Basic

Data Analysis: LAB on Basic Algebra & Notation (LAB 1)

Outcomes:
1. Review mathematical operations and their order.
2. Review properties of algebra.
3. Introduce and practice using basic notation.
4. Apply mathematical operations and properties of algebra to basic notation.

Pre-learning (Read this part of the exercises before attending the LAB)

Mathematical operations:

Addition is the SUM of two addends (numbers):

2 + 2 = 0

Subtraction is the DIFFERENCE between two numbers and is equivalent to
adding a negative value, so really it is just like addition.

4 – 2 = 4 + (-2) = 2

Multiplication is the PRODUCT of two numbers and is equivalent to adding the
same value multiple times, so really it is just a faster way to do addition.

4 * 3 = 4 + 4 + 4 = 12

Division is the number of times one number is contained within another
number and is equivalent to multiplication by an inverse, so really it is just
multiplication.

50 / 10 = 50 * 1/10 = 5

Exponentiation is raising one number to the power of another number and is
equivalent to multiplying the same term multiple times, so really it is just a
faster way to do multiplication.

24 = 2 * 2 * 2 * 2 = 16

Square root is a number that produces a specified quantity when multiplied by
itself.

The square root of 49 is 7 because 7 * 7 = 49


Order of Operations (BEDMAS):

When faced with a variety of operations in the same problem, there is an order
in which the operations should be completed. This order is:

Brackets
Exponents & roots
Division & Multiplication
Addition & Subtraction

Properties of Algebra

COMMUTATIVE property of addition and multiplication: changing the order of the
terms does not change their sum or product:

a + b = b + a
a * b = b * a

ASSOCIATIVE property of addition and multiplication: changing the grouping of
terms does not change their sum or product :

a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c
a * (b * c) = (a * b) * c

DISTRIBUTIVE property: when multiplying a sum or difference inside brackets, the
term outside the brackets can be distributed to each of the terms inside the
brackets.

a(b + c) = ab + ac (left distribution with addition)
(a – b)c = ac – bc (right distribution with subtraction)

Rearrangement:

Sometimes it is necessary to move terms from one side of an equation to the
other side in order to solve a problem. Just remember that you must always
perform the same operation to BOTH sides of the equation in order for
maintain equivalence.

X + 2 = 0
X + 2 – 2 = 0 – 2 (subtract 2 from both sides of the equation)
X = -2 (solve for X)



Basic Mathematics Example Problems:

1) For each question below, solve for X by using operations in the correct order.

Example:
X = 7.5 – 10 / 22




Exercise:

X = 5 + 2 * 3




X = (2 + 3) * 5




X = 2 + (3 * 5)




X = (52 + 102 * 2) – 100 + (30/3 * (12 – 2))






2) For each question below, solve for X by rearranging the equation.

Example:

X – 5 = 5 – X







 Exercise:

X2/25 – 1 = 0





(X + X)/10 = 2






2X * 2X * 2X = 10(11 – 5) + 4(48 – 47)






X(2X + 7) - 10 = X(1X + 15) – 8X + 39






Introducing Notation

We use the subscript “i” to represent different cases (or participants), which can
take values from 1 (the first participant) to “n” (the last participant).

Similarly, we use subscript “j” to represent different observations (or measurements
of our participants) where “j” can take values from 1 (the first measure) to “J” (the
last measure).

Thus, we can use Xij to represent the score for the ith participant on the jth measure.
For example, X13 represents the score for the first participant (i = 1) on the third
measure (j = 3) whereas X31 represents the score for the third participant on the
first measure.

The two tables on the next page present data matrices (rows and columns of data)
displaying both the general case (true for all matrices) and a specific example.

 General Case Specific Example
X11 X12 X13 … X1J 20 12 28 21 13
X21 X22 X23 … X2J 18 9 26 23 6
X31 X32 X33 … X3J 16 10 19 18 10
… … … … 15 10 21 19 8
Xn1 Xn2 Xn3 … XnJ 15 9 25 21 8
13 7 27 18 14

1) What are the values of n and J in the Specific Example?




2) Using the General Case, how would you represent each of the following
using notation?

The first person’s score on the 9th measure =

The 8th score on the 5th person’s measure =

The last person’s score on the 3rd measure =

The last score for the 4th person =

The last score for the last person =

3) Using the Specific Example, find the value associated with each of the
following notations:

X51 =

X15 =

Xn3 =

X3J =

XnJ =

We can use the Greek letter epsilon Σ to represent the summation of a row or
column. For example ΣXi1 means “sum the values on the first measure across all
participants” or “sum column 1”.

ΣXi1 = X11 + X21 + X31 + … + Xn1

Applied to the Specific Example, the sum of column 1 is:

ΣXi1 = 20 + 18 + 16 + 15 + 15 + 13 =

Exercise:

1) How would you express each of the following using notation?

The sum of the scores on the third measure =

The sum of the scores for the third participant =

The sum of the scores on the fourth and fifth measures =

The sum of the scores for the fifth and sixth participants =

The sum of all the scores =

2) Calculate the following using the Specific Example on the previous page:

ΣXi2 =

ΣXi1 + ΣXi2 =

Σ(Xi1 + Xi2) =

ΣXi2 + XnJ =

3ΣXi2 =

Σ3Xi2 =

(ΣXi2)2 =

ΣXi22 =

Σ(Xi4 – 20)2 =


 ASSIGNMENT

QUESTION 1 – SOLVE FOR X (show your work):

a) X – 11 = 49 – X







b) 10(X – 5) = 5(2 – X)







c) (X2 – 3)/6 = 1







d) X/10 = (X + 2)/8







e) 3X2 + 4 = X3/X + 12







QUESTION 2 – NOTATION

Ten participants were asked to rate the deliciousness of three tequilas on a seven-
point scale where 1 = least delicious and 7 = most delicious. Results are presented
in the following table:

2 4 6
1 5 6
4 4 4
2 1 5
3 4 7
3 6 6
1 3 2
6 7 6
4 3 3
2 5 5

a) Express using notation the position of every score = 1:



b) What score is found at positions X53 and X82?



b) How would you express each of the following using notation?

The sum of the scores for the person who liked tequila most =

The sum of the scores for the tequila that was liked the most =

b) Calculate the following (show your work):

The sum of the scores for the person who liked tequila most =





The sum of the scores for the tequila that was liked the most =





 Is it true that ΣX3j > ΣX5j ?








Is it true that 3ΣXi2 > 2ΣXi3










Σ(Xi3 – 5)2 =