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    2.4 Integral Bridge Design Approach

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    Lama20
    Integral bridge design approach, Seismic Design integral bridges, Long viaducts deign and construction, secondary effects creep and shrinkage

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    2.4 Integral Bridge Design Approach

    Uploaded by

    Lama20
    36 views1 page
    Integral bridge design approach, Seismic Design integral bridges, Long viaducts deign and construction, secondary effects creep and shrinkage

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    Integral bridge design approach, Seismic Design integral bridges, Long viaducts deign and construction, secondary effects creep and shrinkage

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    36 views1 page

    2.4 Integral Bridge Design Approach

    Uploaded by

    Lama20
    Integral bridge design approach, Seismic Design integral bridges, Long viaducts deign and construction, secondary effects creep and shrinkage

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 1

    2.

    4 Integral bridge design approach

    Due to Auckland’s geographic location, and hence relatively low earthquake loads, bridges, where possible,
    were designed with fully integral piers. As a result, the number of bearings was significantly reduced as beams
    are supported on mortar pads. Fewer expansion joints were required because the columns and piles
    contribute to the overall longitudinal stiffness of the structures which minimize the longitudinal movement
    due to temperature and shrinkage. As can be seen, the integral piers will require less maintenance and provide
    improved durability and whole-of-life costs to the client by reducing the direct cost as well as the costs
    associated with traffic management during inspections and replacement activities during the operational
    phase. 

    However, additional design steps were required, such as specifying the staging of the deck pour and providing
    limitations on beam age at the time of pouring the continuity diaphragms at piers. This determined the
    magnitude of the effects of secondary creep due to dead load and prestress while also impacting the
    construction program. Therefore, it was agreed that the midportion of the deck would be constructed first and
    then the continuity of superstructure would be made at the beam age of 90 days. This eliminated the need for
    additional reinforced bars installed in the Super-Tee end blocks protruding into pier diaphragms. The analysis
    showed that the extended flexible strands have enough capacity for positive restraint moment over integral
    piers, which significantly facilitated the construction during the installation of precast beams.

    The adoption of the fully-integral connection resulted in additional requirements such as soil-structure
    interaction analysis, as well as the effective design under seismic load cases. Due to the latter, the balanced
    stiffness approach was adopted in the form of the slots at the top of columns and the oversized steel sleeves at
    the column interface with shaft piles, as shown in Figure 3c. As a result, the reinforcement ratios for the piers
    are more uniform and optimised. Additionally, the overstrength effects of columns' plastic hinges on piles and
    superstructure are reduced. The similar stiffness between the portions of the bridge structure separated by
    expansion joints was provided to avoid the out of phase motion between them and hence hitting.

    Besides the more advanced analysis required during the detailed design stage, the fully integral piers benefit
    not only by the early mentioned reduction in the number of bearings and expansion joints but also by a better
    capacity to sustain the live traffic. Also, the health and safety on site is essentially improved due to elimination
    of risks associated with working at height during the casting end-beam diaphragms and maintenance and
    replacement activities linked with bearings.

    Figure 8 illustrates typical structural details for an integral pier connection with reinforcement needed for
    sagging demands.

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