Fintech PDF
Fintech PDF
Fintech PDF
Banks vs. fintech: At last, it’s official
Sinziana Bunea, Benjamin Kogan and David Stolin*
October 2016
Forthcoming, Journal of Financial Transformation
Abstract
Recent years have seen a substantial amount of discussion, but little empirical evidence, about the
threat that financial technology (“fintech”) firms pose to the established banking sector. We seek to
contribute such evidence by analyzing explicit mentions of competition from fintech in U.S. banks’
annual reports. Surprisingly, there were no such mentions prior to 2016. We identify 14 banks that
acknowledge being threatened by fintech companies. These banks represent only 3 percent of the
banking sector by count but nearly a third of its assets. While this fintech‐mentioning group is
skewed toward large banks, its characteristics and valuation differ little from those of other banks of
comparable size. On the other hand, there is some evidence that banks which have expressed
concern about fintech competition are more likely to be involved in the fintech space themselves.
Overall, banks that have formally voiced their concern about fintech competition seem, if anything,
to be better equipped to weather it.
Keywords: fintech; banking; SEC
*
Bunea is at the University of Pennsylvania, Kogan is at FinTxt Ltd, and Stolin is at FinTxt Ltd and at Toulouse
Business School, University of Toulouse. E‐mail david@fintxt.com. We are grateful to Frank Dierick, David Le
Bris, Yuliya Snihur and Maxim Zagonov for comments. All errors are ours.
1
Introduction
Interest in financial technology, or “fintech” has been growing almost exponentially since the last
financial crisis. It has been accompanied by predictions of severe disruption of traditional banking.
Headlines such as “Banks are right to be afraid of the fintech boom” (Hart, 2015) have become
commonplace. Concern has also come directly from bank executives. In a widely quoted comment, JP
Morgan’s CEO James Dimon said in early 2014 “[w]hen I go to Silicon Valley… they all want to eat our
lunch. Every single one of them is going to try” (Krouse, 2014). The Economist (2015) states that 54
percent of the senior bankers it surveyed believe that “banks are not meeting the challenge” posed
by fintech. More recently, PWC (2016, p.19) reports that 95 percent of the banks that it surveyed
“believe that part of their business is at risk of being lost to standalone FinTech companies”. Given
such sentiment, one would expect fintech disruption risk to feature prominently in risk disclosures
among U.S. banking institutions, and to have done so for some time.
In this study, we examine explicit references to potential competition from fintech in annual SEC
filings of U.S. bank holding companies (for brevity, we use this term interchangeably with “banks”).
Surprisingly, only 14 banks, or 3 percent of the total, acknowledge fintech as a competitive risk – a far
cry from the majority of bankers that express concern in anonymous surveys. No less remarkably, not
a single one of these 14 banks formally considered fintech to be a competitive risk prior to 2016.
Are the 14 banks particularly vulnerable to the fintech threat as taking the disclosure at face value
would suggest, or are they simply more aware of it? Does it make a difference whether a bank
discusses the fintech threat explicitly or implicitly? While definitive answers to these questions are
elusive, some preliminary insights can be gleaned from the data.
Background
All public U.S. corporations are required to file annual reports by the Securities and Exchange Act of
1934. Since the 1990s, these reports have had to be filed electronically through the so‐called Form
10‐K.1 Competition the company faces is typically discussed either in Item 1 (“Business Description”)
or in Item 1A (“Risk Factors”). In Mirakhur’s (2011) random sample of 122 filings, 83% included a
discussion of competitive risks. Campbell et al. (2014) found risk disclosure to be informative of
actual firm risk levels. Johnson (2010) states that the SEC had been pushing for greater specificity in
risk factor disclosure. IRRC Institute’s (2016) study of risk disclosures reports that “competition,
global market factors and regulatory matters are the most common risks cited by all companies but
are often discussed generically. This suggests an opportunity for companies to reconsider existing
generic discussions” (p. 3). Cohen, Lou and Nguyen (2016) show that firms are very slow to change
the wording of their quarterly and annual SEC filings – but when they do so, the changes are highly
informative (especially in MD&A and Risk Factors sections).
1
According to the SEC, “The annual report on Form 10‐K provides a comprehensive overview of the company's
business and financial condition and includes audited financial statements. Although similarly named, the
annual report on Form 10‐K is distinct from the “annual report to shareholders,” which a company must send to
its shareholders when it holds an annual meeting to elect directors.”
(https://www.sec.gov/answers/form10k.htm)
2
Technology has always played an important part in the financial services industry, be it the arrival of
the internet, the telephone, or the telegraph.2 In recent years, technology‐driven innovation in
finance has accelerated to a point where the terms “financial technology” or “fintech” are commonly
understood to be shorthand for technological innovations in finance and/or for the business sector
comprised of firms that enable such innovations.3 Accordingly, the term “fintech” has become
accepted within the banking industry as well, with numerous senior industry figures employing it in
speeches and interviews.4 In light of this, and with numerous reports and surveys pointing to fintech
having the potential to disrupt traditional banking, one could expect banks’ risk disclosure to address
fintech competition by its name.
The characteristics of fintech‐wary banks
We start our investigation by identifying all depository institutions (i.e. corporations whose Standard
Industrial Codes, or SICs, start with ‘60’) whose 10‐K filings from 2013 onward mention the term
“financial technology” or “fintech”. We retain those filings where the above terms occur i) in Item 1A
(“Risk factors”) or ii) under the heading “Competition” or iii) in the same or the following sentence as
a word including the string “compet” (such as “competes”, “competition” or “competitive”) but not
“competen” (such as “competent” or “competence”).
Our final sample comprises 14 banks, representing 3% of the population of U.S. listed bank
companies. All of these banks explicitly mention competition from fintech in their 2016 filings, and
not in the previous years. A listing of these banks, together with the 10‐K excerpts containing the
term “fintech” or “financial technology”, is presented in the left column of Appendix A. Further, for
each of these banks, we scan their 2016 and the previous year’s 10‐K filings for indirect mentions of
competition with financial technology companies. To do so, we follow the same criteria as described
in the paragraph above, but replace the search terms “fintech”/“financial technology” with
“online”/“internet”/“e‐commerce”/“technolog”. The relevant text is included in Appendix A, and text
from previous year’s filings is shaded.
Although our sample is small, we nonetheless will seek to understand whether officially fintech‐wary
banks are different from their peers. To this end, we construct a peer group of comparable banks to
use as a benchmark. Specifically, we first identify, using the Compustat database, the eligible
population of U.S.‐headquartered depository institutions with SEC filings in 2015 and 2016: this
2
See for example Garbade and Silber (1978).
3
It is a little‐known fact that the earliest mention of the term “fintech” in a peer‐reviewed journal far predates
its mention in the popular and business press. Bettinger’s (1972) report in Interfaces starts as follows: “Over the
last four years Manufacturers Hanover Trust Company’s Operations Research Department has developed
approximately 100 models that are currently used throughout the bank. A group of 40 models has been set
aside and designated as FINTECH. FINTECH is an acronym which stands for financial technology, combining
bank expertise with modern management science techniques and the computer” (our emphasis). While this
decades‐old definition has unmistakable parallels with common understanding of today’s fintech sector,
modern academic journals have yet to embrace fintech as a distinct field of study. It also is interesting to note
that Manufacturers Hanover was one the constituent parts of today’s JP Morgan. For more detail about
FINTECH, see Gardiner (2016). For a broad historical perspective on fintech, see Goetzmann (2016).
4
Note also that American Banker magazine’s “Fintech 100” survey was first published in November 2004.
3
results in a total of 418 banks. Then, for each bank in our sample, we identify its control bank as the
bank with the same 4‐digit SIC and with the closest number of employees5 to that of the sample
bank. We then scan their most recent and previous years’ 10‐K filings for mentions of technology and
competition in the same manner as we did for sample banks, and record the relevant text in the right
column of Appendix A.
[Table 1 here]
Table 1 presents our 14‐bank sample together with the 14 matching banks. For each bank, it shows
its identifying information: its stock ticker, name, state of incorporation, and its SEC‐assigned Central
Index Key (CIK). It also shows bank characteristics as of the end of the 2014 fiscal year, obtained from
Compustat: market value, assets, and the full‐time equivalent number of employees. Additionally, it
presents the bank’s rank by assets within the group of 418 banks meeting our eligibility criteria,6 and
the ratios of the bank’s market value to its assets and to its employee count.
The distribution of fintech mentions by bank size is heavily skewed toward larger banks. Three of our
14 banks are among the six largest by assets: JPMorgan (1st), PNC (5th) and Bank of New York Mellon
(6th). The other eleven are substantially smaller, with none exceeding $100 billion in assets or $10
billion in market capitalization. However, these banks are still large relative to the 418‐member U.S.
banking sector as defined in our study: only two (CSB and Hamilton) are in the bottom quartile by
assets, two (Beneficial and Horizon) are in the second quartile, and the remainder of the sample
(which includes Huntington, Zions, SVB, Umpqua, UMB, IberiaBank and First Interstate) are all in the
top one‐sixth.
Looking at bank size another way, the distribution of fintech‐mentioners is quite intriguing. 30% of
the top ten banks by assets have admitted to being exposed to fintech risk, as did 7% of the next 100
banks – and only 1% of the remaining 308 banks. On the surface of it, one could argue that bigger
banks have less to worry about as they have greater resources with which to resist competition from
fintech – whether through competing with fintech firms for talent, signing partnership agreements
with them, or even buying them outright. By contrast, smaller banks are often considered to be
particularly vulnerable (Antonakes 2015 and Arora 2015). Perhaps the greater likelihood of large
banks acknowledging competition from fintech simply reflects their greater familiarity with that
sector rather than their greater fear of it – with possible clues to be found in the banks’ own words
and in their actions.
What do banks actually say about fintech?
Beyond the mere fact of banks mentioning fintech by name, it is informative to examine these
mentions in context. As previously noted, Appendix A provides this context, supplying banks’ 10‐K
text discussing the competitive impact of technology.
5
We use the number of employees because it is a reasonable proxy for bank size and the data are consistently
available on Compustat.
6
Note that Citigroup, for example, has Standard Industry Code of 6199 (which otherwise mainly includes
closed‐end funds and ETFs) and as such is not in our eligible population. For the record, Citigroup does not
mention fintech in its 10‐K statements.
4
Six of the 14 banks in our sample simply mention fintech as part of a list of competitor types ranging
from five (CSB Bancorp, Umpqua Bank) to eighteen (JPMorgan) in number. The other eight banks
make an effort to explain how they are threatened by fintech. These points are generally widely
known, such as PNC’s “banks generally are facing the risk of increased competition from products and
services offered by non‐bank financial technology companies, particularly related to payment
services.”
Two excerpts, however, evoke lesser‐known aspects of the bank‐fintech dynamic. Thus, Horizon Bank
raises the possibility of competing with fintech companies for talent, while IberiaBank suggests that
trying to keep up with fintech firms could result in an increased likelihood of cyber attacks.
The prize for the depth of disclosure with respect to fintech competition would have to go the
pioneer. Huntington Bancorp, the first‐ever U.S. depository institution to mention fintech in its
annual report, also goes the furthest in discussing its competitive strategy in this regard: “we are
monitoring activity in marketplace lending along with businesses engaged in money transfer,
investment advice, and money management tools. Our strategy involves assessing the marketplace,
determining our near term plan, while developing a longer term approach to effectively service our
existing customers and attract new customers. This includes evaluating which products we develop in‐
house, as well as evaluating partnership options where applicable.”
Interestingly, Hamilton Bancorp, by far the smallest and the most recent filer, comes the closest to
Huntington in deviating from boilerplate language in discussing fintech and provides perhaps the
most revealing disclosure of all: “They offer user friendly front‐end, quick turnaround times for loans
and other benefits. While Hamilton is evaluating FinTech companies with the possibility of developing
relationships for efficiency in processing and/or as a source of loans and other business, we cannot
limit the possibility that our customers or future prospects will work directly with a FinTech company
instead.” It will be interesting to see whether Hamilton’s text foreshadows much more widespread
and informative discussion of fintech in the next filing season.
We also note that whereas five of the banks mention fintech competition in the “Risk Factor” (Item
1A) section of the annual report, seven do so under “Business Description” (Item 1), one under
“Management Discussion and Analysis” (Item 7), and one in its the letter to shareholders.
Lastly, comparison with previous year’s filings shows that overwhelmingly the fintech‐related text
has been an addition to rather than replacement of earlier text. In other words, these banks have
tended to talk about technology competition risk already, but in 2016 they added specificity with
their fintech mentions.
What do control banks say about the competitive impact of technology?
Since control banks, while presumably operating in a similar competitive environment to that of
sample banks, did not mention fintech, this raises the question: did they eschew the topic altogether,
or did they simply phrase things differently? After all, as Shakespeare’s Juliet noted, “that which we
call a rose by any other name would smell as sweet”.
5
Examining the relevant text in Appendix A shows that the three top‐ten banks in our control group
prepared disclosures that were indeed informative about the threat from fintech in spite of not
mentioning the term directly. Thus, BB&T, the 9th largest bank by assets, is unmistakably speaking of
fintech in spite of omitting the term itself: “technology companies have begun to focus on the
financial sector and offer software and products primarily over the Internet, with an increasing focus
on mobile device delivery. These companies generally are not subject to the comparable regulatory
burdens as financial institutions and may accordingly realize certain cost savings and offer products
and services at more favorable rates and with greater convenience to the customer. For example, a
number of companies offer bill pay and funds transfer services that allow customers to avoid using a
bank. Technology companies are generally positioned and structured to quickly adapt to
technological advances and directly focus resources on implementing those advances.” The same can
be said of Bank of America (the second largest by assets), which writes that “technological advances
and the growth of e‐commerce have made it easier for non‐depository institutions to offer products
and services that traditionally were banking products, and for financial institutions to compete with
technology companies in providing electronic and internet‐based financial solutions including
electronic securities trading, marketplace lending, and payment processing.” Similarly, U.S. Bancorp,
the third largest by assets, mentions competition from “technology companies” and elsewhere warns
of “innovative ways that customers can make payments or manage their accounts, such as through
the use of digital wallets or digital currencies.”
In a more limited way, Union Bankshares mentions “competition by out‐of‐market competitors
through the internet” and Fulton notes that some of its competitors “conduct business primarily over
the internet”, although they do not offer more detail. Along similar lines, Bryn Mawr speaks of “on‐
line banking enterprises” and Columbia of “Internet‐based banking institutions”. Internet banks,
however, are not synonymous with financial technology companies, and it is not clear that the
phrasing of these disclosures would help their readers grasp the breadth of the potential threat that
these banks face from fintech.
Sterling, United Bankshares, Central Federal, Keycorp, Synovus, and Comerica offer boilerplate
language such as “The financial services industry is undergoing rapid technological change” and
“some of our competitors have substantially greater resources to invest in technological
improvements” but, unlike the two categories of banks above, do not specifically warn their investors
about the possible impact of new entrants in the financial technology space – the phrasing they use
could be referring to competition from better funded and/or more tech‐savvy traditional banks.
Lastly, our textual filters have not identified any technology competition‐relevant text for MB
Financial, even though this bank, according to its 10‐K filing, offers both internet and mobile banking
to its customers.
We note that with the exception of BB&T, which significantly expanded its discussion since the
previous filing, there has been virtually no change in the relevant passages of the other control
banks.
The takeaway from the above textual comparison of sample and control banks is nuanced. Among
top‐ten banks, it is hard to argue that those citing fintech by name offer much more informative
warnings about the threat they are facing from technology firms than do their non‐fintech‐citing
counterparts. Smaller banks, on the other hand, clearly do a better job of informing their investors
6
about this threat when they specifically mention fintech. This suggests that the choice to mention
fintech explicitly is more than just a question of semantics.
Banks’ fintech‐related actions
Actions speak louder than words, so a natural way to assess banks’ fintech‐awareness is to examine
their past actions in the fintech space. However, doing so thoroughly is a non‐trivial undertaking. For
example, former S&P president Deven Sharma categorizes possible fintech‐facing actions by a
financial services incumbent as follows7: 1) create accelerator program for fintech startups; 2) set up
venture funds for fintech companies; 3) partner with fintech companies; 4) buy out fintech startups;
5) launch own fintech subsidiary; 6) create an industry consortium.
On these measures, our fintech mentioners appear to be rather more proactive than non‐
mentioners. JP Morgan has launched a residency program for fintech firms and is a partner in
Financial Solutions lab which runs a fintech competition, has invested in fintech firms such as Motif
and formed a partnership with OnDeck. BNY Mellon has created several innovation centers, including
in Silicon Valley. PNC (along with JP Morgan and several other leading financial institutions) invested
in Digital Asset Holdings, a blockchain technology company subsequently named by Fortune as one
the “five hottest fintech companies”.8 SVB – which stands for “Silicon Valley Bank”, after its
geographical location – is historically innovation‐focused, has equity investments in such fintech
companies as Lending Club and Nvoicepay, and hosts a fintech conference. Umpqua is establishing a
fintech subsidiary, also in Silicon Valley.
By contrast, among control banks, the most notable fintech activities are Bank of America’s annual
Innovation Summit in Silicon Valley and US Bancorp’s and BB&T’s participation in INV fintech
accelerator.
The bank that didn’t bark
Of the top six U.S. banks by assets, we have so far examined five: three (JP Morgan, PNC and BNY
Mellon) are in our sample, and two (Bank of America and US Bancorp) are among the control banks.
This leaves out Wells Fargo, the third largest – and a particularly curious case, given its well‐known
and far‐reaching activity in the fintech field through its Fintech Group, its accelerator, its
participation in ClearXchange network, and numerous other initiatives. How does Wells Fargo, then,
talk about fintech competition in its annual report?
Surprisingly, the Business Description section contains only a passing reference to “online lending
companies”, while “Risk Factors” offers boilerplate: “Continued technological advances and the
growth of e‐commerce have made it possible for non‐depository institutions to offer products and
services that traditionally were banking products, and for financial institutions and other companies
to provide electronic and internet‐based financial solutions, including electronic payment solutions.”
7
See https://vimeo.com/getsmarter/review/172078632/239ed4ba11.
8
See http://fortune.com/2016/06/27/five‐hottest‐fintechs/.
7
It is worth noting that the deeply fintech‐involved JP Morgan, in spite of its mention of fintech, is
similarly taciturn on the subject. It seems plausible that particularly extensive ongoing involvement
with the fintech sector makes banks feel less threatened by it or at least feel less need to officially
express their concern.9
The timing of fintech mentions
Having discussed the nature of banks’ disclosure on the subject of fintech competition, it is worth
addressing the suddenness with which banks began to acknowledge it by name in their annual
reports. The fact that the number of officially fintech‐concerned banks went from zero to 14 in a
single year is rather suggestive of copycat behavior in banks’ decisions to mention fintech. As a
simple calculation, taking 3 percent as the probability of fintech mentions (based on 14 mentioners
out of 418 banks in the most recent 12‐month period), if fintech mentions were random then the
chance that none of the 418 banks would have mentioned fintech the year before is 0.97418, or about
three in a million.
[Figure 1 here]
The above insight makes it interesting to examine the sequence of fintech mentions in more detail.
To aid in this, Figure 1 focuses on 10‐K filings in February and March 2016, the period when 92
percent of the eligible 10‐Ks were filed, including those by all but one of the fintech‐mentioning
banks (as pointed out earlier, Hamilton’s filing took place in June of this year). Specifically, the chart
plots the filing bank’s rank by assets (so that largest banks are at the bottom) against the day of the
filing. Banks that mentioned fintech are marked in red.
Several things stand out immediately. First, regardless of fintech mentions, larger banks file earlier in
the season. Second, as discussed previously, banks that mention fintech tend to be larger. Third,
with the exception of the tiny CSB, all the filings took place in the span of less than two weeks, from
17 February through 1 March 2016, having stopped (or at least paused) even more suddenly than
they started.
The first‐ever mention of a competitive threat from fintech on 17 February 2016 was by one of the
first ten filers of the season: Huntington, a 150‐year‐old institution headquartered in Columbus,
Ohio, and ranking only 21st by assets. Why would Huntington be the first bank in the nation to
officially raise the issue of competition from fintech? A possible clue lies in its acquisition of
FirstMerit, another Ohio bank with smaller assets but an even longer history, which Huntington
announced three weeks earlier and which was largely motivated by geographic synergies. It is
conceivable that the fintech threat would have come up as an issue during merger discussions and/or
9
Readers are free to form their own opinion on whether such insouciance is justified. We do note that CB
Insights’ striking “Unbundling of a Bank” graphic (https://www.cbinsights.com/blog/disrupting‐banking‐fintech‐
startups‐2016/) is based on a screenshot of Wells Fargo’s online service. Wells Fargo’s well‐known aggressive
focus on sales means it has both more to gain from successfully taking on or co‐opting fintech firms, and more
to lose if it fails to do so. The sudden collapse of its partnership with Amazon in an attempt to take on fintech
student loan lenders (http://www.wsj.com/articles/wells‐fargo‐amazon‐end‐student‐loan‐partnership‐
1472681989) is an indication that even for a bank of its resources and know‐how, there are obstacles in
implementing fintech‐like solutions.
8
due diligence work and as a result attracted senior management’s attention – perhaps sufficiently so
to make Huntington the first bank to acknowledge competition from fintech in a 10‐K filing. On the
other hand, the depth of Huntington’s fintech‐related disclosure suggests that it may have been
seriously contemplating the fintech landscape for some time.
Whatever was Huntington’s motivation, it was shared by none of the following 16 filers. This changed
on February 23rd, when one of the seven banks filing that day did mention financial technology
companies as competitors – and that bank was none other than JPMorgan, the nation’s largest bank
and one whose CEO’s concern about fintech competition had made a considerable impression on the
media and, arguably, on the industry back in 2014. It is not entirely clear why JPMorgan did not
concede the threat of fintech competition in its February 2015 10‐K filing, given that its CEO did so
publicly, albeit in different words, almost a year earlier. It does seems possible, however, that
JPMorgan’s passing mention of fintech competition in its February 2016 filing had something to do
with Huntington’s earlier declaration, and with JPMorgan not wishing to fall a full year behind the
disclosure pioneer. It is of course also possible that the timing was merely coincidental. But the
subsequent sequence of ten fintech mentions over the following one‐week stretch (out of 86 total
filers) seems likely to have been triggered, at least in part, by JPMorgan’s precedent.
From March 2nd until the 31st, however, only one of the 258 filers mentioned fintech. Why? One
possibility is that, once the dust settled, it became clear that although several of the nation’s largest
banks indeed followed Huntington’s and JP Morgan’s lead, many did not. Yet this does not
satisfactorily explain the extreme reticence of post‐March 1st filers to mention fintech. Another
possible reason is that, March filers being substantially smaller, they did not feel that the actions of
large banks were of relevance to them. While CSB is an exception, it is tempting to conjecture that it
may have taken its clue from Huntington, a dominant bank in CSB’s region. But then why didn’t other
regional banks mentioning fintech, such as Zions or IberiaBank, inspire local followers?
An alternative interpretation is that fintech‐mentioning banks are simply those that have existing or
future fintech activity on their mind. Viewed in this light, the clue to tiny Hamilton Bancorp’s mention
of fintech is in the filing itself: it talks about possible collaborations with fintech firms (and speaks
about the sector in unmistakably positive terms). If so, and in the spirit of Cohen et al. (2016), these
fintech mentions will begin to make sense in the near future.
We stress that the above are no more than speculations about the mechanisms underlying the
patterns we observe. New data and analyses may shed light on how accurate these speculations
have been. In the meanwhile, we now attempt some preliminary analyses with the quantitative data
we have at this time.
A quantitative study
Generally, an empirical researcher would be ill‐advised to undertake a cross‐sectional analysis with
only 14 observations. As data availability leaves us no choice, we undertake this exercise
nonetheless, in order to try and glean some early insights into the bank‐fintech dynamic. To do so, in
Table 2 we present a number of characteristics for 1) 14 sample banks, 2) 14 control banks, and 3) all
418 banks, and we report on differences between the first group and the other two.
9
[Table 2 here]
The first few rows of Table 2 focus on the full‐time equivalent number of employees, with the
medians of 3,209 and 3,200, respectively, for sample and control banks being very close, since
sample and control banks are matched on the employee count. Accordingly, parametric and non‐
parametric tests for differences between sample and control banks’ employee counts produce
insignificant p‐values. By contrast, and as noted earlier, the population of banks from which our
sample and control banks are drawn tends to have banks whose employee count is an order of
magnitude smaller.
Similar patterns hold for banks’ assets and market values: no significant difference between sample
and control banks, but sample banks are much larger than the bank population on average (or
median).
A crude but potentially effective way to assess how investors value banks that mention fintech
competition is to examine the ratio of market value to fundamental variables such as employee
count and assets. As the next rows of Table 2 show, differences between sample and control banks
continue to be insignificant, although this may be due to the small sample size. While market value
per employee is significantly higher for sample banks as compared to the bank population, this may
be due to economies of scale in the banking sector, since sample banks tend to be larger – and in fact
this ratio is even higher for our size‐matched control group.
Lastly, we compare monthly stock returns for all three groups of banks for the last three calendar
years individually and taken together. All differences are insignificant, although once again the small
sample size would naturally make any differences difficult to detect.
While the table is rich in numerical content, its main takeaways are straightforward. Although
fintech‐mentioning banks are significantly different from the bank population, notably in being
larger, their stock market‐derived attributes (such as valuation ratios and stock performance) are
quite similar to those of their peers of comparable size. In other words, whether mentioning fintech
competition is a reflection of an innovative streak in a bank’s DNA or of its genuine vulnerability in
the face of such competition, these have yet to manifest themselves in a prominent way in the
banks’ valuations.
Concluding remarks
Having emerged in the wake of the 2008‐2009 financial crisis, the fintech sector has been
increasingly attracting attention, investment and customers ever since. Remarkably, it is only this
year that U.S. banks first began to acknowledge formally competition that they are facing from
fintech. In this report, we examine the composition of the pioneering group of officially fintech‐wary
banks, as well as the timing and the nature of their disclosure and the stock market’s perception of
them. We propose some plausible clues explaining the composition and the timing, although much
about both remains puzzling. The sample banks’ disclosure is limited, although generally superior to
that of comparable banks that do not mention fintech; and (consistently with small sample size)
there is no evidence that fintech mentions are correlated with stock market valuation or
performance. Overall, our investigation into the inaugural year of fintech mentions in banks’ annual
10
reports points less to systematic patterns than to industry members taking cues from one another as
to whether they should be admitting to being vulnerable to competition from fintech firms (or,
conversely, to implicitly boast about being part of the fintech “in” crowd). This behavior may be a
reflection of larger uncertainty about future competitive interaction between traditional banking and
fintech.
Our study also carries an important message for the SEC.10 While privately the majority of bankers
acknowledge the seriousness of the fintech threat, only a small proportion do so in their annual
reports, despite being compelled by SEC regulations to disclose important risks, and to do so in plain
English. Is most banks’ failure to mention fintech risk a sign that the SEC’s disclosure requirement
lacks bite? One possible reason why a bank might not mention fintech explicitly could be a belief that
a general mention of potentially disruptive technologies would be sufficient. However, given that the
terms “financial technology” and “fintech” have become ensconced in the business lexicon (and
“fintech” has even entered the Oxford English Dictionary), avoidance of their use may appear to be at
odds with the SEC’s “plain English” directive.11 An alternative explanation could be banks’ belief that,
on the contrary, fintech competition risk is too generic to merit a mention, in that it is potentially
applicable to all firms in the industry. The same, however, also applies (for example) to interest rate
risk, which is explicitly addressed in most banks’ 10‐K filings. Perhaps a more plausible explanation is
the notion that many bank managers feel that by being among the first to acknowledge officially the
threat from fintech, they signal to investors that they are particularly defenseless on that front. Still
another possibility is that many banks may hold the view that standalone fintech firms are not viable
in the long run and will become absorbed by incumbent financial institutions. Such banks could view
themselves as being vulnerable to fintech‐incited disruption without necessarily regarding fintech
firms as competitors.
Our examination of the initial, small cohort of banks to recognize formally the threat posed by
fintech can necessarily give only preliminary clues as to what sets these banks apart, and what the
future will hold for them. Is it that they are especially vulnerable in the face of this threat after all,
and this will be reflected in subsequent poor performance? Or are they unusually prescient, and as
such will exhibit greater adaptability and resilience, accompanied by strong financial results? And,
indeed, will the performance of the fintech sector justify the concerns of our cohort of officially
apprehensive banks? Will disclosures about fintech competition continue to spread through banks’
annual reports? If so, to which banks? Will most banks copy or adapt others’ formulations, or will
disclosures become increasingly informative? The coming years promise to shed much light on these
and many other aspects of the evolving relationship between traditional banking and the fintech
sector.
10
The SEC has increasingly been taking an interest in fintech, most recently exemplified by its intention to hold
a forum “to discuss fintech innovation the financial services industry”
(https://www.sec.gov/news/pressrelease/2016‐195.html)
11
E.g. “[a] plain English document uses words economically and at a level the audience can understand” and
“[w]here acronyms, such as REIT, are widely understood to the investing public, they can safely be used
without creating confusion” (U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, 1998).
11
References
Antonakes, Steven L., 2015, Fintech threatens small banks more than crisis ever did, American
Banker, November 24, 2015, http://www.americanbanker.com/bankthink/fintech‐threatens‐small‐
banks‐more‐than‐crisis‐ever‐did‐1077964‐1.html
Arora, Rahit, 2015. Fintech: An existential threat to community banks, Forbes, August 15, 2015,
http://www.forbes.com/sites/rohitarora/2015/08/25/fintech‐an‐existential‐threat‐to‐community‐
banks/
Bettinger, Abraham Leon, 1972. FINTECH – A Series of 40 Time Shared Models Used at
Manufacturers Hanover Trust Company, Interfaces 2(4), 62‐63.
Campbell, John L., Hsinchun Chen, Dan S. Dhaliwal, Hsin‐min Lu and Logan B. Steele, 2014. The
information content of mandatory risk factor disclosures in corporate filings, Review of Accounting
Studies 19, 396‐455.
Cohen, Lauren, Dong Lou, and Quoc H. Nguyen, 2016. Lazy prices, Working Paper, Harvard Business
School.
The Economist, 2015. The Disruption of Banking,
http://www.economistinsights.com/sites/default/files/EIU‐
The%20disruption%20of%20banking_PDF.pdf
Garbade, Kenneth D. and William L. Silber, 1978, Technology, Communication and the performance
of financial markets, 1840‐1975, Journal of Finance 33, 819‐832.
Gardiner, Gareth, 2016. Fintech or internet: Which came first?, http://blog.kantox.com/fintech‐or‐
internet‐which‐came‐first
Goetzmann, William N., 2016. Loans without officers? Investment without investment banks?
Welcome to FinTech, http://historynewsnetwork.org/article/163339
Hart, Patricia, 2015. Banks are right to be afraid of the fintech boom, Time Magazine, July 8, 2015,
http://time.com/3949469/financial‐technology‐boom/
IRRC Institute, 2016, The Corporate Risk Factor Disclosure Landscape, http://irrcinstitute.org/wp‐
content/uploads/2016/01/FINAL‐EY‐Risk‐Disclosure‐Study.pdf
Johnson, Sarah, 2010. SEC pushes companies for more risk information. CFO Magazine, August 2,
2010, http://ww2.cfo.com/risk‐compliance/2010/08/sec‐pushes‐companies‐for‐more‐risk‐
information
JP Morgan, 2015. 2014 Annual Report,
http://files.shareholder.com/downloads/ONE/3844439630x0x820066/f831cad9‐f0d8‐4efc‐9b68‐
f18ea184a1e8/JPMC‐2014‐AnnualReport.pdf
Krouse, Sarah, 2014. Dimon sees threat from Silicon Valley,
http://blogs.wsj.com/moneybeat/2014/02/25/dimon‐sees‐threat‐from‐silicon‐valley/
12
Mirakhur, Yatin, 2011. Risk disclosure in SEC corporate filings, Wharton Research Scholars Journal,
Paper 85.
PWC, 2016. Blurred lines: How FinTech is shaping financial services, available from
www.pwc.com/fintechreport
U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, 1998, A Plain English Handbook: How to Create Clear SEC
Disclosure Documents, https://www.sec.gov/pdf/handbook.pdf
13
Table 1. Descriptive statistics of sample and control banks
This table gives the identities and characteristics of our sample and control banks. Sample banks are
unshaded. Each sample bank is followed by its matching control bank (shaded). Sample banks are
U.S. headquartered public companies whose SIC begins with ‘60’ and which explicitly refer to
competition from the fintech sector in a 10‐K filing. Control banks do not explicitly refer to
competition from the fintech sector, but are otherwise similar to sample banks. Specifically, for each
bank in our sample, we identify its control bank as another U.S. headquartered bank with the same
4‐digit SIC for which a 10‐K form with completed Item 1 and Item 1A is available for the most recent
fiscal year, and with the closest number of employees to that of the sample bank. All data are from
Compustat as of the end of the 2014 fiscal year.
Ticker Company State CIK MV ($m) Assets ($m) Rank Employees MV/Assets MV/Emp
BK BANK OF NEW YORK MELLON CORP NY 1390777 45,367 385,303 5 50,300 0.118 0.902
BBT BB&T CORP NC 92230 28,028 186,814 9 33,400 0.150 0.839
BNCL BENEFICIAL BANCORP INC PA 1615418 923 4,752 114 830 0.194 1.111
STL STERLING BANCORP NY 1070154 1,070 7,337 81 836 0.146 1.279
CSBB CSB BANCORP INC/OH OH 880417 58 621 351 186 0.094 0.313
UNB UNION BANKSHARES INC VT 706863 106 624 350 186 0.170 0.569
FIBK FIRST INTERSTATE BANCSYSTEM MT 860413 1,274 8,610 68 1,705 0.148 0.747
UBSI UNITED BANKSHARES INC/WV WV 729986 2,595 12,329 56 1,703 0.210 1.524
HBK HAMILTON BANCORP INC/MD MD 1551739 47 303 404 58 0.154 0.803
CFBK CENTRAL FEDERAL CORP OH 1070680 19 316 402 62 0.061 0.311
HBNC HORIZON BANCORP/IN IN 706129 241 2,077 186 448 0.116 0.538
BMTC BRYN MAWR BANK CORP PA 802681 431 2,247 176 444 0.192 0.971
HBAN HUNTINGTON BANCSHARES OH 49196 8,537 66,298 21 11,873 0.129 0.719
KEY KEYCORP OH 91576 11,946 93,821 18 13,853 0.127 0.862
IBKC IBERIABANK CORP LA 933141 2,169 15,759 48 2,825 0.138 0.768
MBFI MB FINANCIAL INC/MD IL 1139812 2,457 14,602 53 2,839 0.168 0.865
JPM JPMORGAN CHASE & CO NY 19617 232,471 2,573,126 1 241,359 0.090 0.963
BAC BANK OF AMERICA CORP NC 70858 188,141 2,104,534 2 223,715 0.089 0.841
PNC PNC FINANCIAL SVCS GROUP INC PA 713676 47,713 345,072 6 53,587 0.138 0.890
USB U S BANCORP MN 36104 80,275 402,529 4 66,750 0.199 1.203
SIVB SVB FINANCIAL GROUP CA 719739 5,911 39,345 23 1,914 0.150 3.088
COLB COLUMBIA BANKING SYSTEM INC WA 887343 1,586 8,579 69 1,844 0.185 0.860
UMBF UMB FINANCIAL CORP MO 101382 2,590 17,501 43 3,592 0.148 0.721
FULT FULTON FINANCIAL CORP PA 700564 2,212 17,125 44 3,560 0.129 0.621
UMPQ UMPQUA HOLDINGS CORP OR 1077771 3,745 22,613 34 4,569 0.166 0.820
SNV SYNOVUS FINANCIAL CORP GA 18349 3,688 27,051 29 4,511 0.136 0.817
ZION ZIONS BANCORPORATION UT 109380 5,788 57,209 22 10,462 0.101 0.553
CMA COMERICA INC TX 28412 8,385 69,190 20 9,115 0.121 0.920
14
Table 2. Key characteristics of sample banks, control banks, and the U.S. bank population
This table shows the key characteristics of sample and control banks, as well as of the population of
U.S. banks. Eligible banks are U.S. headquartered public companies whose SIC begins with ‘60’ and
which filed a 10‐K report between July 2015 and June 2016 inclusive. Mcap (market capitalization),
Employees (the full‐time equivalent number of employees), and Assets (total assets) are from
Compustat as of the end of the 2014 fiscal year. Monthly returns are from CRSP. Comparisons of
means (respectively, medians) for descriptive variables are followed in italics by t‐test (respectively,
signed‐rank test) p‐values. Comparisons of average monthly returns are followed by Fama‐Macbeth
p‐values.
Banks Differences
Sample Control All Sample ‐ Control Sample ‐ All
Employees
median 3209 3200 354 9 0.385 2855 0.000
average 27408 25916 3580 1492 0.474 23828 0.000
N 14 14 411
% of total 26.1 24.7 100.0
Assets ($m)
median 20057 15863 1595 4194 0.761 18462 0.000
average 252756 210507 26589 42249 0.265 226167 0.000
N 14 14 418
% of total 31.8 26.5 100.0
MV ($m)
median 3168 2526 226 642 0.808 2942 0.000
average 25488 23638 3217 1850 0.672 22271 0.000
N 14 14 406
% of total 27.3 25.3 100.0
MV/Employees
median 786 861 728 ‐75.6 0.865 58.1 0.047
average 924 892 621 32.4 0.391 302.9 0.135
N 14 14 401
MV/Assets
median 0.138 0.148 0.132 ‐0.010 0.268 0.006 0.473
average 0.135 0.149 0.125 ‐0.014 0.298 0.009 0.877
N 14 14 406
Monthly stock return
average 2013 3.13% 2.92% 2.93% 0.21% 0.508 0.19% 0.638
average 2014 0.57% 0.65% 0.68% ‐0.08% 0.787 ‐0.11% 0.849
average 2015 0.43% 0.55% 1.09% ‐0.12% 0.681 ‐0.66% 0.321
average 2013‐15 1.38% 1.35% 1.53% 0.03% 0.972 ‐0.16% 0.529
15
Figure 1. The timing of banks’ 10‐K filings with and without mentions of fintech competition
This figure shows the sequence of 10‐K filings for the 384 filings that took place in February and March 2016. The filing date is on the horizontal axis, with
the Monday of each week indicated. The bank’s rank by assets (out of the eligible total of 418) is on the vertical axis. Banks whose filings explicitly refer to
fintech competition are indicated in red, with their stock ticker shown next to the data point.
401 10‐K FILINGS BY BANK SIZE
filings mentioning fintech competition are in red
CSBB
301
BANK'S RANK BY ASSETS
201
HBNC
BNCL
101
FIBK
UMBF IBKC
UMPQ
HBAN SIVB ZION
1 BK PNC
JPM
2/1/2016 2/8/2016 2/15/2016 2/22/2016 2/29/2016 3/7/2016 3/14/2016 3/21/2016 3/28/2016
10‐K FILING DATE
16
Appendix A. Relevant excerpts from 10‐K statements of banks explicitly mentioning fintech competition and of control banks
This appendix shows text discussing technology and competition for our sample banks that explicitly mention competition from fintech, as well as for control banks that do
not (in left‐hand and right‐hand columns, respectively). Specifically, for each bank in our sample, we identify another U.S. headquartered bank with the same 4‐digit SIC for
which a 10‐K form with completed Item 1 and Item 1A is available for the most recent fiscal year, and with the closest number of employees to that of the sample bank as
of the end of its 2014 fiscal year (see Table 1). We then select relevant text from their 2014 and 2015 fiscal years’ 10‐K statements as follows. First, we retain all sentences
that include the technology‐related text strings “electronic”, “e‐commerce”, “digital”, “fintech”, “internet”, “mobile”, “online”, or “technolog”, provided that i) they occur
under 10‐K Item 1A (“Risk Factors”) or ii) the text string “compet” appears in the same sentence, in one of the two preceding sentences, or as the heading. We then, at our
discretion, discard sentences and parts of sentence which do not directly refer to the role played by technology in the bank’s competitive environment, and occasionally
add the preceding or subsequent sentence if needed to provide context. To make navigating through the text extracts easier, we precede with a star (*) all words that
contain the string ‘compet’ (e.g. *competitive), mark in bold all terms related to technology, and additionally underline terms referring to fintech. Text from the 2015 fiscal
year filings is unshaded and text from 2014 fiscal year filings is shaded. For each bank, we provide its Central Index Key (CIK) assigned by the Securities and Exchange
Commission. Filing dates and 10‐K items under which the relevant text appeared are in italics.
Bank mentioning fintech threat Control bank matched on the number of employees
Bank of New York Mellon, CIK=1390777 BB&T, CIK=92230
[Filing date 2/26/2016, Item 1] Our Investment Services business *competes with [Filing date 2/25/2016, Item 1A] […] the adoption of new technologies by
domestic and international financial services firms that offer custody services, *competitors, including internet banking services, mobile phone applications and
corporate trust services, clearing services, collateral management services, credit advanced ATM functionality could require BB&T to make substantial expenditures to
services, securities brokerage, foreign exchange services, derivatives, depositary modify or adapt its existing products and services. […] BB&T also experiences
receipt services and cash management services and related products, as well as a wide *competition from nonbank companies inside and outside of its market area and, in
range of technology service providers, such as financial services data processing firms. some cases, from companies other than those traditionally considered financial sector
[…]We also believe that technological innovation is an important *competitive factor, participants. In particular, technology companies have begun to focus on the financial
and, for this reason, have made and continue to make substantial investments in this sector and offer software and products primarily over the Internet, with an increasing
area. [Item 1A] Rapid technological changes, together with *competitive pressures, focus on mobile device delivery. These companies generally are not subject to the
require us to make significant and ongoing investments in technology to develop comparable regulatory burdens as financial institutions and may accordingly realize
*competitive new products and services or adopt new technologies. Our financial certain cost savings and offer products and services at more favorable rates and with
performance depends in part on our ability to develop and market these new greater convenience to the customer. For example, a number of companies offer bill
products and services, adopt or develop new technologies that differentiate our pay and funds transfer services that allow customers to avoid using a bank.
products or provide cost efficiencies and deliver these products and services to the Technology companies are generally positioned and structured to quickly adapt to
market in a timely manner at a *competitive price. The unsuccessful implementation technological advances and directly focus resources on implementing those advances.
of technological upgrades and new products and services may adversely impact our [Filing date 2/25/2015, Item 1A] […] the adoption of new technologies by
ability to service and retain customers. […]In addition, technological advances have *competitors, including internet banking services, mobile phone applications and
made it possible for other types of non‐depository institutions, such as outsourcing advanced ATM functionality could require BB&T to make substantial expenditures to
companies and data processing companies, to offer a variety of products and services modify or adapt its existing products and services. […] BB&T also experiences
17
*competitive with certain areas of our business. *Competitors may develop *competition from a variety of institutions outside of its market area. Some of these
technological advances that could negatively impact our transaction execution or the institutions conduct business primarily over the Internet and thus may be able to
pricing of our clearing, settlement, payments and trading activities. […] *Competitors realize certain cost savings and offer products and services at more favorable rates
include other banks, trading firms, broker dealers, investment banks, asset managers, and with greater convenience to the customer, who can pay bills and transfer funds
insurance companies, financial technology firms and a variety of other financial directly without going through a bank.
services and advisory companies whose products and services span the local, national
and global markets in which we conduct operations. Technological change is
influencing how individuals and firms conduct their financial affairs and changing the
delivery channels for financial services, with the result that the Company may have to
contend with a broader range of *competitors including many that are not located
within the geographic footprint of its banking office network.
[Filing date 2/27/2015] As in 2016, but no mention of “financial technology firms”.
Beneficial Bancorp, CIK=1615418 Sterling Bancorp, CIK=1070154
[Filing date 2/26/2016, Item 1] We expect *competition to remain intense in the [Filing date 2/29/2016, Item 1A ] Many of our *competitors are significantly larger
future as a result of legislative, regulatory and technological changes and the than we are and have greater access to capital and other resources. Also, our ability to
continuing trend of consolidation in the financial services industry. Technological *compete effectively is dependent on our ability to adapt successfully to
advances, for example, have lowered barriers to entry, allowed banks to expand their technological changes within the banking and financial services industry.
geographic reach by providing services over the internet and made it possible for non‐ [Filing date 11/28/2016] Same as in 2016.
depository institutions to offer products and services that traditionally have been
provided by banks. [Item 1A] Our banking and non‐banking subsidiaries also *compete
with non‐bank providers of financial services, such as brokerage firms, consumer
finance companies, credit unions, insurance agencies, financial technology companies
and governmental organizations, which may offer more favorable terms.
[Filing date 2/26/2015, Item 1] As in 2016, but no mention of “financial technology
companies”.
CSB Bancorp, CIK=880417 Union Bankshares, CIK=706863
[Filing date 3/14/2016, Exhibit 13, “Letter to shareholders” ] *Competition is [Filing date 3/15/2016, Item 1] *Competition: The Company and Union face
expanding as well, with various forms of non‐bank disruption from financial substantial *competition for loans and deposits in northern Vermont and New
technology companies, credit unions, and in broader contexts large retailers, auto Hampshire from local and regional commercial banks, savings banks, tax exempt
dealers, insurance companies and others all tussling for a share of the consumer’s credit unions, mortgage brokers, and financial services affiliates of bank holding
financial services wallet. There are so many entities vying for share of wallet that the companies, as well as from national financial service providers such as mutual funds,
conditions have fueled a hyper*competitive atmosphere in which service providers brokerage houses, insurance companies, consumer finance companies and internet
must constantly strive to differentiate themselves or consider partnering with other banks. [Item 1A] There is also increased *competition by out‐of‐market *competitors
entities. through the Internet. [Item 7] Factors that may cause results or performance to differ
[Filing date 3/23/2015, Item 1] We expect *competition to remain intense in the materially from those expressed in forward‐looking statements include, but are not
future as a result of legislative, regulatory and technological changes and the limited to: […] increased *competitive pressures […] from changes in technology and
18
continuing trend of consolidation in the financial services industry. Technological delivery systems;
advances, for example, have lowered barriers to entry, allowed banks to expand their [Filing date 3/13/2015] Item 1 as in 2016, Item 1A “Not applicable as the Company is
geographic reach by providing services over the internet and made it possible for non‐ permitted to provide scaled disclosures for smaller reporting companies in this annual
depository institutions to offer products and services that traditionally have been report.”
provided by banks.
First Interstate BancSystem, CIK=860413 United Bankshares, CIK=729986
[Filing date 3/1/2016, Item 1] There is significant *competition among commercial [Filing date 2/29/2016, Item 1A] United’s stock price can fluctuate significantly in
banks in our market areas. We also *compete with other providers of financial response to a variety of factors, including, among other things: […]New technology
services, such as savings and loan associations, credit unions, financial technology used, or services offered, by *competitors; [Item 7] Actual results could differ
companies, internet banks, consumer finance companies, brokerage firms, mortgage materially from those contained in or implied by United’s statements for a variety of
banking companies, insurance companies, securities firms, mutual funds and certain factors including, but not limited to: changes in economic conditions; business
government agencies as well as major retailers, all actively engaged in providing conditions in the banking industry; movements in interest rates; *competitive
various types of loans and other financial services. […] The financial services industry pressures on product pricing and services; success and timing of business strategies;
could become even more *competitive as a result of legislative, regulatory and the nature and extent of governmental actions and reforms; and rapidly changing
technological changes and continued consolidation. […] Also, technology has lowered technology and evolving banking industry standards.
barriers to entry and made it possible for nonbanks to offer products and services [Filing date 3/2/2015] As in 2016.
traditionally provided by banks, such as automatic funds transfer and automatic
payment systems.
[Filing date 3/2/2015] As in 2016, but no mention of “financial technology companies”.
Hamilton Bancorp, CIK=1551739 Central Federal, CIK=1070680
[Filing date 6/29/2016, Item 1A] We expect *competition to remain intense in the [Filing date 3/23/2016, Item 1A] We need to constantly update our technology in
future as a result of legislative, regulatory and technological changes and the order to *compete and meet customer demands. The financial services market,
continuing trend of consolidation in the financial services industry. Technological including banking services, is undergoing rapid changes with frequent introductions of
advances, for example, have lowered barriers to entry, allowed banks to expand their new technology‐driven products and services. In addition to better serving
geographic reach by providing services over the Internet and made it possible for non‐ customers, the effective use of technology increases efficiency and may enable us to
depository institutions to offer products and services that traditionally have been reduce costs. Our future success will depend, in part, on our ability to use current
provided by banks. […] *Competition in the banking and financial services industry is technology to provide products and services that provide convenience to customers
coming not only from local markets but from technology oriented financial services and to create additional efficiencies in our operations. Some of our *competitors
(“FinTech) companies, which are subject to limited regulation. They offer user friendly have substantially greater resources to invest in technological improvements. We
front‐end, quick turnaround times for loans and other benefits. While Hamilton is may not be able to effectively implement new technology‐driven products and
evaluating FinTech companies with the possibility of developing relationships for services or be successful in marketing these products and services to our customers.
efficiency in processing and/or as a source of loans and other business, we cannot [Filing date 3/27/2015] As in 2016.
limit the possibility that our customers or future prospects will work directly with a
FinTech company instead. This could impact our growth and profitability going
forward.
[Filing date 6/26/2015, Item 1A] As in 2016, but without the text discussing “FinTech”.
19
Horizon Bancorp, CIK=706129 Bryn Mawr Bank Corp, CIK=802681
[Filing date 3/1/2016, Item 1A] Our *competitors include large regional banks, local [Filing date 3/11/2016, Item 1] The Corporation’s direct *competition in attracting
community banks, savings and loan associations, securities and brokerage companies, business is mainly from commercial banks, investment management companies,
mortgage companies, insurance companies, finance companies, money market savings and loan associations, trust companies and insurance agencies. The
mutual funds, credit unions and other non‐bank financial service providers, many of Corporation also *competes with credit unions, on‐line banking enterprises,
which have greater financial, marketing and technological resources than us. [...] consumer finance companies, mortgage companies, insurance companies, stock
Also, technology and other changes have lowered barriers to entry and made it brokerage companies, investment advisory companies and other entities providing
possible for customers to complete financial transactions using non‐banks that one or more of the services and products offered by the Corporation. [Item 1A]
historically have involved banks at one or both ends of the transaction. […] The Additionally, financial products and services have become increasingly technology‐
process of eliminating banks as intermediaries, known as “disintermediation,” could driven. Our ability to meet the needs of our customers *competitively, and in a cost‐
result in the loss of fee income, as well as the loss of customer deposits and the efficient manner, is dependent on our ability to keep pace with technological
related income generated from those deposits. The effects of disintermediation can advances and to invest in new technology as it becomes available. Many of our
also impact the lending business because of the fast growing body of financial *competitors have greater resources to invest in technology than we do and may be
technology companies that use software to deliver mortgage lending and other better equipped to market new technology‐driven products and services. The ability
financial services. A related risk is the migration of bank personnel away from the to keep pace with technological change is important, and the failure to do so on our
traditional bank environments into financial technology companies and other non‐ part could have a material adverse impact on our business and therefore on our
banks. […] The financial services industry is continually undergoing rapid technological financial condition and results of operations.
change with frequent introductions of new technology‐driven products and services. [Filing date 3/12/2015] As in 2016.
The effective use of technology increases efficiency and enables financial institutions
to better serve customers and to reduce costs. Our future success depends, in part,
upon our ability to address the needs of our customers by using technology to provide
products and services that will satisfy customer demands, as well as to create
additional efficiencies in our operations. Many of our *competitors have substantially
greater resources to invest in technological improvements, and we may not be able to
effectively implement new technology‐driven products and services or be successful
in marketing these products and services to our customers. Failure to successfully
keep pace with technological change affecting the financial services industry could
have a material adverse impact on our business and, in turn, our financial condition
and results of operations.
[Filing date 3/13/2015, Item 1A] *Competition could intensify in the future as a result
of industry consolidation, the increasing availability of products and services from
non‐banks, greater technological developments in the industry, and banking reform.
[…] The financial services industry is continually undergoing rapid technological
change … [and the rest of the corresponding extract as in 2016]
20
Huntington Bankshares, CIK=49196 Keycorp, CIK=91576
[Filing date 2/17/2016, Item 1] Internet companies are also providing nontraditional, [Filing date 2/24/2016, Item 1A] The financial services industry has become more
but increasingly strong, *competition for our borrowers, depositors, and other *competitive as technology advances have lowered barriers to entry, enabling more
customers. […]In addition, *competition for quality customers has intensified as a companies, including nonbank companies, to provide financial services. Technological
result of changes in regulation, advances in technology and product delivery systems, advances may diminish the importance of depository institutions and other financial
consolidation among financial service providers, bank failures, and the conversion of institutions.
certain former investment banks to bank holding companies. Financial Technology, or [Filing date 3/2/2015, Item 1A] As in 2016, except “is likely to become more
FinTech, startups are emerging in key areas of banking. In response, we are competitive” rather than “has become more competitive”
monitoring activity in marketplace lending along with businesses engaged in money
transfer, investment advice, and money management tools. Our strategy involves
assessing the marketplace, determining our near term plan, while developing a longer
term approach to effectively service our existing customers and attract new
customers. This includes evaluating which products we develop in‐house, as well as
evaluating partnership options where applicable. […]Many of our nonfinancial
institution *competitors have fewer regulatory constraints, broader geographic
service areas, greater capital, and, in some cases, lower cost structures. In addition,
*competition for quality customers has intensified as a result of changes in regulation,
advances in technology and product delivery systems, consolidation among financial
service providers, bank failures, and the conversion of certain former investment
banks to bank holding companies.
[Filing date 2/25/2015, Item 1] As in 2016, but without the passage discussing fintech
(starting with “In addition, competition for quality customers” and ending with “where
applicable”).
IberiaBank, CIK=933141 MB Financial, CIK= 1139812
[Filing date 2/29/2016, Item 1A] The increasingly *competitive environment is [Filing date 2/19/2016] No matching text.
primarily a result of changes in regulation, changes in technology and product delivery [Filing date 2/27/2015] No matching text.
systems and the accelerating pace of consolidation among financial service
providers.[…] Our success depends on our ability to respond to the threats and
opportunities of fintech innovation. Fintech developments, such as bitcoin, have the
potential to disrupt the financial industry and change the way banks do business.
Investment in new technology to stay *competitive would result in significant costs
and increased risks of cyber security attacks. Our success depends on our ability to
adapt to the pace of the rapidly changing technological environment, which is crucial
to retention and acquisition of customers. […] The increasingly *competitive
environment is primarily a result of changes in regulation, changes in technology and
product delivery systems and the accelerating pace of consolidation among financial
service providers.
21
[Filing date 3/2/2015, Item 1A] Our ability to grow and *compete is dependent on our
ability to build or acquire the necessary operational and technological infrastructure
and to manage the cost of such expanded infrastructure. […]The increasingly
*competitive environment is primarily a result of changes in regulation, changes in
technology and product delivery systems and the accelerating pace of consolidation
among financial service providers.
JPMorgan Chase, CIK=19617 Bank of America, CIK=7684
[Filing date 2/23/2016, Item 1] *Competitors include other banks, brokerage firms, [Filing date 2/24/2016, Item 1] Our *competitors include banks, thrifts, credit unions,
investment banking companies, merchant banks, hedge funds, commodity trading investment banking firms, investment advisory firms, brokerage firms, investment
companies, private equity firms, insurance companies, mutual fund companies, companies, insurance companies, mortgage banking companies, credit card issuers,
investment managers, credit card companies, mortgage banking companies, trust mutual fund companies, and e‐commerce and other internet‐based companies. [Item
companies, securities processing companies, automobile financing companies, leasing 1A] To the extent we expand into new business areas and new geographic regions, we
companies, e‐commerce and other Internet‐based companies, financial technology may face *competitors with more experience and more established relationships with
companies, and other companies engaged in providing similar products and services. clients, regulators and industry participants in the relevant market, which could
[Item 1A] *Competitors of the Firm include other banks and financial institutions, adversely affect our ability to *compete. In addition, technological advances and the
trading, advisory and investment management firms, finance companies and growth of e‐commerce have made it easier for non‐depository institutions to offer
technology companies and other firms that are engaged in providing similar products products and services that traditionally were banking products, and for financial
and services. Technological advances and the growth of e‐commerce have made it institutions to *compete with technology companies in providing electronic and
possible for non‐depository institutions to offer products and services that internet‐based financial solutions including electronic securities trading, marketplace
traditionally were banking products, and for financial institutions and other lending, and payment processing.
companies to provide electronic and internet‐based financial solutions, including [Filing date 2/25/2015] As in 2016.
electronic securities trading and payment processing. New technologies have
required and could require the Firm to spend more to modify or adapt its products to
attract and retain customers or to match products and services offered by its
*competitors, including technology companies.
[Filing date 2/24/2015] As in 2016, but no mention of “financial technology
companies” and without the last sentence quoted for 2016 (starting with “New
technologies have required…”)
PNC Financial Services Group, CIK=713676 U.S. Bancorp, CIK=36104
[Filing date 2/29/2016, Item 1A] The ability to access and use technology is an [Filing date 2/25/2016, Item 1] The Company *competes with other commercial
increasingly important *competitive factor in the financial services industry, and it is a banks, savings and loan associations, mutual savings banks, finance companies,
critically important component to customer satisfaction as it affects our ability to mortgage banking companies, credit unions, investment companies, credit card
deliver the right products and services. Banks generally are facing the risk of increased companies and a variety of other financial services, advisory and technology
*competition from products and services offered by non‐bank financial technology companies. [Item 1A, incorporated by reference to the corresponding section of the
companies, particularly related to payment services. […] We continually encounter Annual Report] The Company could lose market share and experience increased costs
technological change and we could falter in our ability to remain *competitive in this if it does not effectively develop and implement new technology. The financial
22
arena. The financial services industry is continually undergoing rapid technological services industry is continually undergoing rapid technological change with frequent
change with frequent introductions of new technology‐driven products and services. introductions of new technology‐driven products and services, including innovative
The effective use of technology increases efficiency and enables financial institutions ways that customers can make payments or manage their accounts, such as through
to better serve customers and to reduce costs. We have been investing in technology the use of digital wallets or digital currencies. The Company’s continued success
and connectivity to automate functions previously performed manually, to facilitate depends, in part, upon its ability to address customer needs by using technology to
the ability of customers to engage in financial transactions, and otherwise to enhance provide products and services that customers want to adopt, and create additional
the customer experience with respect to our products and services. On the retail side, efficiencies in the Company’s operations. Developing and deploying new technology‐
this has included developments such as more sophisticated ATMs and expanded driven products and services can also involve costs that the Company may not recover
access to banking transactions through the internet, smart phones, tablets and other and divert resources away from other product development efforts. The Company
remote devices. […] Our continued success depends, in part, upon our ability to may not be able to effectively develop and implement profitable new technology‐
address the needs of our customers by using technology to provide products and driven products and services or be successful in marketing these products and services
services that satisfy customer demands and create efficiencies in our operations. A to its customers. Failure to successfully keep pace with technological change affecting
failure to maintain or enhance our *competitive position with respect to technology, the financial services industry could harm the Company’s *competitive position and
whether because we fail to anticipate customer expectations or because our negatively affect its revenue and profit.
technological developments fail to perform as desired or are not rolled out in a timely [Filing date 2/25/2016] As in 2016, except for several minor wording difference and no
manner, may cause us to lose market share or incur additional expense. mention of “the use of digital wallets and digital currencies”.
[Filing date 3/2/2016, Item 1A] As in 2016 but without the passage discussing financial
technology companies (starting with “The ability to access and use technology” and
ending with “particularly related to payment services”)
SVB Financial Group, CIK=719739 Columbia Banking System, CIK=887343
[Filing date 2/26/2016, Item 1] The banking and financial services industry is highly [Filing date 2/29/2016, Item 1A] We *compete with other commercial banks, savings
*competitive, and continues to evolve as a result of changes in regulation, and loan associations, credit unions and finance, insurance and other non‐depository
technology, product delivery systems, and the general market and economic climate. companies operating in our market areas. We also experience *competition,
Our *competitors include other banks, debt funds, specialty and diversified financial especially for deposits, from Internet‐based banking institutions, which have grown
services intermediaries and other "Fintech" disruptors that offer lending, leasing, rapidly in recent years. […] Our ability to sustain or improve upon existing
payments, investment, foreign currency exchange, advisory and other financial performance is dependent upon our ability to respond to technological change, and
products and services to our target client base. We *compete with alternative lenders, we may have fewer resources than some of our *competitors to continue to invest in
such as “marketplace” lenders, peer‐to‐peer lenders and other non‐traditional lenders technological improvements. […] The financial services industry is undergoing rapid
that have merged in recent years. We *compete with non‐financial service providers, technological changes with frequent introductions of new technology‐driven products
particularly payment facilitators/processors or other nonbanking technology and services. The effective use of technology increases efficiency and enables
providers in the payments industry, which may offer specialized services to our client financial institutions to better serve customers and to reduce costs. Many of our
base. *competitors have substantially greater resources to invest in technological
[Filing date 2/26/2015, Item 1] As in 2016, but no mention of “other ‘Fintech’ improvements than we do. Our future success will depend, in part, upon our ability to
disruptors’, minor wording changes, and with additional text as follows: Moreover, we address the needs of our clients by using technology to provide products and services
*compete with non‐financial services, particularly payment facilitators/processors or that will satisfy client demands for convenience, as well as to create additional
other nonbanking technology providers in the payments industry, which may offer efficiencies in our operations. We may not be able to effectively implement new
specialized services to our client base. technology‐driven products and services or be successful in marketing these products
23
and services to our customers. In addition, the implementation of technological
changes and upgrades to maintain current systems and integrate new ones may also
cause service interruptions, transaction processing errors and system conversion
delays and may cause us to fail to comply with applicable laws. There can be no
assurance that we will be able to successfully manage the risks associated with our
increased dependency on technology.
[Filing date 3/2/2015] As in 2016.
UMB Financial Corp, CIK=101382 Fulton Financial, CIK=700564
[Filing date 2/26/2016, Item 1] Recently, financial‐technology (fintech) companies [Filing date 2/26/2016, Item 1] The Corporation also experiences *competition from a
have been partnering more often with financial‐services providers to *compete with variety of institutions outside its market areas. Some of these institutions conduct
the Company for lending, payments, and other business. […] Successfully *competing business primarily over the Internet and, as a result, may be able to realize certain
in the Company’s chosen markets and regions also depends on the Company’s ability cost savings and offer products and services at more favorable rates and with greater
to attract, retain, and motivate talented employees, to invest in technology and convenience to the customer. [Item 1A] Many of the Corporation’s financial institution
infrastructure, and to innovate, all the while effectively managing its expenses. [Item *competitors have substantially greater resources to invest in technological
1A] The Company faces intense *competition in each of its business segments and in improvements. In addition, new payment services developed and offered by non‐
all of its markets and geographic regions, and the Company expects *competitive financial institution *competitors pose an increasing threat to the traditional payment
pressures only to intensify in the future—especially in light of legislative and services offered by financial institutions. The Corporation may not be able to
regulatory initiatives arising out of the recent global economic crisis, technological effectively implement new technology‐driven products and services, be successful in
innovations that alter the barriers to entry, current economic and market conditions, marketing these products and services to its customers, or effectively deploy new
and government monetary and fiscal policies. technologies to improve the efficiency of its operations. Failure to successfully keep
[Filing date 2/25/2015]. As in 2016, but without the sentence mentioning fintech. pace with technological change affecting the financial services industry could have a
material adverse impact on the Corporation’s business, financial condition and results
of operations.
[Filing date 2/27/2015] As in 2016, except for minor differences in wording.
Umpqua Holdings, CIK=1077771 Synovus Financial, CIK=18349
[Filing date 2/25/2016, Item 1] Risks and uncertainties that could cause our financial [Filing date 2/29/2016, Item 1] The financial services industry is highly *competitive
performance to differ materially from our goals, plans, expectations and projections and could become more *competitive as a result of recent and ongoing legislative,
expressed in forward‐looking statements include those set forth in our filings with the regulatory and technological changes, and continued consolidation and economic
Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"), Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form turmoil within the financial services industry. […] we often *compete with much larger
10‐K, and the following: […] *competition, including from financial technology national and regional banks that have more resources than we do to deliver new
companies. [Item 1A] The Company faces intense *competition in each of its business products and services and introduce new technology to enhance the customer
segments and in all of its markets and geographic regions, and the Company expects experience. [Item 1A] Certain of our *competitors are larger and have more resources
*competitive pressures only to intensify in the future—especially in light of legislative than we do, enabling them to be more aggressive than us in *competing for loans and
and regulatory initiatives arising out of the recent global economic crisis, deposits and investing in new products, technology and services. […] We expect that
technological innovations that alter the barriers to entry, current economic and we will need to make substantial investments in our technology and information
market conditions, and government monetary and fiscal policies. Our most direct systems to *compete effectively and to stay current with technological changes.
24
*competition comes from other banks, brokerages, mortgage companies and savings Some of our *competitors have substantially greater resources to invest in
institutions, but more recently has also come from financial technology (or "fintech") technological improvements and will be able to invest more heavily in developing and
companies that rely on technology to provide financial services. adopting new technologies, which may put us at a *competitive disadvantage. We
[Filing date 2/23/2016, Item 1A] N/A. may not be able to effectively implement new technology‐driven products and
services or be successful in marketing these products and services to our customers.
[…]The financial services market is undergoing rapid technological changes, and if we
are unable to stay current with those changes, we will not be able to effectively
*compete. The financial services market, including banking services, is undergoing
rapid changes with frequent introductions of new technology‐driven products and
services. Our future success will depend, in part, on our ability to keep pace with the
technological changes and to use technology to satisfy and grow customer demand
for our products and services and to create additional efficiencies in our operations.
We expect that we will need to make substantial investments in our technology and
information systems to *compete effectively and to stay current with technological
changes. Some of our *competitors have substantially greater resources to invest in
technological improvements and will be able to invest more heavily in developing and
adopting new technologies, which may put us at a *competitive disadvantage. We
may not be able to effectively implement new technology‐driven products and
services or be successful in marketing these products and services to our customers.
[Filing date 3/2/2015] As in 2016.
Zions Bancorporation, CIK=109380 Comerica, CIK=28412
[Filing date 2/29/2016, Item 1] The Company’s most direct *competition for loans and [Filing date 2/26/2016, Item 1A] The financial services industry experiences rapid
deposits comes from other commercial banks, credit unions, and thrifts, including technological change with regular introductions of new technology‐driven products
institutions that do not have a physical presence in our market footprint but solicit via and services. The efficient and effective utilization of technology enables financial
the Internet and other means. In addition, the Company *competes with finance institutions to better serve customers and to reduce costs. Comerica's future success
companies, mutual funds, insurance companies, brokerage firms, securities dealers, depends, in part, upon its ability to address the needs of its customers by using
investment banking companies, financial technology and other non‐traditional technology to market and deliver products and services that will satisfy customer
lending and banking companies, and a variety of other types of companies. demands, meet regulatory requirements, and create additional efficiencies in
[Filing date 2/27/2015] As in 2016, but no mention of “financial technology and other Comerica's operations. Comerica may not be able to effectively develop new
non‐traditional lending and banking companies”. technology‐driven products and services or be successful in marketing or supporting
these products and services to its customers, which could have a material adverse
impact on Comerica's financial condition and results of operations.
[Filing date 2/17/2015] As in 2016.
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