Equation for stress-strain curve

of c o n c r e t e c o n f i n e d in circular steel spiral

PRAKASH DESAYI (1), K. T. SUNDARA RAJA IYENGAR (2), T. SANJEEVA R E D D Y (3)

7he paper presents some results oJ tests carried out on concrete conJlned in circular steel spirals
subjected to monotonic compression. An equation is proposedJor the stress-strain curves oJ such
concrete. The parameters oJ the equation are determined and the curve given by the equation
Jound to represent satisjactorily the test results oJ this investigation as well as those oJ an earlier
study.

NOTATIONS ~o.9 (eo.85) strains at 0.9 (0.85) of the ultimate stress

of a confined concrete specimen in the
A, B, C, D parameters in the stress-strain equation; descending portion of the stress-strain
curve.
Ci confinement index = ( Pb - - fib) fy/f'~;
Ec initial slope of the stress-strain curve;
E~ ratio fc/~; INTRODUCTION
f, fc compressive stress;
f; ultimate strength of plain concrete Earlier investigations have shown that confinement
specimen; of concrete by circular steel spirals is more effective than
fc ultimate strength of a confined concrete the other types of lateral confinement viz. the use of
specimen; square spirals or stirrups [1]. The stress block proposed
fy yield strength or 0.2 % proof stress of for concrete with circular spiral confinement is trilinear
steel spiral; [2]. While this idealized stress block has the advantage
gl (e), 92 (e) functions of e; of simplifying the computation of the moment carried
k constant; by reinforced concrete section, it does not fully
Pb volumetric ratio, i.e. ratio of the represent the stress-strain behaviour especially in the
volume of spiral to the volume of descending portion. Further, the piecewise linear
confined concrete; approximation of the stress-strain curve is also not
fib value of Pb when the pitch of spiral is convenient when it is used in the analysis of members
equal to the least lateral dimension of subjected to repeated and reversed flexure. Hence it is
the specimen; necessary to have a single equation which represents
fl constant; both the ascending and descending portions of the
e, ec compressive strain in concrete; curve.
~ strain at the ultimate stress of a plain There have been very few studies in which a single
concrete specimen; equation has been proposed for the stress-strain curve
~ strain at the ultimate stress of a confined of concrete confined in steel spiral. In 1955, Chan [3]
concrete specimen; proposed a trilinear relation. From the studies at the
Indian Institute of Science also, a trilinear relation was
(1), (2)Associate Professor and Professor respectively, Civil developed for the stress block [2]. The equation
Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore,
India. proposed by Sargin et al. [4] was based on tests on
(3) Lecturer in Civil Engineering, Engineering College, Anantapur, concrete prisms with square ties. Hence studies were
India. conducted to get additional experimental data on the

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VOL. 11 - N ~ 65 - MATgRIAUX ET CONSTRUCTIONS

stress-sitrain curves of concrete confined in steel circular I7

spirals and subjected to monotonic compression and to
propose a single equation for such curves. Results of ,J '
13
these studies have been briefly presented in this paper. s t 5 - Z~2.9C i ~
3 O

EXPERIMENTAL WORK ,It

II 0" cylinderswith 8.2mm spiral

Ordinary Portland cement, sand from local river I~ x I ., /~-0 ,.
beds of fineness modulus 2.7, broken granite stones of
maximum size 20 mm and with a fineness modulus of
6.8 were used in making the concrete. For spirals, two
types of steel viz. (a) 6.2 mm dia. mild steel-with a yield
strength of 3,050 kg/cm (299 N/ram z) and (b) 4 mm
dia. high strength steel with a 0 . 2 ~ proof stress of
6,900 kg/cm z (677 N/ram 2) were used. Test specimens
consisted of 150 mm dia. x 300 mm high cylinders cast 9 J ~-Cytinders wit~ 8.2 mm spiral
,, t~.0.
in different batches with and without confinement. The
pitch of spirals varied from 3 to 15 cm. Table I gives the
details of the specimens cast. The specimens were cured
E l Io
under water for 28 days and then tested in a 1,000 k N
capacity universal testing machine under uniform rate 1.6 o ...... x
of movement of the cross head of 0.25 mm per minute.
During testing, the compressive strain was measured 1,6
using a compressometer [1] fabricated to suit measure- ,.P
ment of large strains developed in confined cylinders.
The test was continued till the load reached the 1-2
j ~ x '
maximum and then dropped to about 7 5 ~ of the
maximum with increasing strain. Table I also gives the 1.0 1
0-08 0-12 0-16 0-20 0,2t~ 0-28 0-32
results of the stresses and Strains at maximum and the Confinement index
cylinder strength of concrete of each batch. F i 9. 2. - Variation of stress-ratio and strain ratio with confinement
index.

RESULTS that (a) there is an increase in strength with the degree of

confinement, (b) the maximum stress is reached at a
The average stress-strain curves obtained in these greater strain with increasing confinement and (c) the
tests are given in figure 1. From these it can be noted falling branch of the curve is flatter for a greater

/,B0[ Cylinders confined with _1_ Cylinders confined with 4.0 turn

I 9 6.2ram dia m.s. s p i r a l ]

I
dia. high strength siee[ spiral

40.

360
/ r Experimental curve

------ Proposed equation

E
u 300
==
/1/ / / "
2#-(]
=-
m

le0 1/
120

;r ' 10-

60

0
0 0,005 0.010 0.015 0.020 0.025 0.030 0.035 0.040 GO~5 0050 0.055 0,060
Strain s s

F i g . I. - Experimental stress-strain curves and a comparison with the proposed equation.

340
 P. D E S A Y I - K. T. S U N D A R A RAJA IYENGAR - T. S A N J E E V A REDDY

TABLE I
DETAILS OF CONCRETE CYLINDERS TESTED

Spiral Wire Average

Mark
Batch of Ci f~ __ _
(No.) Dia. Pitch (kg/cm ~) G f~ ~ f/
Specimen (mm) (cm) (kg/cm z) (kg/cm ~)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 l0

1.. t SRI C1 6.2 m. s. 3 0.289 420 0.019 0 415 0.017 5 227

SR1 C5 410 0.016 0
SR2 C1 6.2 m. s. 6 0.129 230 0.009 0 235 0.008 8 191
2.. SR2 C2 242 0.008 5
i SR2 C3 233 0.008 9
SR3 CI 6.2 m.s. 0.061 214 0.006 3 218 0.005 8 180
3. SR3 C2 216 0.005 6
SR3 C6 224 0.005 5
SR4 CI 6.2 m.s. 12 0.029 142 0.004 6 153 0.005 0 140
4. SR4 C2 155 0.005 4
4 SR4 C6 161 0.005 0
SR5 C1 6.2 m. s. 15 0 245 0.002 7 245 0.002 8 240
5. SR5 C2 257 0.002 8
SR5 C6 233 0.002 9
SR6 C1 4.0 0.309 312 0.014 7 317 0.015 1 200
6. SR6 C3 336 0.016 0
SR6 C6 303 0.014 6
7. SR7 C1 4.0 0.104 260 0.007 0 258 0.006 9 222
SR7 C2 256 0.006 8
SR8 C1 4.0 0.034 343 0.003 0 340 0.003 5 300
8. SR8 C2 346 0.003 2
SR8 C3 331 0.004 3
4.0 12 0.013 310 0.003 0 312 0.002 8 295
9. i SR9 C2
SR9 - CI 300 " 0.002 5
SR9 C6 326 0.002 9
10. SR10C1 4.0 15 0 248 0.002 6 245 0.002 7 240
SR10 C2 242 0.002 8
SRll C1 6.2 m.s. 4.5 0.163 361 0.011 0 372 0.011 7 235
11. SRll C5 382 0.012 0
SR11 C6 373 0.0t2 1

Plain Concrete Specimens (no spiral)

SR4 P1 138 0.002 7
SR4 P2 148 0. 002 7
SR2 PI 184 0.002 7
SR6 P1 193 0. 002 2
SRll P4 235 0. 002 5
SR5 P1 266 0. 002 4
SR9 P2 302 0. 002 7
SR8 P4 305 0. 002 5

To convert kg/cm 2 to N/mm 2 divide by 10. 197.

c o n f i n e m e n t . T h e s e o b s e r v a t i o n s c o n f i r m the results of PROPOSED STRESS-STRAIN EQUATION

the p r e v i o u s s t u d y [1]. T h i s has b e e n also q u a n t i t a t i v e l y
c o n f i r m e d in figure 2 where the p r e s e n t test results fairly Confined Concrete
agree with the s t r a i g h t line e q u a t i o n s p r o p o s e d
After a n u m b e r of trials, it is f o u n d t h a t e q u a t i o n (5)
earlier [1] w h i c h are as follows:
c o u l d be used to r e p r e s e n t satisfactorily b o t h the
a s c e n d i n g a n d d e s c e n d i n g b r a n c h e s of the stress-strain
Jr J~ = 1 + 2 . 3 C, (1) curve in c o m p r e s s i o n for u n c o n f i n e d as well as c o n f i n e d
concrete
go~ e; = 1 + 23.0 Ci, (2)
A
gO.9//3c ~---1 . 5 + 4 2 . 9 Ci, (3) f= I+Be,+cez+D,g 3, (5)

go.85/e~ = 1 . 8 + 4 6 . 5 Ci, (4)

where A, B, C a n d D are p a r a m e t e r s to be o b t a i n e d f r o m
the b o u n d a r y c o n d i t i o n s a n d test results. E q u a t i o n (5)
w h e r e Ci = ( Pb - fib) J;y/J; a n d 8; = 0.002 was suggested earlier b y S a e n z [5] for p l a i n ( u n c o n f i n e d )

341
VOL. 11 - N~ 65 - MATgRIAUX ET C O N S T R U C T I O N S

or

E~= 126,580 + 460 f ; (in kg/cm 2) (9)

With A, B, C and D thus determined, equation (5) can
}'C
be rewritten as:
kTc
f = E~~:/gl (e) (10 a)
I where,
I
I I1-2kfl+kfl2 E~ 2/7 +1 1 ~
I gl (~)= 1 + k(fl- 1)2 E~' fl
I
ir I
I
o ~ ~ _it,
Fig. 3. - Notation for proposed equation of stress-strain curve of [ 1-k E< 1](s) a
confined concrete. + k(fl_l)2E, fl ~ . (10b)
concrete and it is found convenient to use it for confined
concretes as well. For a concrete with given f~ and Ci the values off~,
Referring to figure 3, the conditions to be fulfilled by ~-~,Ec, E~, k and/7 can be obtained from equations (1),
the stress-strain equation are: (2), (9), (6), (7) and (8) respectively and thus the stress-
strain equation is fully defined.
at e=O,f =O and d]/d~=E~,
at e=-g~,f=fc and df/de=O and
Unconfined Concrete
at e = fl~, f = kfc at a point on the falling branch of
the curve. Equation (10) can be used for unconfined concretes
Using these conditions, expressions for A, B, C and D also by substituting Ci = O. Thus with this substitution,
are obtained as, we obtain,
A =E~, fc=f;,
B=[l-2k/7+kfl2 Er .2fl+l i l ~c= e~= 0.002,
k (fl- 1)2 E~ fl ~' fl = eo.a~ _ 0.003__6 = 1.8,
C=[/7+2 2(l-k)E~]I ~ 0.002
fl k ( f l - 1)2 E~t --2
6- and k = 0.85
Substituting these values in equation(lO), the
and equation for stress-strain curve of unconfined concrete
1-k E< 1 ] 1 is obtained as
D= (5)
k(/7-1) 2 E; /7 ~]3'
where f= E~ e (11 a)
g2(Z) '
E" fc/ g~.
= (6)
where
The reference point on the followingbranch has been
chosen as the point corresponding to 85 % of the peak gz(0=l+(0.0638E~-l.278)103e
stress. Hence
k=o.85 (7) + ( 0 . 5 2 8 - 0.138 E~) 106 ez
and from equations (2) and (4),
eo.85 1.8+46.5 Ci +(0.034 Eff-~- 0 . 0 6 9 ) 109e 3. (11 b)
(8)
e-~ - 1.0 + 23.0 Ci '
The confinement provided by the spirals is a reaction
to the transverse expansion of concrete and so it COMPARISON
becomes effective only after considerable longitudinal After determining the equations of the stress-strain
deformation takes place. As such, there is not much curves it was intended to see the extent to which the
difference in the initial portion of the stress-strain equation will represent the experimental curves in their
curves for confined and unconfined concrete. Therefore, complete range. This has been done for the tests
the value of initial tangent modulus (E3 for both
concretes is the same and for the tests of this series, conducted using the experimental values offc, e-cand Ci
Ec obtained is found to be close to the expression used for each batch and the curve represented by the
by Hognested [6] viz., proposed equation superimposed on experimental
curves in figure 1. From this figure a satisfactory
E~= 1,800,000 + 4 6 0 f ; (in psi), agreement between the two is noted.

342
 P. D E S A Y I - K. T , S U N D A R A RAJA IYENGAR - T. SANJEEVA REDDY

,20 ,,

. /
360 / /

30"

~<~ 2/.0 Z'" ~ " "-' --

20-

120 f , Experimental curve 1 O-

Proposed equation
f
60

0
0 0.005 0.010 0.015 0.020 0.025 0.030 0.035 0-040 0.0s 0-050 0,055 0.060
Strain ~ E
Fig. 4. -- Comparison of proposed equation with the test results from reference [7] for cylinders of m i x 1 : 2 : 4, confined with
6.5 m m dia m . s . spiral.

In order to examine the applicability of the proposed spiral for the ranges of concrete strengths and
equation to concretes of different types, the test results confinement covered in these studies.
from references [1] and [7] are compared with the Having obtained a satisfactory representation of the
proposed equation. Figures 4 to 6 show these compari- experimental curves of individual test cylinders, it was
sons and indicate that the curves obtained by the intended to use the proposed equation to give stress-
proposed equation fairly agree with the experimental strain curves of concretes of cylinder strength 150,200,
curves. Some small differences are noticed only over a 250 and 300 kg/cm 2 and for Ci=0;0.1, 0.2 and 0.3
short range prior to the peak stress in some cases with which may be normally come across in practice. The
highest confinement. Thus, the proposed equation values of parameter A to D for these cases are calculated
could be taken to represent satisfactorily the stress- and given in table II and the corresponding curves
strain relation for concrete confined in circular steel shown in figure 7.

~,0-

" 4.r
\ 3 0 - ~,,
300 '' ~-~
u
p

--
! \ -. " % .

180 '"
i \3
120
10-
(a) Mix. :1:2 I (b) Mix. 1:1~:3

50 ,, ~ Exptl. Curve --
proposed equation

0 , L I [
0 0.005 0.010 0-015 0-020 0.025 0 0.005 0-010 0-015 0-020 0.025 0.030
Strain j
Fig. 5. - Comparison of proposed equation'with the test results from reference [7] for cylinders confined with 6.5 m m d i a m . s.
spiral.

343
VOL. 11 - N ~ 65 - MATERIAUX ET CONSTRUCTIONS

t~
E
u

Jr
el
E
u E
Z
m
m

0 O.OOS 0.010 0.015 0 0.005 0.010 0.015 0 0-005 0.010 0.015 0.020
S t r a i n j ~'c

Fig. 6. - Comparison of proposed equation with the test results from reference [7] for cylinders confined with 5 m m dia hard
steel spiral.

CONCLUSION represent satisfactorily the experimental curves as seen

in figures 1, 4 to 6. Using the proposed equation, the
Making use of the test results of this investigation as parameters of the equation and the stress-strain curves
well as those of previous study [1], a stress-strain are given for concretes of three different strengths and
equation (10) has been proposed for concrete confined three different confinement indices that may be
in circular steel-spiral. The equation is found to normally come across.

f ~
t t,0-

"~ O.3

~- 300
30-
E

"250
m Z
m

~n 200 ~ 20-

150

100 t0-

50

(a) (b] (c|

04]05 0 0.005 00.(X]5 0-010 0-015 04]20 0-025 0.030 0.035 0.040 9~
Strain

Fig. 7. - Stress-strain curves for concrete of different strengths from the proposed equation.

344
 P. D E S A Y I - K. T. S U N D A R A RAJA IYENGAR - T. S A N J E E V A REDDY

TABLE II Concrete Institute Proc., Vol. 68, No. 9, Septem-

ber 1971, p. 719-725.
PARAMETERS OF THE STRESS-STRAIN EQUA'FION
[equation (5)] [3] CHAN W. W. L. - The ultimate strength and deformation
FOR DIFFERENT VALUES of plastic hinges in reinforced concreteframes. Magazine of
OF CONCRETE STRENGTH AND CONFINEMENTINDEX Concrete Research, Vol. 7, No. 21, N o v e m b e r 1955,
[Units of f (kg/cm2)] p. 121-122.
L' Values of [4] SARGINM., GHOSH S. K., HANDA V. K. - Effects of lateral
(kg/cm 2) Ci reinforcement upon the strength and deformation properties
A B C D of concrete. Magazine of Concrete Research, Vol. 23,
No. 75-76, J u n e - S e p t e m b e r 1971, p. 99-110.
0.0 184,936 448 35,373 53,656,544 [5] SAENZ L. P. - Discussion of the paper Equation for the
0.1 184,936 809 - 10,153 2,508,354
150. 773,315
stress-strain curve of concrete. Journal of the American
0.2 184,936 763 - 9,350
184,936 689 - 6,887 344,719 Concrete Institute Proc., Vol. 61, No. 9, Septem-
0.3
35,303,424 ber 1964, p. 1229-1235.
0.0 213,546 209 108,786
0.1 213,546 648 - 2,211 1,906,700 [6] HOGNESTAD E. -- A study of combined bending and axial
200 616,732
0.2 213,546 630 - 5,842 load in reinforced concrete members. University of Illinois
0.3 213,546 575 - 4,837 279,862 Engineering Experiment Station Bulletin, Series No. 399,
0.0 238,752 46 158,885 22,778,592 1951.
0.I 238,752 539 3,208 1,496,111
250 238,752 540 - 3,449 509,875 [7] NAGI REDDY K. -- Studies on the behaviour of confined
0.2
0.3 238,752 497 - 3,439 235,602 concrete and its application inflexure of reinforced concrete
0.0 261,539 -74 195,867 13,533,081 structures. Ph. D.Thesis, I n d i a n Institute of Science,
0.1 261,539 458 7,209 1,193,024 Bangalore, 1969, 407 p.
300 261,539 473 - 1,682 430,996
"~ 0.2
0.3 261,539 440 - 2,406 202,930

RI~SUMI~
l~quation p o u r la c o u r b e c o n t r a i n t e / d 6 f o r m a t i o n du
REFERENCES b & o n confin6 d a n s u n e h61ice d ' a c i e r . - On prlsente ici
des rOsultats d'essai sur cylindre de b&on eonfin~ dans
une h~lice d'acier et soumis ~ une compression d 9radient
[1] SUNDARA RAJA IYENGAR K: T., PRAKASH DESAYI, NAGI
REDDY K. -- Stress-strain characteristics of concrete de contrainte constant. On propose une iquation pour les
confined in steel binders. M a g a z i n e of Concrete Research, courbes contrainte/ d~formation obtenues. Les paramO-
Vol. 22, No. 72, September 1970, p. 173-184. tres qui ont ~ti d&erminks et la courbe r~sultant de
[2] SUNDARA RAJA IYENGAR K. T., PRAKASH DESAYI, NAGI l'Oquation reprisentent de fagon satisfaisante les
REDDY K. - Flexure of reinforced concrete beams with risultats d'essai de cette recherche comme ceux d'une
confined compression zones. Journal of the American &ude ant~rieure.

345