Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 20 views

    CH 12

    Uploaded by

    charan
    Electricity is the flow of electric charges. Atoms have a positively charged nucleus and negatively charged electrons that revolve around it. In metals, valence electrons are free to move and constitute an electric current. Conductors offer less opposition to current flow while insulators offer more opposition. Electric potential is defined as the work done to bring a charge to a point, and potential difference is the difference in potential between two points. Current is the flow of electric charges over time. In circuits, current is carried by a "sea" of free electrons that drift, and the average drift velocity depends on the potential difference applied. Batteries use internal chemical reactions to create a potential difference between terminals. Circuits are closed loops that

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    CH 12

    Uploaded by

    charan
    20 views6 pages
    Electricity is the flow of electric charges. Atoms have a positively charged nucleus and negatively charged electrons that revolve around it. In metals, valence electrons are free to move and constitute an electric current. Conductors offer less opposition to current flow while insulators offer more opposition. Electric potential is defined as the work done to bring a charge to a point, and potential difference is the difference in potential between two points. Current is the flow of electric charges over time. In circuits, current is carried by a "sea" of free electrons that drift, and the average drift velocity depends on the potential difference applied. Batteries use internal chemical reactions to create a potential difference between terminals. Circuits are closed loops that

    Original Title

    ch 12

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Electricity is the flow of electric charges. Atoms have a positively charged nucleus and negatively charged electrons that revolve around it. In metals, valence electrons are free to move and constitute an electric current. Conductors offer less opposition to current flow while insulators offer more opposition. Electric potential is defined as the work done to bring a charge to a point, and potential difference is the difference in potential between two points. Current is the flow of electric charges over time. In circuits, current is carried by a "sea" of free electrons that drift, and the average drift velocity depends on the potential difference applied. Batteries use internal chemical reactions to create a potential difference between terminals. Circuits are closed loops that

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    20 views6 pages

    CH 12

    Uploaded by

    charan
    Electricity is the flow of electric charges. Atoms have a positively charged nucleus and negatively charged electrons that revolve around it. In metals, valence electrons are free to move and constitute an electric current. Conductors offer less opposition to current flow while insulators offer more opposition. Electric potential is defined as the work done to bring a charge to a point, and potential difference is the difference in potential between two points. Current is the flow of electric charges over time. In circuits, current is carried by a "sea" of free electrons that drift, and the average drift velocity depends on the potential difference applied. Batteries use internal chemical reactions to create a potential difference between terminals. Circuits are closed loops that

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 6

    Electricity

    Current and Voltage


    Atomic Structure
    An atom has a positively charged nucleus and negatively charged electrons revolving
    around it.
    Valence electrons in metals are free to move within the conductor and constitute an
    electric current.

    Charge

    The charge is an intrinsic property of matter by virtue of which it can exert electromagnetic
    force.

    Interaction between charges

    Conductors and Insulators

    A substance which offers comparatively less opposition to the flow of current is known as
    conductors and substances which offer larger opposition are insulators.

    Electric Potential and Potential Difference

    The electric potential at a point is defined as work done in bringing a unit positive charge
    from infinity to that point. The potential difference between two points is defined as the
    difference in electric potentials at the two given points.

    Models of Electric Current


    Electric Current(I)

    Flow of electric charges is called electric current, i.e, I .


    Q
    =
    t

    Electron sea model


    Electric current in a solid conductor is due to drift of a ‘sea’ of free electrons, which are free
    to jump onto any neighbouring atom.

    Electron sea model

    Drift velocity of Electron

    Average velocity which an electron attains inside a metallic conductor due to the
    application of an electric field due to the potential difference.

    Drift velocity of an electron

    Battery and its working


    A cell is a source of potential difference, which is created inside it due to internal chemical
    reactions.

    At anode:      Cu(s) ⇌ Cu
    2+
    (aq) + 2e−

    At cathode:  Ag(aq) + 2e− ⇌ 2Ag(s)

    A combination of cells is called a battery.

    Electric Circuit
    Electric circuit and circuit diagram

    A closed-loop path which a current take is called an electric circuit.


    Representation of an electric circuit through symbols is called a circuit diagram.

    Circuit Diagram

    Resistance and Ohm's Law


    Ohm's law

    The current flowing through an ohmic conductor is directly proportional to the applied
    potential difference between the two ends of the conductor.
    Ohm's law

    Resistance

    Resistance is a measure of the opposition offered to the current flow in an electric circuit.

    Factors affecting Resistance & How they affect

    Resistance is:

    directly proportional to the length of the conductor.


    directly proportional to nature of the conductor.
    directly proportional to the temperature of the conductor.
    inversely proportional to the cross-sectional area of the conductor.

    Resistivity

    The electrical resistance offered by a substance of unit length and unit cross-sectional area
    is called resistivity.

    Ohmic and Non-Ohmic resistors

    Resistors which follow Ohm’s Law are called Ohmic resistors, and those which do not follow
    it are called Non-Ohmic resistors.

    Ohmic vs Non-Ohmic conductors


    Superconductors

    Conductors which offer zero resistance to the flow of current are called superconductors.

    Combination of Resistors
    Combination of resistors

    Two resistors are said to be combined in series if they carry the same current.
    Two resistors are said to be combined in parallel if the same potential difference is
    applied to them.

    Equivalent Resistance of a system of resistors

    The equivalent resistance of two resistors is given as:

    In series, R eq = R1 + R2

    In parallel, 1 1 1
    = +
    Req R R
    1 2

    EMF and Terminal Voltage

    EMF: The potential difference between the two terminals of a cell, when there is no
    current flowing through the circuit.
    Terminal voltage: The potential difference between the two terminals of a cell, when
    current is flowing through the circuit. 

    EMF and Terminal voltage


    Electric Power and AC
    Heating Effect of Current

    Joule's Law:

    Heat (H) ∝  square of the current (I).


    H ∝ Resistance of the given circuit.
    H ∝  Time (t) for which current flows through the conductor.

    When a potential difference is established, it causes electrons to move i.e. flow of current.

    Electric Power

    The rate of doing work or rate of consumption of electrical energy is called Electric
    Power. If W is work done in time t, then P = . W

    S.I unit is Watt(W). One watt of power is consumed when 1 A of current flows at a
    potential difference of 1 V.
    The commercial unit of electrical energy is kilowatt-hour (kWh).
    6
    1kW h = 3, 600, 000J = 3.6 × 10 J
    2

    Represented as P and P
    V
    2
    = I R =
    R

    One kilowatt-hour is defined as the amount of energy consumed when 1kW of power
    is used for 1 hour.

    You might also like