fireworks to create the
deep red colors. It is named for its classic locality, Strontian, Argkyllshire,
Misc:
Scotland. Effervescence in dilute HCl, and is sometimes fluoresces blue in
UV light.
161
162
SULFOSALTS
Name: anglesite
Class: Sulfosalts
Chemistry: Pb SO4 Lead Sulfate
Color(s): Colorless, yellow, gray, pale green, and sometimes blue
Fracture: Conchoidal Cleavage: 3 good

Orthorhombic-thin or thick tabular common, prismatic, granular, or
Crystal:
nodules not uncommon.
Envronment: alteration zone of hydrothermal deposits
Association: barite, anhydrite, galena
Locals: Pa., Id., Nv., USA | Mexico | Morocco |

Names comes from a specific locality, Island of Anglesey, Wales. It can
Misc:
sometimes be fluorescent. (yellow)
163
164
Name: anhydrite
Class: Sulfosalts
Chemistry: CaSO4 calcium sulfate
Color(s): white, gray, gray-blue, reddish
Crystal: Orthorhombic, Stocky or tabular prismatic crystals.

sedimentary rocks and evaporative rocks. Sometimes metamorphosed
Envronment:
from dehydrated gypsum.
Association: dolomite, gypsum, sylvite, calcite
Locals: | Arizona, Texas, N.J., USA | Brazil | China | Spain | Italy | Australia |
The name is derived from the Greek, ³anhydros² and means ³without
Misc:
water²
165
166
Name: barite
Class: Sulfosalts
Chemistry: BaSO4 Barium Sulfate
Color(s): white, yellow, brown, red, blue, green, black, Streak: white
Crystal: rhombic (often tabular plates)

forms in mesothermal and epithermal veins and in hydrothermal
Envronment:
replacement deposits
Association: cerussite, dolomite, gypsum, apatite, calcite
Locals: | British Columbia | Morocco | Colorado/USA |

soluble in concentrated sulfuric acid, alteration product is witherite, the
Misc:
name is from the Greek "barys" meaning "heavy"
167
168
Name: brochantite
Class: Sulfosalts
Chemistry: Cu4(SO4)€6 H2O
Color(s): green, black-green
Hardness: 3.5-4 SpecGrav: 4.0
Crystal: monoclinic; prismatic or acicular, sometimes tabular
Envronment: alteration mineral in hydrothermal replacement deposits
Association: malachite, azurite, atacamite,cyanotrichitechalcopyrite
Locals: USSR / Romania / Italy / Spain / Az, NM, USA/ Chile

named after A. T. M. Brochant, mineralogist (1731-1840). This mineral is
Misc:
often made in the lab on a host rock and is counterfited.
169
170
Name: creedite
Class: Sulfosalts
Chemistry: Ca3 Al2 (SO4) (F,OH)10 € 2H2O
Color(s): Colorless, pink, purple, white streak: white
Fracture: conchoidal Cleavage: 1 perfect
Crystal: Monoclinic - often prismatic, acicular sprays, radiating groups
Envronment: hydrothermal deposition, and in oxidation areas of some veins.
Association: quartz, barite, fluorite, gerarksutite
Locals: Creede Colorado, USA
Misc: Named after its original local Creede, Colorado.
171
172
Name: cyanotrichite
Class: Sulfosalts
Chemistry: Cu4 Al2 (SO4) (OH)12 · 2(H2O)
Color(s): sky blue to dark blue streak: pale blue
Crystal: Orthorhombic - usually acicular crystals radiating into fibrous balls.
Envronment: secondary mineral in alteration zones of hydrothermal deposits.
Association:
Locals: | France | Italy | Greece | Az., Ca., USA | Chile |

The name is derived from two Greek words: ³kyanos² and ³thrix², ³blue²
Misc:
and ³hair².
173
174
Name: ettringite
Class: Sulfosalts
Ca6Al2(SO4)4 * 24H2O Hydrous Calcium Aluminum
Chemistry:
Sulfate
Color(s): clear, yellow
Hardness: 2-2.5 SpecGrav: 1.8
Crystal: Hexagonal (bipyramids or as fibers)
Envronment: found in cavities of metamorphosed limestone
Association: thomsonite, clinohedrite, limestone
Locals: | New Jersey, Arizona, USA | Ireland | Germany |
Misc: Named from one of its early locals, Ettringen, Germany.
175
176
Name: glauberite
Class: Sulfosalts
Chemistry: CaNa2(SO4)2 Calcium Sodium Sulfate
Color(s): white, yellowish, brick-red
Fracture: uneven Cleavage: none
Crystal: a sedimentary mineral formed through evaporation
Envronment: a sedimentary mineral formed through evaporation
Association: halite, gypsum, anhydrite, silvenite

| Arizona, Calif., USA | France | Italy | Germany | Austria | USSR |
Locals:
Switzerland |
Soluble in water and hydrochloric acid. Can become powdery when
Misc: exposed to air. Glauberite gets its name from the salt Na2(SO4) which was
formerly named Glauber's Salt after the German chemist Johann Glauber.
177
178
Name: spangolite
Class: Sulfosalts
Chemistry: Cu6AlSO4(OH)12CL € 3H2O
Color(s): blue, blue-green, green, dark-green
Crystal: Hexagonal, thick tabular, also as crusts
Envronment: oxidation zones
Association: serpierite, brochantite, azurite
Locals: Greece / NW., USA /
Misc: Named after N. Spang, USA
179
180
TUNGSTATES / MOLYBDATES
Name: crocoite
Class: Tungstates/Molybdates
Chemistry: PbCrO4 lead chromate
Color(s): red,orange, yellow-orange Streak: orange
Crystal: monoclinic (sometimes hallow, elongated crystals)
Envronment: alteration zone in hydrothermal replacements
Association: wulfenite, galena, cerussite, mimetite, vanadinite
Locals: | Germany | USSR | Brazil | Tasmania | California, Arizona/USA |

strong double refraction, soluble in HCl, from the Greek "krokos",
Misc:
meaning "saffron" for its strong color.
181
182
Name: ferberite
Chemistry: FeWO4 Iron Tungstate
Color(s): reddish-brown, blackish-brown, sub-metallic luster
Crystal: Monoclinic, tabular crystals, vertical striations, or lamellar
Envronment: pegmatites, and medium to high temperature hydrothermal veins
Association: often found with gold, silver, and nickel minerals

| Bolivia | China | Canada | Austrailia | Colorado, USA | Malaysia |
Locals:
Netherlands |
Insoluble in acids. It is one one end member of a solid solution where the
Iron may be substituted for Manganese. Ferberite (the iron end member)
Misc:
and Heubnerite (MnWO4) is the manganese end member. The material
with equal amounts of Fe and Mn is sometimes called Wolframite.
183
184
Name: scheelite
Chemistry: CaWO4
Color(s): colorless, white, yellowish, orange-brown
Hardness: 4.5-5 SpecGrav: 5.9-6.1
Fracture: conchoidal Cleavage: difficult to distinguish
Crystal: tetragonal; bipyramidal, less often tabular
Envronment: in pegmatites, pneumatolytic veins, hydrothermal veins
Association: fluorite, cassiterite, wolframite, quartz
Locals: Germany / China / CA., USA / Austria / Namibia/ Brazil/ Australia
Misc: named for a Swedish Chemist, K. W. Scheele (1742-1786).
185
186
Name: wulfenite
Chemistry: PbMoO4 Lead Molybdate
Color(s): yellow, orange, reddish, olive-green, Streak: white
Crystal: Tetragonal (common square tabular)

secondary mineral in oxidizing zone of ore deposits containing lead and
Envronment:
molybdenum
Association: galena, cerussite, pyromorphite, smithsonite, calcite
| Bohemia | Morocco | Yugoslavia | Zaire | Utah, Arazona/USA | Mexico |
Locals:
Austrailia |
slowly soluble in HCl, named for Franz Xaver Wulfen an Austrian Jesuit
Misc: priest. His interest in creation resulted in his becoming a expert in many
lead ores.
187
188
OXIDE / HYDROXIDE
Name: atacamite
Class: Oxide/Hydroxides
Chemistry: Cu2(OH)3Cl copper chloro-hydroxide
Color(s): green, green-black, Streak: apple green

oxidation zone of copper deposits, especially under desert saline
Crystal:
conditions
oxidation zone of copper deposits, especially under desert saline
Envronment:
conditions
Association: malachite, cuprite, hematite, limonite, gypsum, brochantite
| Italy | England | USSR | Namibia | California, Arizona/USA | Mexico |
Locals:
Peru | Chile | Bolivia |
Soluble in HCl and ammonia. Named from the Atacama Desert of
Misc:
Northern Chile where it was first discovered.
189
190
Name: bixbyite
Chemistry: (Mn,Fe)2O3 manganous iron oxide
Color(s): black with bronze colored glint

Cubic (usually cubes, sometimes with penetration twins) crystals have a
Crystal:
brilliant metallic luster
Envronment: forms in siliceous volcanic rocks
Association: topaz, hematite, garnet, red beryl
Locals: | Utah, Arizona, USA | Mexico| Argentina | India | India | South Africa |
Name comes from the mineral collector, Maynard Bixby, and it was first
Misc:
found in the Thomas and Wah Wah Mtns. of Utah.
191
192
Name: brookite
Chemistry: TiO2
Color(s): dark brown to greenish brown streak: brown-white
Fracture: uneven Cleavage: poor

orthorhombic - platy, complex crystals form id elongated in one direction,
Crystal:
Can form pseudo hexagonal looking crystals.
Envronment:
Association: chalcopyrite, hematite, anatase, rutile, quartz, feldspars, sphene

| Austria | England | Switzerland | Russia | Arkansas, New York, Montana,
Locals:
USA |
Misc: Named for the English mineralogist Henry James Brucke (1771-1857)
193
194
Name: cassiterite
Chemistry: SnO2 Tin Oxide
Color(s): brown to black, rarely reddish, yellow, gray, colorless
Fracture: conchoidal Cleavage: uneven
Crystal: Tetragonal (short columnar or acicular common)
Envronment: pegmatite veins, deposited from hydrothermal fluids
Association: quartz, flourite, topaz, wolframite, sphalerite, pyrite

| California, Alaska, South Dakota, USA | Bolivia | Mexico | Nigeria|
Locals:
Thailand| Sumatra |
Probably from the ancient Phoenician name for the northern
Mediterranean Island, the "cassiterides". Tin was mined and imported
Misc:
from these island in ancient times. It has the same structure as rutile
(TiO2).
195
196
Name:
chalcotrichite
(cuprite)
Chemistry: CuO2 copper oxide
Color(s):
3.5 -
4.0
Fracture: brittle Cleavage: imperfect
Crystal: cubic - fiberous form of cuprite
Envronment: in the oxidation zones of copper deosits.
Association: limonite, copper, malachite
Locals: | Az., N.M., Wy., USA | Germany | France | England |
Misc: Chalcotrichite from the Greek, meaning "hairy copper."
197
198
Name: chrysoberyl
Chemistry: BeAl2O4
Color(s): yellow-green, green, brown, greenish-white
Fracture: Cleavage: good one direction poor in two

orthorhombic; usually tabular or prismatic, often twinned in circular (six-
Crystal:
sided) shapes.
Envronment: granite pegmatites, shists, and a few other metamorphics
Association: microcline, tourmaline,albite, almandite, garnet, spinel
Locals: Sweden / USSR/ Sri Lankra / Burma / Brazil / China/

from the Greek, chrysos and beryllos, relating to beryl and its golden
Misc:
yellow color. It was once considered a variety of beryl.
199
200
Name: corundum
Chemistry: Al2O3
red (ruby), blue (sapphire), gray, black, yellow, purple, (just about all
Color(s):
colors) streak: white
Fracture: tough Cleavage: none
Crystal: hexagonal
Envronment: in pegmatites, in contact metamorphics, and in other metamorphic terrains.
Association:
Locals: |Burma | China | Sri Lanka | NC, Mo., USA |

The name comes from the ancient Sanskrit, ³kuruvinda² meaning ³ruby². It
Misc: is derived from the Tamil ³kuruntam², which also came from the Sanskrit.
Do to its hardness it is also used as an abrasive.
201
202
Name: cryptomelane
Chemistry: KMn8O16 potassium manganese oxide
Color(s): steel gray to bluish black, sometimes dull gray or sub-metallic
Fracture: conchoidal Cleavage: unknown
Crystal: Monoclinic, pseudo tetragonal, often botryoidal, fine grained or fibrous.
Envronment: secondary mineral in manganese ore deposits
Association: pyrolusite, manganite

| N.C., Arkansas, Arizona, Montana, USA | S. Africa | Ghana | Brazil |
Locals:
Australia |
Part of a series of minerals with the general formula AB8O16 where the A
represents, Ba, K, Na, Pb, Sr, Y, and the B is taken from the list, Cr, Fe,
Misc:
Mg, Mn, Ti, and V. The minerals include, Coronadite, Priderite,
Hollandite, Manjiroite, Mannardite, and Redledgeite.
203
204
Name: cuprite (chalcotrichite)
Chemistry: CuO2 copper oxide
Color(s): deep red, carmine red, red-brown, sometimes gray-black

Isometric (often octahedral and twinned,surface growths, sometimes
Crystal:
acicular) fibrous material often called chalcotrichite
found in oxidized zone of copper deposits, hydrothermal sulfide veins, and
Envronment:
sometimes in aggregates.
Association: copper, malachite, azurite, chrysocolla, limonite
| Tennessee, Arizona, USA | Bolivia | Mexico | Japan | Australia | Germany
Locals:
|
Scientific name comes from the Latin "cuprum", meaning copper. It's
Misc: nickname is "ruby copper" from old miners. Pseudomorphs of malachite
after cuprite a fairly common.
205
206
Name: goethite
Chemistry: FeOOH Hydrous Iron Oxide
Color(s): brown, yellow, gray, metallic
Crystal: Orthorhombic (often globular masses, prismatic or tabular crystals.)
Envronment: found in oxidized zone of sulfide ore deposits
Association: hematite, pyrite, calcite, quartz, lepidocrocite

| Alabama, Michigan, Colorado, USA | Germany | England | France |
Locals:
Canada |
Named in honor of the German poet, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.
Goethite is the major constituent of rust, and an important ore of iron. It is
Misc:
also the primary constituent of limonite, which is a catchall name for a
variety of mixed iron oxides.
207
208
Name: hausmannite
Chemistry: Mn3O4
Color(s): brown t- reddish
Crystal: tetragonal; pseudo-octahedral, massive,
Envronment: metamorphic manganese deposits, lining hydrothermal veins
Association: braunite, manganite, pyrolusite, psilomelane, barite

Germany / England / Bulgaria / Sweden / Switzerland / USSR / NV.,
Locals:
USA / Brazil / India
Misc: after the German mineralogist J. F. L. Hausmann (1782-1859)
209
210
Name: hematite
Chemistry: Fe2O3 Iron Oxide
Color(s): gray-metallic, black, reddish-gray, reddish-brown

Hexagonal (often botryoidal masses, thin needles, tabular) grows in a wide
Crystal:
variety of forms
Envronment: accessory mineral in many igneous and metamorphic rocks.
Association: magnetite, pyrite, siderite,limonite,calcite,quartz

| Great Lakes Region, Many Western States, USA | Canada | Italy | Brazil |
Locals:
Switzerland |
It's name is taken from the Greek word "haima", for "blood". It is still
Misc: sometimes referred to as "bloodstone" do to its red streak. It is often made
into beads or jewelry as it polishes to good metallic gray finish.
211
212
Name: latrappite
Chemistry: (Ca,Na)(Nb,Ti,Fe)O3
Color(s): dark-metallic streak: gray

Orthorhombic; dipyramidal Pseudo Cubic - Crystals show a cubic
Crystal:
outline., Twinning Common
Envronment:
Association:
Locals: | Canada |
Misc: Name comes from the local, La Trappe, Oka, Québec, Canada
213
214
Name: limonite
Chemistry: FeOOH€n H2O
Color(s): yellow, brown, glassy,

conchoidal,
uneven
Amorphous, fibrous, botryoidal - limonite is not really a mineral but
Crystal:
rather a mixture of hydrated goethite.
a mixture of secondary iron minerals, alteration product of iron ores,
Envronment:
especially sulfides
Association: pyrite, hematite, prolusite, psilomelane, calcite, quartz
Germany / France / Luxembourg / Italy / USSR/ Cuba/ Brazil / Zaire /
Locals:
India/ USA
named from the Greek, leimons, meaning "meadow". Because it often was
Misc:
found in bogs. It is actually a Cryptocrystalline goethite with water.
215
216
Name: magnetite
Chemistry: Fe3O4 Iron Oxide
Color(s): Metallic, opaque, Streak: black
Crystal: Cubic (crystals are often octahedral)
Envronment: it occurs in many igneous rocks and is the most abundant metal oxide
Association: andradite,calcite
Locals: | France, Germany | Norway | Finland | Brazil | Michigan, Utah/USA |

The name comes from the the ancient name Magnesia, in Asia, an ancient
Misc:
region bordering on Macedonia. It is now in Turkey.
217
218
Name: pseudobrookite
Chemistry: Fe2TiO5
Color(s): black metallic streak:brownish green
Crystal: monoclinic, often radiating crystal masses - acicular
Envronment:
hornblende, tridymite, hematite, bixbyite, spessartine, pyroxenes, and
Association:
topaz.
Locals: | Transylvania, Romania | Thomas Range, Utah, USA |
Misc:
219
220
Name: pyrolusite
Chemistry: MnO2 Manganese Oxide
Color(s): steel gray to iron black
Crystal: Tetragonal (prismatic, often radiating fibrous)

secondary manganese deposits, and secondary veins. Forms under
Envronment:
oxidizing conditions
Association: Manganite, psilomelane, limonite
Locals: Germany | Ukraine | S. Africa | Brazil | Michigan,Arkansas/USA |

found as tubers on deep ocean floors, it is the main ore of manganese.
Misc: Soluble in HCL. The name is derived from the Greek, and translated as
"fire wash", as it was added to glass to remove iron stain.
221
222
Name: rutile
Chemistry: TiO2 Titanium Dioxide
Color(s): yellow to dark brown, reddish, black

tetragonal (prismatic thick columns, sometimes fine wire-like structures in
Crystal:
quartz or topaz, often vertical stripes) often twinned
Envronment: present in metamorphic rocks, pegmatites, basic magmatites.
Association: brookite, anatase, hematite, quartz, topaz, apatite, titanite
Locals: | Austria | Urals | Norway | Switzerland | Mexico | Brazil | Georgia /USA |

The name is from the Latin "rutilus", which means "golden-red". There are
Misc: three polymorphs of Titanium Dioxide, rutile, anatase, and brookite. Rutile
is by far the most common. It is an important ore of titanium.
223
224
Name: spinel
Chemistry: MgAl2O4 Magnesium Aluminum Oxide
Color(s): red, green, blue, black, brown

Isometric (often in octahedrons and cubes, also sometimes compact and
Crystal:
granular)
Envronment: forms in metamorphic rocks
Association: zircon, garnet,magnetite, calcite, corundum

| Germany | Sweden | USSR | Burma | India | New York, Calif., New
Locals:
Jersey, USA | Canada |
The name is probably from the Latin "spina", meaning "thorn". This is
Misc: because it sometimes forms in small, sharp little crystals, resembling
thorns.
225
226
BORATES
Name: hilgardite
Class: Borates
Chemistry: Ca2 B5O9 Cl · H2O
Color(s): colorless, red-orange streak: white
Fracture: Cleavage: perfect 2 directions
Crystal: Triclinic
Envronment:
Association: other borates, boracite
Locals: | LA, USA | England |
Misc: Images 1-4 contain orange hilgardite on white boracite.
227
228
Name: rhodizite
Class: Borates
Chemistry: (K,Cs) Al4 Be4 (B,Be)12 O28

colorless, grayish, yellow, yellowish white, or white streak:
Color(s):
white
Crystal: Isometric - dodecahedral crystals and embedded grains
Envronment: found in pegmatites
Association:
Locals: | England | russia | Madagascar |

From the Greek: "RHIDIZEIN", meaning rose colored allunding to a
Misc:
flame. It is piezeoelectric.
229
230
ELEMENTS
Name: antimony
Class: Native Element
Chemistry: Sb
Color(s): silver gray - metallic

3.0 -
3.5
Fracture: brittle Cleavage: perfect
Crystal: trigonal - often massive lamellar, forms large masses
Envronment: most often found in mesothermal veins
Association: stibnite, nickeline, sphalerite
Locals: | Ca., USA | Mexico | Canada |

From the Arabic, ³al-uthmud², tthen from the Medieval Latin,
Misc:
³antimonium²; originally applied to stibnite, antimony sulfide
231
232
Name: bismuth
Chemistry: Bi
Color(s): gray, metallic

2.0
Hardness: - SpecGrav: 9.7 - 9.8
2.5
Crystal: hexagonial but quite rare, often in lamular groups.

in pegmatites, hypothermal and mesothermal veins, and hydrothermal
Envronment:
replacements
Association: bismuthinite, quartz, gold, cassiterite
Locals: | germany | Sweden | Canada | S.C., USA | Mexico |

Named from the German ³Wismut² of unknown origin or perhaps from
Misc:
the Arabic, ³biismid², meaning ³having the properties of antimony².
233
234
Name: gold
Chemistry: Au
Color(s): brass yellow, light yellow, metallic

2.5-
3
Isometric; octahedral, dodecahedral, cubic ...often distorted as
Crystal:
nuggets
Envronment: veins in hydrothermal deposits, and hydrothermal replacements
Association: quartz, pyrite, sphalerite, magnetite, tourmaline
Locals: Austria / Australia / South Africa / USSR / USA / Canada

the name may be Anglo-Saxon, but the origin is unknown or
Misc:
uncertain.
235
236
Name: silver
Chemistry: Ag
Color(s): metallic, silver, gray

2.5 -
3.0
Fracture: hackly Cleavage: noe
Crystal: Isometric, crystals are rare, massive, also wire forms

volcanic rocks, veins, mixtures with copper, wires, hypothermal
Envronment:
veins
Association: copper, chalcocite, lead, quartz
Locals: | Nv., Mi., Az., Co., USA| Mexico | Norway |
Misc: it is both maleable and ductile. The origin of the name is not known.
237
238
Name: sulfur
Chemistry: S8
Color(s): yellow, brownish black, Streak: white
Crystal: Orthorhombic (bipyramidal, sometimes tabular) often as a crust
Envronment: usually from a direct sublimation process from a vents or fumarols
Association: cinnabar, stibnite, calcite, gypsum, halite
Locals: | Italy | Wyoming, Utah, California/USA | Japan | Indonesia | USSR |

The origin of the name is unknown, but it was known in ancient
Misc:
times.
239
240
SULFIDES
Name: acanthite (argentite)
Class: Sulfides
Chemistry: Ag2S
Color(s): lead-gray to black - metallic
Fracture: hacky Cleavage: indistinct
Crystal: isometric, crystals rare - cubes; octahedrons - often in parallel groups
Envronment: hydrothermal replacement deposits
Association: barite, bornite, galena and quartz

Kongsberg, Norway / Pachuca, Guanajuarato, Mexico / Aspen, Leadville,
Locals:
Co., Nv., USA
Named for the Greek word for thorn, akantha. Derived from the crystal
Misc:
form. Argenite comes from the Latin, arentum. meaning silver.
241
242
Name: arsenopyrite
Class: Sulfides
Chemistry: FeAsS iron arsenic sulfide
Color(s): Silverish, whiteish-gray, metallic
Fracture: uneven Cleavage: one distinct

Monoclinic, elongated prismatic crystals with striations, twinning is
Crystal:
common
in sulfide ore deposits, common in medium to high temperature
Envronment:
hydrothermal veins. Frequently in metamorphic deposits.
Association: often found with gold, silver, and nickel minerals
| Bolivia | Mexico | Canada | Hungary | Colorado, Conn., USA | England |
Locals:
Norway |
The most common mineral containing Arsenic, it is soluble in Nitric Acid,
Misc: yielding Sulfur. If it is struck with a metal object it produces a garlic odor.
Its name is a contraction of an archaic term "arsenical pyrites".
243
244
Name: bornite
Class: Sulfides
Chemistry: Cu5FeS4
copper-red, bronze-brown, tarnishes to deep blue-violet
Color(s):
... metallic
uneven
brittle
Crystal: isometric - crystals rare ... cubic, dodecahedral, octahedral
can occur with carbonatites or in hydrothermal veins, and with other
Envronment:
ores
Association: calcite, barite, galena, quartz, chalcopyrite, chalcocite, pyrite
CO, MN, AR, USA / Canada / Morocco / Germany / Poland / England /
Locals:
Chile
Misc: It was named after Ignaz vonBorn (1742-1791), mineralogist.
245
246
Name:
boulangerite
(Mullanite)
Class: Sulfides
Chemistry: Pb5 Sb4 S11
Color(s): mettalic lloking, gray, black streak: reddish-brown
Fracture: brittle Cleavage: indistinct

Monoclinic - prismatic Acicular - Occurs as needle-like crystals.,
Crystal:
Massive - Fibrous
Envronment: present in lead-ore deposits
Association: galena, stibnite, sphalerite, pyrite, quartz
Locals: | Germany | USSR | S.D., USA |
Misc: Named for a mining engineer, C. L. Boulanger, France.
247
248
Name:
bournonite
(endellionite)
Class: Sulfides
Chemistry: Pb Cu Sb S3
Color(s): gray, steelish-metallic streak: grayish

pseudo-
Fracture: Cleavage: imperfect
conchoidal
Crystal: orthorhombic - dipyramidal, cubic looking, cog-whell type shapes.
Envronment: develops in mesothermal veins
Association: stibnite, galena, tetrahedrite, quartz, calcite
Locals: | Germany | France | England | Co., Ca., Az., Ut., USA |
Misc: Named after the French mineralogist, J. L. de Bournon.
249
250
Name: chalcocite
Class: Sulfides
Chemistry: Cu2S copper sulfide

metallic luster, dark color usually charcoal gray or black, sometimes
Color(s):
iridescent colors.
Crystal: Orthorhombic crystals rare, tabular, hexagonal and striated.
Envronment: Ore veins, hydrothermal sulfide deposits
Association: cuprite, azurite, malachite
Locals: | Montana, Arizona, USA | Peru | Mexico | Namibia | Italy |

The name comes from the Greek "chalcos", meaning "copper". Dissolves
Misc: easily in nitric acid, and in a flame it decomposes giving off sulfur dioxide
fumes.
251
252
Name: chalcopyrite
Class: Sulfides
Chemistry: CuFeS2 copper iron sulfide

brass yellow, sometimes a greenish cast, sometimes an iridescent
Color(s):
tarnish

tetragonal (pseudo tetrahedral crystals common, sometimes massive) The
Crystal:
pseudo tetrahedral crystals are disphenoidal.
Envronment: High temperature hydrothermal veins, contact metamorphics
Association: pyrite, sphalerite, pyrrhotite, fluorite, tetrahedrite

|France | Chile | Zambia | Peru | Germany | Spain | Montana, Arizona, Utah
Locals:
/USA |
the word chalcopyrite means "copper pyrite", from the Greek "chalkos"
meaning "copper" and the "pyrite" which had the general meaning of
Misc: something that, when struck, would produce sparks. Easily distinguished
from pyrite as chalcopyrite can be scratched with a steel blade and pyrite
cannot.
253
254
Name: cinnabar
Class: Sulfides
Chemistry: HgS mercuric sulfide
Color(s): red
Hardness: 2 - 2.5 SpecGrav: 8 - 8.2
Fracture: splintery Cleavage: perfect
Crystal: hexagonal (rhombohedral - thick plates common)
Envronment: near hot springs and volcanic activity
Association: pyrite, marchasite, stibnite, realgar, galena, hematite
Locals: | Almaden/Spain | California, Nevada, Oregon, Texas/USA | China |

name originally from ancient Persian "zinjifrah", "dragons blood", soluble
Misc:
in aqua-regia. Used as a carving material in China.
255
256
Name: cubanite
Class: Sulfides
Chemistry: CuFe2S3
Color(s): bronze=yellow metallic
Crystal: orthorhombic; prismatic with longitudinal striations

in lamellar growths with chalcopyrite in high-temperature coper
Envronment:
deposits
Association: chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite, siderite
Locals: /Germany / Quebec, Canada /
Misc: Named after its locality, Barracanao, Cuba
257
258
Name: cylindrite
Class: Sulfides
Pb3Sn4Sb2S12 mixed lead-tin-antimony
Chemistry:
sulfide
Color(s): gray, blackish-gray, metallic luster
Crystal: Uncertain (crystals often in the form of small tubes)
Envronment: In tin deposits and ores
Association: cassiterite, franckeite, teallite
Locals: | Bolivia | Ukraine |
Misc: From the Greek word, kylindros, "cylinder."
259
260
Name: enargite
Class: Sulfides
Chemistry: Cu3AsS4 Copper Arsenic Sulfide
Color(s): steel gray, dark green, to iron black, metallic

Orthorhombic (often prismatic, usually vertically striped) sometimes
Crystal:
tabular and often twinned
Envronment: forms in hydrothermal replacement deposits
Association: pyrite, chalcopyrite, galena, bornite, chalcosite,

Montana, Utah, USA | Chile | Philippines | Germany | Hungary | Peru |
Locals:
Namibia |
The name comes from the Greek "enargos", meaning "distinct" from its
Misc:
nearly perfect prismatic cleavage. Soluble in nitric acid and aqua regia.
261
262
Name: galena
Class: Sulfides
Chemistry: PbS Lead Sulfide
Color(s): metallic-submetallic gray
Crystal: cubic (cubes, octahedrons, often twinned)

pegmatites, high temperature to low temperature hydrothermal veins,
Envronment:
replacements in chalks
Association: sphalerite, chalcopyrite, pyrite, barite, fluorite,calcite
Locals: Germany | Austria | Zambia | Canada | Idaho, Colorado, Mo., USA |

soluble in HCl when heated (toxic gas produced), Dissolves in Nitric Acid
Misc: producing small flakes of Sulfur, and a fine white precipitate (lead
sulfate). Dark gray streak.
263
264
Name: kermesite
Class: Sulfides
Chemistry: Sb2S2O
Color(s): red, reddish-brown, yellowish powder
Hardness: 1-1.5 SpecGrav: 4.7

conchoidal
Fracture: Cleavage: complete
- brittle
Crystal: monoclinic; acicular, radiating
Envronment: oxidation zone of antimony deposits, the alteration product of stibnite.
Association: stibnite, valentinite, senarmontite
Locals: Germany / Czechoslovakia / Italy / Canada / CA., ID. USA / Mexico
Misc: from the Persian, qurmizq, meaning "crimson"
265
266
Name: marcasite
Class: Sulfides
Chemistry: FeS2 Iron Sulfide
Color(s): pale-yellow to brown metallic, Streak:grayish or brownish black
Fracture: uneven Cleavage: distinct 2 directions
Crystal: Orthorhombic (twinning common - coxcomb pattern not unusual)

hydrothermal deposits, tends to form at lower temperature and in acid
Envronment: solutions whereas pyrite forms at higher temperature and from more basic
solutions.
Association: pyrite, quartz, galena, magnetite, feldspars
Locals: | Mexico | Germany | France | Missouri/USA |

name comes from Arabic word used for pyrite "markaschatsa", "fire
Misc:
stone". It may disintegrate with time in collections as it air oxidizes.
267
268
Name: millerite
Class: Sulfides
Chemistry: NiS Nickel Sulfide
Color(s): gray, yellowish, brassy, metallic

hexagonal (usually slender, hair-like, acicular crystals, often radiating
Crystal:
groups)
Envronment: hydrothermal replacement deposits, volcanic exhalation product.
Association: calcite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, galena, linneite, gerdorffite
Locals: | Michigan, New York, Pennsylvania, USA | Canada | Germany |

Named for the English minerologist, W. H. Miller. Soluble in HNO3
Misc:
and aqua-regia.
269
270
Name: molybdenite
Class: Sulfides
Chemistry: MoS2 Molybdenum Sulfide
Color(s): lead-gray, metallic

1-
1.5
Fracture: none Cleavage: perfect
Crystal: hexagonal (flat tabular plates common, scales, foliated masses)

in quartz veins and pegmatites, hypothermal veins, and hydrothermal
Envronment:
veins, and some metamorphic rocks.
Association: quartz, wolframite, cassiterite, sphalerite, pyrite, magnetite
| Colorado, New Jersey, USA | Canada | England | Sweden | USSR |
Locals:
Austrailia |
The name comes from the Greek "molybdos", meaning "lead". Soluble in
Misc: HNO3 and aqua-regia. It feels greasy to the touch and has been used as a
powdered lubricant.
271
272
Name: orpiment
Class: Sulfides
Chemistry: As2S3 Arsenic Sulfide
Color(s): lemon-yellow, orange, orange-brownish

1.5 -
2.0
Fracture: bladed Cleavage: complete
monoclinic (poorly formed and crystals are rare. Crystals are prismatic or
Crystal:
tabular when present. Often granular or encrusting.)
a sublimation product in fumaroles, and a byproduct of the decay of
Envronment:
realgar.
Association: realgar,stibnite,pyrite,sphalerite,calcite
| USSR | Germany | Switzerland | Utah, Nevada, USA | Hungary | Italy |
Locals:
Turkey | China |
The name is derived from the Latin "auripigmentium", relating to the
Misc:
minerals "goldish color". Soluble in nitric acid.
273
274
Name: pyrargyrite
Class: Sulfides
Chemistry: Ag3SbS3
Color(s): gray, iron black, metallic
Fracture: uneven Cleavage: distinct 2 directions
Crystal: Orthorhombic; usually short prismatic to tabular, sometimes striated
Envronment: epithermal veins
Association: pyrite, quartz, galena
Locals: Mexico / CA., NV., ID., USA / Ontario, Canada
Misc: named from the Greek. pyr, "fire" and aregyros meaning "silver".
275
276
Name: pyrite
Class: Sulfides
Chemistry: FeS2
Color(s): pale-yellow metallic, Streak: greenish/brownish black
Crystal: Isometric (cubes, many twins, xtls sometimes striated)
Envronment: hydrothermal veins, pegmatites, hydrothermal replacements
Association: quartz, microcline, biotite, hematite, magnetite, rutile, calcite, sphalerite
Locals: | Spain | Portugal | Italy | Wyoming, New York/USA |

soluble in nitric acid, known as "fools gold", the name "Pyrite" means
Misc: "fireStone" in Greek. The name fire stone came from the common belief
that pyrite held fire (inside) and was used by ancients as a sparking source.
277
278
Name: siegenite
Class: Sulfides
Chemistry: (Co, Ni)3S4

steel-gray, silvery sometimes with a brownish look,
Color(s):
metallic
Fracture: uneven Cleavage: imperfect
Crystal: Isometric; octahedrons, often botryoidal
Envronment: hydrothermal deposits
Association: chalcopyrite, pyrite
Locals: MO., USA / Germany / Canada
Misc: locality name from, Siegen, Germany.
279
280
Name: sphalerite (blende)
Class: Sulfides
Chemistry: ZnS Zinc Sulfide
Color(s): yellow, yellow-brown, brown to black, seldom red or green
Crystal: isometric (tetrahedral, dodecahedral) sometimes granular
Envronment: mesothermal veins, limestones, hydrothermal deposits
Association: quartz, galena, pyrrhotite, pyrite, marchasite, barite, fluorite, chalcopyrite

| Poland | Idaho,New Jersey, Missouri, Ohio, USA | Mexico | Germany |
Locals:
USSR |
The name is from the Greek word "sphaleros", meaning "treacherous" -
Misc: probably because of similarity to several other minerals. Soluble in HNO3.
It is the principal ore of zinc.
281
282
Name: stibnite
Class: Sulfides
Chemistry: Sb2S3 Antimony Sulfide
Color(s): gray-metallic, Streak:dark-lead gray
Crystal: orthorhombic, slightly flexible crystals, often radiating blades
Envronment: epithermal veins
Association: gold, cinnabar, galena, barite, quartz
Locals: | Shikoku/Japan | Rumania | Idaho, Nevada. California / USA | China |

from the Greek name "stibi", used to describe antimony which was used
Misc:
to separate gold by the ancients
283
284
Name: tetrahedrite
Class: Sulfides
Chemistry: Cu12Sb4S13 Mixed Copper/Antimony Sulfide
Color(s): steely gray to flat black, metallic, gray streak
Crystal: Isometric (predominantly in tetrahedron) often inter grown masses

common copper minerals they form in mesothermal and epithermal veins,
Envronment:
they also form with carbonatites, and in hydrothermal deposits.
Association: galena, quartz, pyrite, chalcopyrite, bornite
| Germany | Mexico | British Columbia | Idaho, Colorado, Utah, USA |
Locals:
Peru |
The name is derived from its crystal habit, being predominantly
Misc:
tetrahedral . It is soluble in nitric acid and aqua regia
285
286
PHOSPHATES / VANADINATES /
ARSENATES
Name: annabergite
Class: Phosphates/Arsenates/Vanadates
Chemistry: (Ni, Co)3(AsO4)2 € 8H2O
Color(s): Greenish
Hardness: 2 SpecGrav: 3-3.1
Fracture: lamellar Cleavage: perfect
Crystal: monoclinic, prismatic to tabular, often acicular ... sometimes massive.
Association: other nickel ores
Locals: Harz Mtns. Germany/ Sardinia, Italy/ Spain / Greece/ Canada/ USA
Misc: very similar to Erythrite, but with ore Ni than Co.
287
288
Name: apatite
Chemistry: Ca5(PO4)3(F,CL,OH)
Color(s): Green, yellow, brown, red, yellow, blue, pink, white

uneven,
Fracture: Cleavage: poor, unidirectinal
conchoidal
hexagonal, usually short prismatic, sometimes tabular, often massive
Crystal:
without form.
Igneous rocks, and some metamorphics. In plutonic, granite pegmatites
Envronment:
and hornfels.
Association: acmite, titanite, magnetite, albite, andradite, nepheline
Locals: Ontario, Canada/ San Diego, California/ Durango, Mexico

the name comes fro m the Greek, apate. which means "deceit". Because it
Misc: is often confused with other gem minerals like beryl, olivine (peridot), and
fluorite.
289
290
Name: autunite
Chemistry: Ca(UO2)2(PO4)2 € 10-12 H2O
Color(s): lemon-sulfur yellow, yellow-green, green

2-
2.5
Fracture: Cleavage: perfect, one direction
Crystal: tetragonal; usually tabular xtls. often micaceous
Envronment: secondary uranium mineral, pegmatites and hypothermal veins.
Association: torbernite, uranocicrcite, flourite, barite, quartz

Germany / Eng;amd / France / Zaire, Africa / Grafton, Colorado, NH,
Locals:
NC, SD, USA /
Misc: The name is derived from a locally ... Autun, Saone-et-Loire, France.
291
292
Name: brazilianite
NaAl3(PO4)2(OH)4 Hydrous Sodium Aluminum
Chemistry:
Phosphate
Color(s): Colorless, yellow to yellow green Streak: colorless
Fracture: Conchoidal Cleavage: 1 good

Monoclinic - crystals are often prismatic and often nearly equal in all
Crystal:
directions, globular.
Envronment:
Association: apatite, quartz,wardite, tourmaline
Locals: | Brazil | N.H., USA |
Misc: Name derived from it most famous locality Brazil.
293
294
Name: carnotite
Chemistry: K2 (UO2)2 V2O8 · 3 H2O
Color(s): yellow, yellow-brown, greenish-yellow streak: light yellow

Monoclinic - prismatic, often as a fine dispersion over a host rock. Crust
Crystal:
like aggregates over a matrix.
Envronment: a secondary uranium ore that occurs mainly in sandstone deposits.
Association:
Locals: | Co., N.M., Ut., Az., USA |
Misc: Named after a French chemist;M. A. Carnot
295
296
Name: clinoclase
Chemistry: Cu3AsO4 (OH)3 hydros copper arsenate
Color(s): dark green, blue, dark blue to black

2.5 -
3.0
monoclinic (often in groups - radiating as rosettes, tabular and
Crystal:
elongated)
Envronment: Secondary mineral in the oxidation zone of copper sulfide deposits.
Association: olivinite, cornubite
Locals: | Morocco | Australia | Japan | England | Chile | Nevada, Utah, USA |
Misc: Soluble in dilute acids and produces a garlic smell.
297
298
Name: collinsite
Ca2(Mg,Fe)(PO4)2€2H2O Hydrous Calcium Magnesium
Chemistry:
Iron Phosphate
Color(s): Colorless, white, light brown
Fracture: brittle Cleavage: 2 perfect
Crystal: Triclinic - often prismatic to tabular, sometimes a radial structure
Envronment:
Association:
Locals: | Canada | USSR | Austria | Australia | N.C., S.D., USA |
Misc: Named after William H. Collins.
299
300
Name: cornetite
Chemistry: Cu3(PO4)(OH)3
Color(s): greenish-blue to dark blue

Orthorhombic; short prismatic often somewhat rounded, sometimes
Crystal:
radiating fibers
Association: malachite, pseudo malachite, brochanite
Locals: Zaire |
Misc:
301
302
Name: cornubite
Chemistry: Cu5(AsO4)2(OH)4 hydros copper arsenate
Color(s): light green, apple-green, to dark green
Hardness: unknown SpecGrav: 4.6
Fracture: unknown Cleavage: unknown
Crystal: triclinic ( often fibrous masses or botryoidal aggregates)
Envronment: only known in a few localities
Association: clinoclase, malachite, olivinite, cornwallite, liroconite

| Cornwall, Devon, Cumberland, England | Arizona, Utah, USA |
Locals:
Japan |
Misc: Named from Cornubia, the medieval latin name for Cornwall.
303
304
Name: eosphorite
(Mn,Fe)AlPO4(OH)2*H2O Mangano Iron Alumino-
Chemistry:
Phospahte
Color(s): Pink, yellow, colorless, red, brown or black
Fracture: uneven Cleavage: poor
Crystal: Monoclinic (prismatic crystals or radial bunches)
Envronment: found in granite pegmatites, with other manganese phosphates
Association: childrenite, lipscombite, phosphoferrite, purpurite,

| New Hampshire, Main, Connecticut, USA | Brazil | Bavaria |Rwanda |
Locals:
Namibia |
Named from the Greek for "dawn-bearing," in allusion to the pink
Misc:
color.
305
306
Name: erythrite
Chemistry: Co3(AsO4)2 * 8H2O Hydrous Cobalt Arsenate
Color(s): peach blossom red, red-violet, magenta
Crystal: Monoclinic (prismatic, tabular, acicular) sometimes massive

found in oxidized zone of cobalt rich deposits, formed through alteration
Envronment:
of cobaltite, and skutterudite.
Association: cobaltite, annabergite, malachite, azurite
| Idaho, USA | USSR | Morocco | Germany | India | South England |
Locals:
Canada |
From the Greek word "erythos", meaning "red". It is soluble in hot nitric
Misc:
acid.
307
308
Name: francevillite
Chemistry: (Ba,Pb)(UO2)2V2O8·5(H2O)
yellow, yellow-green, brown, yellow-
Color(s):
orange
Fracture: Cleavage: perfect one direction
Crystal: orthorhombic; often small hair like crystal structures
Envronment:
Association:
Locals: Franceville, Gabon, Africa / PA, USA / Germany | England |
Misc: Named for the locality in Franceville, Gabon.
309
310
Name: koettigite (kottigite)
Chemistry: Zn3(AsO4)2 € 8 H2O
Color(s): white, gray, brown-reddish
Crystal: monoclinic, prismatic, long tabular, radiating fibers
Envronment: oxidation zones of zinc deposits
Association: adamite
Locals: | Mexico | Germany | Greece | Namibia |
Misc:
311
312
Name: lazulite
Chemistry: MgAl2(PO4)2(OH)2 Hydroxy Magnesium/Aluminum Phosphate
Color(s): light blue, blue, dark blue, sometimes violet tints

5.0 -
6.0
Fracture: uneven Cleavage: indistinct
Crystal: Monoclinic, pseudo-dipyramidal
Envronment: In hypersilicic rocks, igneous veins, metamorphic quartzites.
Association: rutile, quartz, kyanite, corundum, garnet, sapphire
Locals: | Austria | Switzerland | Brazil | Georgia, USA |

Dissolves in strong hot acids very slowly, breaks apart when heated. The
Misc: name is derived from the Persian "lazhward", meaning "blue". Scorzalite is
the iron rich end-member where Fe substitutes for Mg.
313
314
Name: legrandite
Chemistry: Zn2 (AsO4) (OH) · H2O
Color(s): yellow, yellow-orange streak: white
Fracture: conchoidal Cleavage: imperfect
Crystal: Monoclinic - usually prismatic, usually well formewd and often large
Envronment: secondary mineral in zinc ore bodies
Association: sphalerite, pyrite, siderite, adamite, arsenopyrite
Locals: | Germany | Greece | Mexico | Namibia |
Misc: Named after a mining engineer, Legrande (Belgian).
315
316
Name: libethenite
Chemistry: Cu2(PO4)(OH) Copper hydroxy phosphate
Color(s): green, olive green, greenish black, Streak: olive green
Fracture: conchoidal Cleavage: good 2 directions
Crystal: Orthorhombic (usually short prismatic)
Envronment: oxidized zones of copper deposits,
Association: malachite, pseudo malachite, euchroite, limonite

| France | England | USSR | Zaire | Navada, New Mexico,
Locals:
Pennsylvania/USA | Chile |
Misc: Named after its locality, Lubietova (German Livethen), Czechoslovakia
317
318
Name: mimetite
Chemistry: Pb5(AsO4)3Cl Lead ChloroArsenate
Color(s): yellow, yellow-green, white, brown, Streak: white

3.5 -
4.0
Crystal: monoclinic (often pseudo hexagonal)
Envronment: formed in the alteration zone in hydrothermal replacement deposits
Association: galena, pyromorphyte, wulfenite, limonite
Locals: England | Germany | Arizona, Nevada/USA | Mexico

soluble in nitric acid, named from the Greek word "mimetes" which means
Misc:
"imitator" because of it's similarity to pyromorphyte
319
320
Name: olivenite
Chemistry: Cu2AsO4 (OH) Hydrous Copper Arsenate
Color(s): green, greenish-black, olive-green to brown
Crystal: orthorhombic (elongated or short prismatic, sometimes acicular)
Envronment: secondary mineral in the alteration of hydrothermal replacement deposits
Association: malachite, azurite, arsenopyrite, zeunerite
Locals: | USSR | Utah, Nevada, USA | Greece | Chile| England |

The name comes from the German word "olivenerz", meaning "olive
Misc:
ore". Soluble in both acids and ammonia.
321
322
Name: phurcalite
Chemistry: Ca2(UO2)3O2(PO4)2·7(H2O)
Color(s): yellow Streak yellow-white
Fracture: Cleavage: perfect
Crystal: Orthorhombic - Dipyramidal - often radiating needle groups.
Envronment:
Association: brochantite
Locals: |Germany |Portugal | Sao Paulo in Brazil. | Utah, USA |
Misc:
323
324
Name: purpurite
Chemistry: (Mn,Fe)(PO4) Hydrous Copper Arsenate

purple, pink to purplish red, magenta, black, sometimes
Color(s):
brownish

orthorhombic (very small crystals, usually appears as a thin scale,
Crystal:
always inter grown)
Envronment: present in pegmatites
Association: heterosite
Locals: | Sweden | California, USA | France | Namibia | Austrailia |
Misc: From the Latin purpureus - "purple red."
325
326
Name: pyromorphite
Chemistry: Pb5(PO4)3Cl Lead Chloro-Phosphate

yellow, yellow-white, greenish, Streak: pale-yellow,greenish-
Color(s):
yellow
3.5 -
4.0
Crystal: hexagonal
Envronment: alteration zone in hydrothermal deposits
Association: mimetite wulfenite, galena, cerussite
Locals: | Mexico | British Columbia | Austrailia | Idaho/ USA |

soluble in nitric acid, it has a high index of refraction, name comes form
Misc: the Greek phrase "pyro morph" meaning "fire formed", it was observed by
the Greeks that it would recrystallize from a melt.
327
328
Name:
roselite (wendellwilsonite
**)
Chemistry: Ca2 (Co,Mg) (AsO4)2 · 2 H2O
Color(s): red, rose red, pink streak: light red
Fracture: perfect Cleavage:
Crystal: monoclinic - prismatic
Envronment:
Association:
Locals: | Canada | Germany | Morocco |

Named after Gustave Rose (1798-1873), professor on mineralogy at the
Misc: University of Berlin, Germany. wendellwilsonite** is a solution series
member which differs only in the ratio of magnesium to cobalt.
329
330
Name: scholzite
CaZn2(PO4)2 * 2H2O Hydros Calcium Zinc
Chemistry:
Phosphate
Color(s): white, clear, yellowish streak:white
Hardness: 3-4 SpecGrav: 3.11
Crystal: Orthorhombic (tabular, acicular, radiating)
Envronment: phosphate pegmatites
Association: phosphophylite, hopeite, parahopeite, tarbuttite
Locals: | Germany | Australia | Zambia |
Misc:
331
332
Name: skutterudite
Chemistry: (Co,Ni)As3 Mixed Cobalt-Nickel Arsenate
Color(s): metallic gray, tin-white streak:black
Fracture: conchoidal Cleavage: distinct
Crystal: isometric (crystals are often octahedral, cubic, and dodecahedral)
Envronment: Formed in hydrothermal veins, medium to high temperature
Association: arsenopyrite, silver, bismuth, calcite
Locals: | Iran | Germany | Canada | Morocco | Colorado, Arizona, USA |

The name is derived from one of its more famous locals, Skutterrud,
Misc:
Norway. Fumes smell strongly of garlic when heated. (not recommended)
333
334
Name: strengite
Chemistry: Fe(PO4) € 2 H2O
Color(s): colorless, white, yellow, pink, violet
Hardness: 3-4 SpecGrav: 2.87
Crystal: Orthorhombic; tabular, radiating fibrous, and sometimes as crusts
Envronment: in phosphorus containing limonite, and phosphate pegmatites
Association: phosphosiderite, strunzite, beraunite, vabelite, vivianite
Locals: Germany / Portugal / Sweden / CA., Al., USA /
Misc: name after a German mineralogist, J. A. Streng (1830-1897).
335
336
Name: svanbergite
Chemistry: Sr Al3 (PO4) (SO4) (OH)6

colorless, yellow-orange, reddish brown, pink Streak:
Color(s):
white
Fracture: Cleavage: distinct
Crystal: Trigonal - Hexagonal Scalenohedra
Envronment:
Association:
Locals: | Australia | Canada | China | England | Sweeden | Ca., USA |
Misc:
337
338
Name: torbernite
Cu(UO2)2(PO4)2*10H2O hydrated copper uranium
Chemistry:
phosphate
Color(s): green, yellowish-green, Streak: white
Crystal: tetragonal (often micaceous - tabular plates)

in pegmatites, hydrothermal veins, and some sedimentary deposits. It is
Envronment:
an oxidation product of other uranium minerals.
Association: uranite, autunite
| England | Austrailia | Germany | France | Zaire | Mexico | North
Locals:
Carolina/USA |
is not fluorescent, it is radio active, named for the Swedish minerologist
Misc:
Torbern Olaf Bergman.
339
340
Name: vanadinite
Chemistry: Pb5(VO4)3Cl Lead ChloroVanadate
Color(s): orange, red, Streak: yellow-white
Crystal: Hexagonal (sometimes hallow)
Envronment: Secondary mineral develops in hydrothermal replacement deposits
Association: galena, wulfenite, barite, pyromorphyte
Locals: Morocco | Zambia | Mexico | Arizona, New Mexico/ USA

soluble in nitric acid, an arsenic rich variety is also known as endlichite,
Misc:
name is from the element vanadium
341
342
Name: variscite
Chemistry: Al PO4 · 2(H2O)
Color(s): light green streak: white
Fracture: brittle Cleavage: good
Crystal: Monoclinic - Prismatic
Envronment: in hydrotermal replacement deposits
Association: apatite, chalcedony, limonite
Locals: |Utah, Nv., USA |
Misc: Thee name is derived from Variscia and ncient district in Germany.
343
344
Name: vivianite
Chemistry: Fe3(PO4)3Cl Iron Chloro-phosphate
Color(s): blue, green, gray-black, Streak: lt. blue, white, brown
Crystal: monoclinic (prismatic) sometimes crystals appear bent
Envronment: principally in disseminated hydrothermal replacement deposits
Association: muscovite, sphalerite, quarts, pyrite, pyrhotite, siderite
Locals: | Bavaria/Germany | New Jersey, Colorado, Utah/USA | Brazil |

soluble in HCl or HNO3, turns opaque and darker on exposure to light,
Misc:
named after J.G. Vivian, English Mineralogist
345
346
Name: wardite
NaAl3(PO4)2(OH)4€2H2O Hydrous Sodium Aluminum
Chemistry:
Phosphate
Color(s): blue-green, white, colorless
Fracture: Cleavage: 1 perfect

Tetragonal - crystals often pyramidal, sometimes striated, sometimes
Crystal:
fibrous or aggregates.
Envronment: found in pegmatites, and phosphate-rich sedimentary rocks
Association: variscite, vivianite, lazulite, apatite, amblygonite
Locals: | France |UT., S.D., CA., N.H., USA | Brazil |
Misc: Named for Henry Ward.
347
348
Name: wavellite
Al3(PO4)2(OH)3 * 5 H2O Hydrous basic aluminum
Chemistry:
phosphate
Color(s): green, yellow, white, brown, Streak: white
Fracture: conchoidal Cleavage: perfect 1, good 2
Crystal: Orthorhombic (usually radial fibrous -globular)

alteration zone in contact metamorphic rocks, and alteration zone of
Envronment:
epithermal veins
Association: quartz, muscovite, limonite, turquoise
Locals: | Brazil | Bolivia | England Arkansas, Colorado, Pennsylvania/USA |

The name is after William Wavell, the English physician who
Misc:
discovered it.
349
350
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MINERALS BY CLASS

SILICATES HALIDES TUNGSTATES ELEMENTS PHOSPHATES/

Name: aegirine (acmite)

Chemistry: Na Fe Si2O6 Sodium Iron Silicate

Color(s): Dark green, black Streak: pale yellow

Hardness: 6 SpecGrav: 3.5 - 3.6

Fracture: Uneven Cleavage: 2 good

Crystal: Monoclinic - often long prismatic, striated, sometimes acicular

Envronment: contact metamorphics

Association: albite, sodalite, barite, quartz,nepheline

Locals: | Greenland | Ak., Ca., Or., USA | Africa |

Chemistry: Na[AlSi2O6] * H2O hydrous sodium aluminum silicate

Color(s): clear, white, gray, yellow, red, green

Hardness: 5 - 5.5 SpecGrav: 2.2 - 2.3

Fracture: conchoidal Cleavage: none

Crystal: Cubic (ikositetrahedrons or cubic forms common)

Chemistry: Al2SiO5 Aluminum Silicate

Color(s): red, brown, tan, olive green

Hardness: 6.5 - 7.5 SpecGrav: 3.13 - 3.16

Fracture: uneven Cleavage: perfect

Association: kyanite, sillimanite, cordierite, and corundum

Color(s): yellow, brown, red-brown, black, greenish

Hardness: 6.5 - 7.0 SpecGrav: 3.6 - 4.1

Fracture: Brittle Cleavage: None

Crystal: Cubic - usually dodecahedrons or sometimes trapezohedrons.

Locals: | N.J., Ca., Nv., USA | Canada | England | Geermany |

Crystal: tetragonal (often dipyramidal) may look cubic if non terminated

Envronment: cavities in basaltic rocks

Association: zeolites, prehnite, stilbite, analcite, scolecite

Locals: | Poona/India | New Jersey, Michigan/USA | Mexico |

Hardness: 5-6 SpecGrav: 3.2 - 3.6

Fracture: conchoidal Cleavage: incomplete

Association: hornblende, feldspars, biotite, olivine

Hardness: 5 SpecGrav: 3.25-3.35

Fracture: uneven Cleavage: perfect- 2 directions

Crystal: triclinic, thick and tabular or short and prismatic

Locals: NJ, MS, C), USA / Sweden

Misc: named after the minerologist William Babington (1757-1833)

Chemistry: BaTi Si3O9 barium titanium silicate

Color(s): blue, purple, pink, white, clear streak: uncolored

Hardness: 6 - 6.5 SpecGrav: 3.6

Fracture: conchoidal Cleavage: indistinct

Association: neptunite, joaquinite, natrolite

Locals: | Calif., Texas (sand grains) , USA | Belgium (sand grains) |

Association: quartz, micas, almandine.,microcline,calcite, topaz, fluorite

Chemistry: KH(UO2)(SiO4) ¥ 1.5 H2O

Color(s): yellow or light yellow. Streak: white

Crystal: Monoclinic - Sphenoidal

Locals: | Ca., Ut., USA | England | South Africa | Namibia |

Fracture: conchoidal Cleavage: perfect in one direction

Crystal: Orthorhombic (usually in radiating spherical clusters)

Envronment: usually formed in pockets in volcanic basalts

Association: stilbite, heulandite, apophyllite and other zeolites

Locals: | Poona/India | Oregon/USA |

Misc: Named after its composition of calcium, vanadium, and silicon.

Chemistry: Cu4(OH)8(Si4O10) * n H2O hydrated copper silicate

Color(s): blue, light blue, blue-green, greenish, Streak: greenish-white

Hardness: 2-4 SpecGrav: 2.0 - 2.3

Fracture: conchoidal Cleavage: none

Crystal: rhombic (seldom crystals, usually found amorphous, often globular)