KEY CONCEPTS AND FORMULAE

1. Real Numbers

1. Euclid’s Division Algorithm : Given positive integers `a’ and `b’, there

exists unique integers q and r such that a=bq+r, where 0 ≤ r <b

a Dividend q quotient

b Divisor r remainder

2. Polynomials

1. For a quadratic polynomial ax2+bx+c,

where α, β are roots/zeroes of polynomial.

2. For a cubic polynomial ax3 +→bx2 +cx− +

bd c
α +β= , αβ =
−b c a −da
α,+β + γ = , αβ + βγ + γα = , αβγ =
a a a
where α, β, γ are roots/zeroes of polynomial.

3. For any polynomial p(x) & g(x)

p(x) = g(x) q(x) + r(x) when r(x) = 0 or deg. r(x) < deg g(x)

3. Pair of Linear Equations in two variables

a1x + b1y + c1=0

a2x + b2y + c2=0

Nature of Roots/Zeroes/Solutions

1
 a1 b
a) If ≠ 1 ÿ 1) System has unique solution
a2 b2

2) Consistent

3) Graph is two intersecting lines.

a1 b c
b) If = 1≠ 1ÿ 1) System has no soultion.
a2 b2 c 2
2) Inconsistent

3) Graphs are parallel lines.

a1 b1 c 1
c) If = = ÿ 1) System has infinite solution
a2 b2 c 2
2) Consistent

3) Graphs are coincident lines.

4. Quadratic Equations

i) Standard form : ax2+bx+c = 0

ii) Discriminant, D=b2-4ac

− b ± b 2 − 4ac
iii) General roots (solutions) x = (Quadratic formula)
2a
iv) Nature of roots

a) If b2-4ac >0 Real distinct zeros,

b) If b2-4ac = 0 Real equal roots,

c) If b2-4ac<0 No real roots,

d) If b2-4ac ≥ 0 Real roots

2
5. Arithmetic Progression (A.P.)

i) Standard form a, a+d, a+2d .............. a+(n-1) d

where a= first term, d=common difference, tn=a+(n-1)d

ii) Sum of `n’ terms :

6. Triangles

i) Basic proportionality Theorem (Thales Theorem)

AD AE
a) In a triangle if DE||BC then =
BD EC
AD AE
b) If = then DE||BC
BD EC
ii) Pythagoras Theorem

iii) → n
Converse of Pythagoras theorem.
S n = [ 2a + (n − 1)d]
2
iv) Ratio of areas of two similar triangles
2 2 2
ar ( ∆ABC ) AB BC CA
If ∆ABC ~ ∆PQR then = ÿ = ÿ = ÿ
ar ( ∆PQR ) PQ QR PR
7. Coordinate Geometry

i) Distance Formula : AB = (x1 − x 2 )2 + (y1 −y 2 )2

m1 x 2 + m 2 x1 m y + m 2 y1
ii) Section Formulae : x = , y= 1 2
m1 + m 2 m1 + m 2
x1 + x 2 y + y2
iii) Mid-point formula : x = , y= 1
2 2
Area of ∆ABC = [x 1 (y 2 − y 3 ) +x 2 (y 3 − y 1 ) + x 3 (y 1 − y 2 )]
1
iv)
2
where (x1, y1), (x2, y2), (x3, y3) are vertices of triangle.

3
8. Introduction to Trigonometry.

i) In a right triangle ABC, right angled at B,

Side opp. to angle A Side adjacent to angle A

SinA = , Cos A = ,
hypotenuse hypotenuse
SinA Side opp. of A
tan A = =
CosA Side adjacent to A
1 1 1
ii) Co sec A = , SecA = , CotA =
Sin A CosA tan A

iii) Sin (90° -A) = CosA, Cos (90°-A) = SinA, tan (90°-A) = Cot A

Cot (90°-A) = tan A, Sec (90°-A) = CosecA, Cosec(90°-A) = SecA

iv) Sin2A + Cos2A=1, Sec2A-tan2A=1, Cosec2A-Cot2A=1

10. Circles →

i) Thm - 1 → The tangent to a circle is perpendicular to the radius through

the point of contact.

ii) Thm - 2 The lengths of two tangents from an external point to the

circle are equal.

4
 Chapter 1

Minimum Level of Learning (MLL)

Unit- I (Real Numbers)

Key Points :

1. Euclid’s division Lemma :- For any two given positive integers a and b, there

exists unique integers q and r satisfying.

a = bq+r, o r <b

2. Fundamental theorem of arthiemetic

Every composite number can be expressed as a product of primes, and this

≤p order in which the prime factor occurs.

factorisation is unique apart from the
q
3. Let x be a rational number whose decimal expansion terminates then x can be

expressed in the form . where p and q are co-prime and the prime

factorisation of q is of the form 2n.5m. where n, m are non negative integers.

4. For any two given numbers p and q

H.C.F. (p, q) x L.C.M. (p, q) = p x q

5
 Chapter - 2

Polynomials

Key Points

1. If p(x) is a polynomial in x, the highest power of x in p(x) is called the degree

of the polynomial p(x). For exp. 4x+2 is a polynomial in the variable x of de-

gree 1, 2y2-3y+4 is a polynomial in the variable y of degree 2.

2. Zero of a polynomial - A real constant K is said to be a zero of a polynomial p(x)

in x, if p(k) = 0

for exp. p(x) = x2+x-12 gives p(3) = 32+3-12=0

and p(-4) = (-4)2 + (-4) - 12 = 0. Thus,α,3βand -4 are two zeroes of the polynomials

p(x)

3. Relation between zeroes and co-efficient of a polynomial.

Let p(x) = ax2+bx+c, a ≠ 0 and having Zeroes as , then

− (co − efficient of x ) − b
Sum of the Zeroes = α,+ β = (co − efficient of x 2 ) = a

cons tan t term c

Product of the Zeroes = αβ = (co − efficient of x 2 ) = a

6
 Chapter - 3

Minimum Level of Learning

Unit-III

Pair of Linear Equations in two variables

Key Points

General Form of a Linear equation.

ax + by + C = 0, where a, b, c are real numbers and x,y are variables.

Solution of a pair of linear equations in two variables

A pair of values of x and y, satisfying each one of the questions, is called a

solution of the linear equations in two variables.

There are three possibilities -

i) the two lines will intersect in one point.

ii) the two lines will not intersect i.e. they are parallel.

iii) the two lines will be coincident.

Conditions for consistent/inconsistent

A pair of linear equations in two variables, which has a solution, is called

consistent and a pair of linear equation in two variables, which has no solutions

is called inconsistent.

7
 If a pair of linear equation in two variables is given by

a,x + b1y+c = 0 and a2x + b2y +c2 =0 then, they have

a1 b1
i) unique solution (consistent), if a ≠ b
2 2

Constructions

1. To divide a line Segment in a given ratio.

2. Construction of Similar Triangles.

3. Construction of pair of tangents from an external point.

Areas related to circle

1. Circumference of a circle = 2Π r ,

2. Area of circle = r2 Π ϑ
= x 2Π r
360ÿ
3. Length of an arc of a sector

ϑ
4. Area of a sector = ÿ
x Πr 2
360

5. Area of segment of a circle

= Area of the corresponding sector - Area of triangle.

Surface Areas and Volumes

1. Volumes of frustum of a cone =

1
3
(
x Π h r12 + r22 + r1r2 )
2. Curved surface area of frustum = Πÿ (r1 + r2 ) where l = h 2 + (r1 − r2 )2

3. (
Total surface area of the frustum = Π l (r1 + r2 ) + Π r12 + r22 )
8
Statistics
Σfixi
1. Mean = x = (Direct method )
Σfi
Σfidi
= a+ ( Assumed Mean method )
Σfi
Σfidi
= a+ ÿ x h (Step deviation method)
Σfi
f1 − f0
2. Mode = l + ÿ xh
2f1 − f 0 − f 2 ÿ

n
− cf ÿ
3. Median = l + 2 ÿ xh
f ÿ
ÿ

Probability
Number of outcomes favourable to E
1. P(E) =
→ outcomes
Number of all possible
ϑ
2. p(sure event) = 1, p (impossible event) = 0

3. O ≤ P(E ) ≤ 1

4. P(E) + P( E ) = 1 ( E → not E)

Heights and Distances

(Object) Line of sight

ϑ
Line of sight Object

ϑ Angle of elevatin Angle of depression

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 Chapter-1
Section A

Very Short Answer type questions (each of Mark - 1)

Q.1 State whether is rational or irrational number.

Q.2 “ π is a rational number”, this is true statement or false.

Q.3 Express 156 as a product of prime factors.

Q.4 Fill in the blank.

H.C.F. (p, q) x _________= p x q

Q.5 Convert into decimal expansion.

Q.6 Can we have any n ∈ N where 6 n ends with digit zero.

52 B
Section
8
Short Answer Type Questions (each of Marks 2)

Q.1 Use Euclid division alogrithim to find H.C.F. of

i) 56, 814 ii) 6265 and 76254

Q.2 Find HCF and LCM of following using fundamental theorem of arithmetic method

(Prime factorisation)

i) 6, 72, 150 ii) 26, 91

Q.3 Examine whether the following numbers are terminating or non terminating (with-
out actual division)
35 63 513
i) ii) iii)
51 90 2 57 73
2

10
 Unit 1

Real Number

Example 1. Use Euclid’s division alogrithim to find the H.C.F. of 867 and 255.

So. : Since 867> 255

∴ 867 = 255 x 3 + 102

Now 102 is remainder, 255 can be written as

255 = 102 x 2+51

Again 51 is remainder, 102 can be written as

102 = 51 x 2+0

Now remainder is zero ∴15

1600
last divisor will be the H.C.F.

H.C.F. (867, 255) = 51

Example 2. Wihout actually performing the long division, state whether the will

have a terminating decimal or Non-terminating repeating decimal expansion.

15 3x5/ 3
Sol. : = = 6 1
1600 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x5x5/ 2 x5

Since demoninator is of the form 2n.5m, so its decimal expansion will be termi-

nating type.

Q.4 Prove that 5 + 3 is irrational.

11
Q.5 Prove that 3 5 is irrational

Q.6 Show that 3 6 is irrational number.

Q.7 Given that HCF (306, 657) = 9, Find LCM (306, 657)

Section C

Short Answer Type Question (Each of Marks 3)

Q.1 Show that any positive odd integer is of the form 4q+1 or 4q+3, where q is

some integer.

Q.2 Explain why 7 x 11 x 13 +13 is a composite number.

Q.3 Prove that no number of type 4k + 2 be a perfect square.

Q.4 Prove that 3 is an irrational number.

Q.5 Use Euclid’s division alogrithim to show that square of any integer is either of

form 3m or 3m+1 for some integer m.

Answers

Section A

(1) Irrational (2) False (3) 2 x 2 x 3 x 13 (4) L.C.M. (p,q) (5) 0.625 (6) No

Section B

(1) (i) 2 (ii) 179 (2) (i) 6, 360 (ii) 13, 182 (3) (i) Non terminating (ii) terminating

(iii) Non terminating (7) 22338

12
 Section A

1. 2 is irrational

Let us assume that 2 is irrational

20, we can find integers r and s ( ≠ 0) such

Suppose r and s have a commonfactor other than ÿ . Then, we divide by the

a
commonfactor (r and s) to get 2= where a & b are comprime number
b

So, b 2 = a

Squaring both sides

2b2=a2
π222 r
This shows that 2 divides a2 2 = 3.14
7 S
we can write 1a = 2c for some integer c substituting for a, we get 2b2 = 4c2 that
4c 2
is b2=2c2 b = = 2c 2
2

2
This shows that 2 also divides b2, So a divides b

∴ a & b have 2 as a commonfactor.

But this contradicts the fact that a & b have no common factor other than 1.

This contradiction shows that our assumption is wrong. is irrational.

2. π is irrational because is rewritten in the form of

3. 156 ÿ 2 x 2 x 3 x13
4. H.C.F. (p, q) x L.C.M. = p x q
13
5.
8 50 ( .625
48
------
20
16
-----
40
40
-----
x
-----
Section B

2. i) 6, 72, 120 ii) 26, 91

6 = 2x3, 72 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 3 x 3 26 = 13x2
5 a
5 += 0.3625
=
120 = 2 x 2 x 2 x3 x 5 8 b 91 = 13 x 7

H.C.F. (6, 72, 120) = 2 x 3=6 H.C.F. = 13

LCM (6,72,120) = 2x2x2x3x2x5=360 LCM = 2 x 13 x 7= 182

4. 5+ 3 is irrational
Let us assume to the contrary 5+ 3 is rational. We can find coprime a & b

(b ≠ 0) such that

a
∴5 − = − 3
b
5 − a 5b − a
Rearranging this equation − 3 = = where a & b are intergers we
b b
5b − a
get is rational, ans so 3 is rational.
b
14
 But this contradicts the fact that 3 as irrational.

This contradiction shows that our assumption is incorrect 5+ 3 is irrational.

5. 3 5 is irrational

Let us assume to the contrary that 3 5 is irrational.

That is, we can find coprime a&b (b ≠ 0) such that . Rearranging we

a
get 5=
3b
a
Since 3, a & b are integers is rational. So, is rational
3b
But this contradicts the fact that 5 is irrational

So, we conclude that 3 5 is irrational.

6. 3 6 is irrational number. aa
3 6556 =
bb
Let us assume to the contrary that 3 6 is rational.

That is, we can find comprime a&b (b ≠ 0) such that

a
Rearranging 6=
3b
a
Since 3, a &b are integers, is rational.
3b
So is also rational. But this contradicts the fact that 6 is irrational. So, we

conclude 3 6 is irrational.
1st No x IInd No
7. LCM =
HCF
306 x 657
= = 22338
9

15
 Section -C

1. Let us start with taking a where a is postive integers. We apply the division

algorithm with a & b = 4

Since 0 < r <4, the possible remainder are 0,1,2 and 3

That is a, can be 4q or 4q +1 or 4q +2 or 4q +3

However since a is odd, a can not be 4q or 4q+2 (because they are divisible

by 2)

∴ Any odd integers is the form of 4q +1 or 4q +3

2. 7 x 11 x 13 + 13

13 (7 x 11 + 1)

13 ( 77+1)

13 x 78 = 1014, Yes it is composite number.

Section B

Q.1 i) 56, 814 ii) 76254 & 6265

814= 56x14+30 76254 = 6265x12+1074

56 = 30x1+26 6265 = 1074 x 5 + 895

30 = 26x1+4 1074 = 895 x1+179

26 = 4 x 6+2 895 = 179 x 5 + 0

4 = 2 x 2+0 H.C.F. = 179

16
 Section A

6. No, Because it will not end with digit zero. If the prime factorisation of 6n contain

5. But the prime factorisation of 6n only contain 2 & 3.

6n = (2x3)n = 2n x 3n.

(1) - Non terminating

35
35 = Non terminating
3 x17
63 7 7
(2) = = ter min ating
90 10 5x2
513
(3) 2 7 3
ÿ Non ter min ating
2 5 7

Section C
5. Let a be any positive integer, and b=3
35
51
a=3q+r

0 < r <b

r=0, 1 or 2 (3q+1)2= (9q2+1+6q)

a= 3q = 9q2 + 6q + 1

a=3q+1 = 3(3q2+2q)+1

a=3q+2 =3m+1

(3q)2 = 9q2

3(3q2) (3q+2)2 = 9q2+4+12q

= Let 3q2 is m = 9q2+12q+3+1

= 3m =3(3q2+4q+1)+1

= 3m+1
17