Example 5: Student work

An Investigation into Invertebrate and Tree

Diversity of a Native Forest and a Pine Plantation of
Aberdeenshire, Scotland

Word Count: 2,181

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 Example 5: Student work

I. Identifying the Context

Research Question
Does species diversity of family of trees and terrestrial invertebrates vary significantly
between the native forest of Drum Estate and the pine plantation of Crathes Estate (of
Aberdeenshire), as measured using Simpson's diversity index?

Environmental Issue: The decreasing tree and invertebrate diversity due to deforestation
and the increasing number of forest plantations

Living in a wildlife rich country, I was interested to investigate species diversity. This
interest was further developed when we completed an ESS field trip, where we investigated
freshwater species diversity and its abundance in polluted and unpolluted waters. This field work
inspired me to research the tree and terrestrial invertebrate diversity found in an old, native forest
("Drum Castle, Garden & Estate"), and a man-made pine plantation of Aberdeenshire ("Crathes
Castle, Garden & Estate").

Today, only one third of global forest area is composed of native forests ("Forests"). Global
trends suggest that the rate of deforestation of native forest has been intensely increasing since
1990, while "the areas of forest plantations are increasing" ("Forest"). 'Deforestation' is a much
discussed topic. While they are economic benefits to it, such as answering the human demands for
cattle, crops, wood, and more living space, the replacement of native habitats by plantations also
results in a "substantial loss of biodiversity" ("Loss of Biodiversity (including Genetic Diversity)").
Habitat destruction and fragmentation impacts the less resilient species of ecosystems, decreasing
their population numbers (Fitzherbert, B. & al.). Deforestation and plantations also contribute to
problems such as global warming and unsustainable practices ("Palm Oil and Tropical
Deforestation").
Connection of Environmental Issue to Research Question
This global issue is connected to the research question as deforestation has "greatly reduced
Scotland's 'native' tree cover" (Hall), thus altering the "biodiversity and ecosystems in Scotland"
("Climate Change"). Simpson's diversity index have been used in past studies to observe species
and tree diversity of Scotland.

To investigate this local environmental issue, I observed the species diversity and
individual abundance of families of invertebrates (found in leaf litter) and trees (found above
quadrats) of two different forest types. I then completed Simpson's diversity index to test whether
the diversity significantly varies between the "native, ancient forest of Drum Estate" ("Drum
Castle, Garden & Estate") and the man-made pine plantation of Crathes Estate, dating from the
mid -206' century ("Crathes Castle, Garden & Estate").

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 Example 5: Student work

II. Planning
Justification with Hypothesis
I expect to see a higher tree and invertebrate diversity in the native forest than in the pine
plantation. This is because the pine plantation is more recent, making its species diversity lower.
The plantation of only pine trees has also reduced the tree diversity.

Justifying Sample Strategy

To collect data for this experiment, I used a sampling strategy using 0.25m2 quadrats in pre
-determined areas at pre-determined coordinates. This strategy enabled for data to be quickly and
efficiently obtained, and assured that I observed a representative and statistically accurate sample
of species and tree diversity in both forests.

Variables Identification and Explanation

Independent: Type of forest (native woods or pine plantation)
Dependent: Insect and tree species diversity
Controlled: Approximately similar total area investigated; same species identification key; same
measurement tools; same time allowed at each invertebrate identification (12 minutes); same
observer for all records; recorded on the same weekend (similar weather)
Equipment List
• Thermometer (C°)
• Digital pH metre
• pH 9.2, 4, and 7 buffer solutions
• Pipettes
• Insect and tree family identification keys
• One 0.25m2 quadrat
• Plastic spoon
• Magnifying glass
• Empty data tables and pen
• Camera
• Timer
• Petri dish
• 10 clean plastic bags to collect soil samples
• 2 white trays
Risk Assessment and Ethical and Environmental Considerations
When calculating the soil pH and handling acidic and basic solutions, use gloves and wear
a lab coat and protective goggles. Avoid all direct contact with the solutions. If contact is made,
rinse immediately and inform your teacher. If glass materials breaks, inform your teacher and pick
up the pieces using gloves.

When observing the insect and tree species, make sure no organism is harmed, harassed,
injured, or killed. Use a spoon (with no sharp edges) to pick up organisms. When placing
individuals in the pctri dish or tray, handle them with care. Always release the organisms and
the leaf litter in the same area as they were found. When collecting soil sample, make sure no

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 Example 5: Student work

organisms are enclosed in the bag.

Methodology
A Establishing the sampling area and coordinates
1. Find a native forest and a recent plantation in the same region of a country (eg:
Aberdeenshire).
2. Using the Free Map Tools website ("Area Calculator Using Maps"), select the "Area
Calculator Using Maps" option and calculate the sampled area (km2 ), making sure it is
similar in size for both forests. Use the same website every time.
3. Using the website Grid Reference Finder ("UK Grid Reference Finder"), select 5
coordinates, spreading them out throughout the previously selected area (all points must
be within the selected area). The coordinates must be chosen ahead of time in order to limit
bias. I later realized that I should have used a random number generator to generate these
coordinates — this weakness will be explored in the discussion. Use the same website
every time.
4. Print out a map of your selected area and coordinates to refer to them during the field
experimentation (see Figure 1).

Figure 1: Left and above: The selected

sampling area of Crathes' pine plantation in
km2 (using the website Free Map Tools).
Drum's selected sample area measured 0.247
km2.
Bellow: Pre -selected coordinates within
Crathes' pine plantation selected area (using
the website Grid Reference Finder). The
same method was used to obtain the
coordinates for Drums' native forest.

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 Example 5: Student work

B Recording Observations from the Field Work

1. Go to the selected area of one of the forest (native). Using a grid reference app (Irving) on
your mobile phone, go to your selected coordinates. Use the same app every time.
2. Place the centre of the quadrat on the floor at the coordinate. If there are logs or large rocks
in the way, slightly adjust the location, keeping it as close as possible to the original one.
3. Record your abiotic factors. Measure the air temperature 5 cm above the quadrat using the
same thermometer (C°). Take a soil sample (2 small handfuls) from the centre of the quadrat
and place it in an enclosed plastic bag. The pH will be tested later. Avoid collecting rocks,
twigs, leaves, or organisms.
4. Record into the data table the number of individuals of each tree family whose branches pass
over the quadrat (when looking up from the centre of the quadrat; see Figure 4).
5. Record any relevant qualitative data such as weather, soil moisture, or changes in location.
6. Start your timer, setting it to 12 minutes.
a) Collect leaf litter from inside the quadrat and place it in a white tray.
b) Using a species identification key (Bebbington), record all the families of the invertebrates
found and the number of individuals from each families. Make sure not to count one
organism twice by placing the recorded ones in a different tray.
i. Use a magnifying glass or petri dish for accurate identification.
c) Stop all invertebrate identification once the timer rings.
7. Replace the observed soil and invertebrates into the quadrat area, making sure nothing is
harmed in the process.
8. Repeat steps 1-7 for all 5 coordinates site, making sure to test the entire leaf litter of each
quadrat, then go to the second forest area (plantation) and repeat steps 1-7 again.
Use the same material every time.

Figure 2: A quadrat placed Figure 3: An invertebrate Figure 4: Branches of trees which are
down at specific coordinates placed in a petri dish for found above a specific record
in the old native woods of better identification. quadrat; this method is used to record
Drum. tree diversity (see step 4).

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 Example 5: Student work

C. Testing the pH of the Sampled Soil

1. This procedure takes place in a lab. Use the same electronic pH probe for each test.
2. Connect the pH probe to a computer and open a Logger Pro recording sheet.
3. To test the pH's calibration, place it in pH 7, pH 9.2, and pH 4 buffer solutions to make
sure it shows the right measurements on the Logger Pro graph.
4. Once the pH probe has been correctly calibrated, place the soil samples in different, clean
beakers, each appropriately labelled with their site number (1-5) and forest types.
5. Add distilled water to the beakers until all the soil is covered. Use a clean stirring rod to
stir each soil and water solutions. Let them sit for 5 min (this insures that any rocks or large
debris sink to the bottom).
6. Press "Collect" on a new Logger Pro graph collection document, and carefully place the
waterproof part of pH probe in the beaker. Stir the pH probe in the solution for 92 seconds
(to reach a stable average). Once finished, press "Stop" and save the document with the
appropriate name (site number and forest area).
7. Repeat steps 5-6 until pH for all of the soil samples has been recorded.
8. Copy the data for the 92 seconds into an excel sheet, making sure to label the correct
quadrats and locations. Using Excel's "Average" option, obtain the mean average for the
pH of each site and copy it into the raw data tables.

Figure 5: A computer plugged to the pH probe using Figure 6: The sample soil from all 10 quadrat
LoggerPro. of the two locations mixed with water before
being tested for their pH.

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 Example 5: Student work

III. Results, Analysis, and Conclusion

A Drum Estate's Native Wood Raw Data
Table 1: Number of individuals found for each invertebrate and tree species, as well as abiotic
measurements as sampled in 5 quadrats in the old, native woods of Drum Estate.
Quadrat 1 Quadrat 2 Ouadrat 3 Quradrat 4 Quadrat 5
NJ 79411 00598 NJ 79252 00738 NJ 79166 00876 NJ 79358 00914 NJ 79401 00639
(+/- 5 metres) (+/- 5 metres) (+/- 5 metres) (+/- 5 metres) (+/- 5 metres)

Family of Total Number of Total Number of Total Number of Total Number of Total Number of
Invertebrate Individuals (+/- 1) Individuals (+/- 1) Individuals (+/- 1) Individuals (+/- 1) Individuals (+/- 1)
(includes their
larvae stages)

Snails
Slugs 1
Earthworms 2 1 1
Beetles 2 1 1 1
True Bugs 2 1 3 3
True Flies 1 4 2 3
Bees/Wasps
Spiders 4 5 3 5 7
Woodlice
Centipedes
Ants
Butterflies/Moths
Earwig 3 1 I 1 2
Millipedes
Mite 2 3
Harvestmen 1 1
Springtail 6 2 2 2
Family of Tree Total Number of Total Number of Total Number of Total Number of Total Number of
Individuals (+/- 1) Individuals (+/- 1) Individuals (+/-1) Individuals (+/- 1) Individuals (+/- 1)

Elm 4 1
Oak 2 1
Lime 1 1
Birch 1 9
Pine
Abiotic Factors
Air Temperature 14 14 15 14 14
(Co; +/- 0.1 C°)
Soil pH (rounded 4.26 4.33 3.90 3.93 4.01
to 3SF; +/- 0.01)
Observations Overall, all data was collected in soft ground surfaces - in fallen leaves, under rocks and logs,
no more than 2cm under the surface of the soil; no quadrats moved from original coordinates

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 Example 5: Student work

B. Crathes Estate's Pine Plantation Raw Data

Table 2:
Number of individuals found for each invertebrate and tree species, as well as abiotic
measurements as sampled in 5 quadrats in the pine plantation of Crathes Estate.
Quadrat 1 Quadrat 2 Ouadrat 3 Quradrat 4 Quadrat 5
NO 73175 97105 NO 73064 97010 NO 72883 97063 NO 72927 97192 NO 73134 97253
(+/- 5 metres) (+/- 5 metres) (+/- 5 metres) (+/- 5 metres) (+/- 5 metres)

Family of Total Number of Total Number of Total Number of Total Number of Total Number of
Invertebrate Individuals (+/- 1) Individuals (+/- 1) Individuals (+/- 1) Individuals (+/- 1) Individuals (+/- 1)
(includes their
larvae stages)

Snails
Slugs
Earthworms
Beetles
True Bugs 1 1 1
True Flies 3 2 2 2
Bees/Wasps 1 (wasp)
Spiders 4 4 2 6 4
Woodlice 1
Centipedes
Ants
Butterflies/Moths
Earwig
Millipedes 1
Mite
Harvestmen
Springtail 2 2 1
Family of Tree Total Number of Total Number of Total Number of Total Number of Total Number of
Individuals (+/- 1) Individuals (+/- 1) Individuals (+/-1) Individuals (+/- 1) Individuals (+/- 1)
Elm
Oak
Lime
Birch
Pine 5 3 2 4 2
Abiotic Factors
Air Temperature 15 15 15 16 18
(Co; +/- 0.1 C°)
Soil pH (rounded 4.02 4.27 4.14 4.60 4.20
to 3SF; +/- 0.01)
Observations -sampled in an area -sampled in area -sampled in a more -sampled in a more -sampled in
with a mix of with mainly needles compact soil, harder compact soil, with a decaying leaves,
needles, pine twigs, and pine twigs to dig into and more thinner layer of pine clovers, thinner
and decaying leaves humid; sample needles; one small layer of pine
not taken more rock with moss on needles
than 2cm below top found inside
leaf litter surface quadrat
C. Justification of Values of Error
The values of error for the thermometer and the pH probe correspond to their smallest units of
measure. The number of individual invertebrates and trees have an uncertainty of +1- 1 as I may
not have seen every organism. The values of error for the coordinates correspond to the ones given
by the app (Irving).

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 Example 5: Student work

D. Processed Data
Table 3:Total number of individuals for each invertebrate and tree species, as well as mean pH for
both forests
Native Forest of Drum Estate

Total number of Quadrat 1 Quadrat 2 Quadrat 3 Quadrat 4 Quadrat 5 Total (all

invertebrates quadrats)
recorded
17 21 7 14 7 66
Total number of trees recorded 5 1 3 1 10 20
Total mean temperature (for all 14.2 °C
quadrats; 3SF) and Standard 0.447 SD
Deviation
Total Mean pH (for all quadrats; 4.09
3SF) and Standard Deviation 0.197 SD

Pine Plantation of Crathes Estate

Total number of Quadrat 1 Quadrat 2 Quadrat 3 Quadrat 4 Quadrat 5 Total (all
invertebrates quadrats)
recorded 11 8 5 9 7 40
Total number of trees recorded 4 3 2 4 1 14
Total mean temperature (for all 15.8 "C
quadrats; 3SF) and Standard 1.30 SD
Deviation
Total Mean pH (for all quadrats; 4.25
3SF) and Standard Deviation 0.218 SD

E. Calculating Simpson's Diversity Index

Calculation I: Simpson's diversity index for invertebrates in the old native woods of Drum Estate
(note that all species of 1 are not included as 1-1 = 0)
Native Forest of
Drum Estate Quadrat 1 Quadrat 2 Quadrat 3 Quadrat 4 Quadrat 5

Simpson's N=17•16=272
Diversity Index:
𝑁𝑁(𝑁𝑁 − 1) n = 2*1 + 2*1 +
𝑑𝑑 = 2*1 + 4*3 + 3*2
∑ 𝑛𝑛(𝑛𝑛 − 1)
+ 2*1 =26
272 420 42 182 420
Note: diversity 𝑑𝑑 = =10.5 𝑑𝑑 = =6.77 𝑑𝑑 = =5.25 𝑑𝑑 = =6.07 𝑑𝑑 = =6.56
26 62 8 30 64
rounded to 3SF
Average 7.03
Diversity of 1.49 SD
Invertebrates
(calculated using
Excel) &
Standard
Deviation

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 Example 5: Student work

Calculation 2: Simpson's diversity index for invertebrates in the pine plantation of Crathes Estate
(note that all species of I are not included as 1-1 = 0)
Pine Plantation
of Crathes Quadrat 1 Quadrat 2 Quadrat 3 Quadrat 4 Quadrat 5
Estate

Simpson's
Diversity Index: 𝑑𝑑 =
110
=5.50 𝑑𝑑 =
56
=3.50 𝑑𝑑 =
20
=5.00
𝑁𝑁(𝑁𝑁 − 1) 20 16 4
𝑑𝑑 =
∑ 𝑛𝑛(𝑛𝑛 − 1)
72 42
𝑑𝑑 = =2.40 𝑑𝑑 = =3.00
30 40

Average 3.88
Diversity of 1.30 SD
Invertebrates
(calculated using
Excel) &
Standard
Deviation

Calculation 3: Simpson's diversity index for tree diversity in the native woods of Drum Estate
Native Forest of
Drum Estate Quadrat 1 Quadrat 2 Quadrat 3 Quadrat 4 Quadrat 5

Simpson's N = 1*0 = 0 N = 1*0 = 0

Diversity Index: 𝑑𝑑 =
20
=1.67
6
𝑑𝑑 = =3.00 𝑑𝑑 =
90
=1.25
12 2 72
𝑁𝑁(𝑁𝑁 − 1) n = 1*0 = 0 n = 1*0 = 0
𝑑𝑑 = d = undefined d = undefined
∑ 𝑛𝑛(𝑛𝑛 − 1)

Average 1.97
Diversity of 1.84 SD
Invertebrates
(calculated using
Excel) &
Standard
Deviation

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 Example 5: Student work

Calculation 4 Simpson's diversity index for tree diversity in the pine plantation of Crathes Estate
Pine Plantation
of Crathes Quadrat 1 Quadrat 2 Quadrat 3 Quadrat 4 Quadrat 5
Estate

Simpson's
Diversity Index: 𝑑𝑑 =
20
=1.00
3
𝑑𝑑 = =1.00
2
𝑑𝑑 = =1.0 𝑑𝑑 =
12
=1.00
2
𝑑𝑑 = =1.0
𝑁𝑁(𝑁𝑁 − 1) 20 3 2 12 2
𝑑𝑑 =
∑ 𝑛𝑛(𝑛𝑛 − 1)

Average Diversity of 1.00

Invertebrates 0 SD
(calculated using
Excel) & Standard
Deviation

Graph 1: Processed data comparing the total number of individuals of invertebrates of each
family for both types of forest

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 Example 5: Student work

Graph 2:Processed data comparing the total number of individuals of trees of each family for both
types of forest

Graph 3: Average invertebrate diversity in both forest types as measured using Simpson's
Diversity Index.

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 Example 5: Student work

Graph 4: Average tree diversity in both forest types as measured using Simpson's Diversity Index.

F. Calculating the t-value

Table 4: T -test value for the invertebrate and tree diversity of both forest types
Invertebrate Diversity Tree Diversity
T -test value (calculated using 0.0104 0.0449
Excel; rounded to 3SF)
Percentage chance that the 1.04% 4.49%
null hypothesis is true

To obtain the t-test value, I used the t -test formula on Excel by plugging in the average
diversity of each quadrat for the invertebrates and the trees, using a 2 tail. The values obtained are
smaller than 5%, which means that the null hypothesis can be rejected. The null hypothesis would
be that there is no significant difference between the tree and invertebrate diversity of the two
forests. Despite an overlap between the error bars of the invertebrate diversity graph, the t –test
value implies that the two means are significantly different.

G. Conclusion
Graphs 1 and 2 demonstrate that there is a greater variety and abundance of invertebrate
and tree species in the native forest. Some species, such as millipedes and woodlice, are found in
the pine plantation and not the native woods. This indicates that some species have adapted to
particular habitat, influenced by factors like pH (which is slightly more acidic in the pine
plantation).

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 Example 5: Student work

Graphs 3 and 4 show that there is an overall greater diversity of invertebrate and trees in
the native forest of Drums (7.03 and 1.97 versus 3.88 and 1). These findings suggest that this habitat
is healthier and composed of more complex food webs, making it more resilient. The diversity of
1 for trees of the Crathes plantation is due to the fact that pine trees were the only type of trees
present, and thus, despite their abundance, the lack of variety resulted in a low diversity.

V. Discussion and Evaluation

A. Evaluation of Conclusion in Context of Environmental Issue
This conclusion shows that native habitats are more diverse and thus more resilient to
changes. Therefore, the issue of deforestation could be resolved by conserving native habitats over
plantations, as "plantations tend to support a very limited range of wildlife" ("Deforestation").
While there are economic benefits to plantations, these unsustainable conservation practices result
in an eventual extinction of endemic species found in some native forests (eg: Amazon rainforest).
Deforestation and replantation also contribute to other environmental issues like climate change
and habitat fragmentation ("Palm Oil and Tropical Deforestation").

B. Discussion of Strengths. Weaknesses, and Limitations of Method

Further areas of research include recording species diversity at more quadrat stations and
in an intermediate habitat.

Strengths of this investigation include the effectiveness of the procedure, which was quick
to complete in both habitats, produced sufficient data, and which can be easily repeated in different
habitats. The 'limitations land weaknesses of this investigation were that there was some
uncertainty in the recordings of species diversity, as some organisms may not have been counted
or wrongly identified. Additionally, a random number generator should have been used to produce
coordinates in the forest areas. A modification of this investigation would thus be to use a random
number generator on Excel to produce coordinates in a chosen area.
VI. Applications
A. Potential Solution to Environmental Issue
Creating 'conservation areas to protect native forests is a sustainable solution to
biodiversity loss and deforestation. For example, the successful Ngorongoro Crater conservation
site in Tanzania now provides ideal conditions "for the survival and preservation of a large diversity
of species" ("Welcome To Ngorongoro Crater Destination Guide"). This solution has already been
applied to the native forest of Drum Estate, but more conservation areas around Aberdeenshire
could be created in order to preserve other native habitats.

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 Example 5: Student work

B. Evaluation of the Solution

A strength of this solution is that it would provide locals with job and ecotourism, thus
contributing to a country's growth all while conserving its species. A weakness is that it is hard to
determine where these conservation areas should be (as species may migrate) and is expensive to
maintain. It would also result in the collapse of other industries that are dependent on the resources
found in these habitats (eg: wood industries).

VII. Bibliography
"Area Calculator Using Maps." Free Map Tools. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Oct. 2016.
https://www.freemaptools.com/area-calculator.htm.
Bebbington, Anne, John Bebbington, and Steve Tilling. The Woodland Name Trail. N.d. A
key to the invertebrates of soil and leaf litter. Strafford Park, Telford.
"Climate Change." Biodiversity Scotland. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Nov. 2016.
http://www.biodiversityscotland.gov.uk/biodiversity/pressures/climate-changet
"Crathes Castle, Garden & Estate." The National Trust For Scotland. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Nov.
2016. http://www.nts.org.u1c/Property/Crathes-Castle-Garden-and-Estate/
"Deforestation." Trees for Life. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Sept. 2016.
http://treesforlife.org.uk/forest/human-impacts/deforestation/.
"Drum Castle, Garden & Estate." The National Trust For Scotland. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Nov.
2016. http://www.nts.org.uk/Property/Drum-Castle-Garden-and-Estate/.
Fitzherbert, Emily B., Matthew J. Struebig, Alexandra Morel, Finn Danielsen, Carsten A.
Bruhl, Paul F. Donald, and Ben Phalan. "How Will Oil Palm Expansion Affect
Biodiversity?" Review. Creative Educational Press, n.d. Web. 22 Sept. 2016.
<Downloads/fitzherbert_2008_tree_how%20will%20oil%20palm%20expansion%20a
ffect%20biodiversity.pdf>.
"Forests": 2. How Much Forest Is There on the Planet and at What Rate Is It Disappearing?
Green Facts, n.d. Web. 29 Sept. 2016. <http://www.greenfacts.org/en/forests/1-2/2-
extent-deforestation.htm>.
Hall, Jeanette. "Forest and Woodland: Woodland Cover." Scottish Natural Heritage. N.p., n.d.
Web. 18 Sept. 2016. http://wwvv.snh.org.uk/publications/on-line/advisorynotes/138/138.htm.
Irving, Mike. "Grid Ref UK and Ireland App for IPhone, Android, Windows." Mike Irving. Apps
Np, nd Web. 25 Oct 2016 <http//www.mike-irving.co.uk/portfolio/mobile-apps/grid-ref-uk-
and-ireland/>.
"Local Nature Conservation Sites." (n.d.): 4. Web. 25 Oct. 2016.
<https://www.aberdeenshire.gov.uk/media/11110/localdevelopmentplan2016-
proposedplan-supplementaryguidance5a-Incssitesindex_000.pdf>.

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"Loss of Biodiversity (including Genetic Diversity)." Rainforest Conservation Fund. N.p., 02

Mar. 2010. Web. 06 Nov. 2016. <http://www.rainforestconservation.org/rainforest-
primer/3-rainforests-in-peril-deforestation/f-consequences-of-deforestation/3-loss-of-
biodiversity-including-genetic-diversity/>.
"Natural Heritage Trends Forest and Woodland: Woodland Cover." Scottish Natural Heritage.
N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Nov. 2016. http://www.snh.org.uk/publications/on-
line/advisorynotes/138/138.htm.
"Palm Oil and Tropical Deforestation." Union of Concerned Scientists. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Oct.
2016. http://www.ucsusa.org/global_warming/solutions/stop-deforestation/palm-oil-and-
forests.html#.WA-WCOgrKhc.
"UK Grid Reference Finder." Grid Reference Finder. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Oct. 2016.
http://www.gridreferencefinder.com/

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