Subject: Legal Environment of Business Sub-Code: Inm 582 Lecture-19 Prof - Raghunath Chakraborty

“Basics of Copyright Law-I”
SUBJE C T : LE GAL E NVIRO NME NT O F BUSINE SS;

SUB-C O DE : INM 582;LE C TURE -19;
PRO F.RAGHUNATH C HAK RABO RTY.
INTRODUCTION:
 Copyright refers to the rights of authors in works of

authorship —as distinguished from patents (whose
subject matter is inventions), trademarks (which
concern symbols of an enterprise’s reputation and
goodwill) and trade secrets (information whose value
derives from being kept secret).
 Copyright protects the expression in a work of
authorship against copying. Copyright law does not
protect the underlying ideas embodied in a work;
neither does it protect against independent
development.
COPYRIGHT REQUIREMENTS:
 There are three basic requirements for copyright protection: that which is
to be protected must be a work of authorship; it must be original; and it
must be fixed in a tangible medium of expression.
 1. The Work of Authorship Requirement:
 What is a work of authorship? The subject matter of copyright embraces a
wide range of works, whether published or unpublished, including: ƒ
 Literary or textual works of all kinds (including novels, short stories,
biographies, articles, news stories, poems, outlines, letters, email messages,
etc.). ƒ
 Pictorial, graphic and sculptural works (including sketches, paintings,
photographs, drawings, designs, etc.). ƒ
 Musical, dramatic and choreographed works (songs, telephone ring tones,
plays, TV shows). ƒ
 Sounds recordings (performances of songs, public speeches, books on
tape).
 Computer programs, most websites, and various other digitized works.
COPYRIGHT REQUIREMENTS(Cont.):
 2. The Originality Requirement:

“Originality” is a constitutional requirement, but it is
a minimal requirement under copyright, not
comparable to the “non obviousness” standard for a
patent. A hackneyed or trivial work can be original
enough for copyright protection, so long as it is not
copied from an earlier work and so long as it
contains a tiny spark of creativity. What would
represent insufficient creativity? Arranging the
names in a telephone directory in alphabetical order.
COPYRIGHT REQUIREMENTS(Cont.):
 3. The Fixation Requirement:

A work must be “fixed,” under copyright law, to enjoy
copyright protection. This does not mean it must be the
final or a well-considered version of the work. Rather, the
term simply refers to the requirement that an
embodiment of the work be set down or “fixed in a
tangible medium of expression” for a more than
transitory period. A draft of a novel on paper, the
“rushes” from a film before editing, the beta version of a
computer program on a CD-ROM disk, a snapshot on
film or a digital camera’s flash memory, all are “fixed”
works within the meaning of copyright law. But the most
brilliant and creative improvisation is not “fixed” if
unscripted and unrecorded.
Owning a Copy versus Owning a Copyright:
 Although a work must be fixed in order to be

protected, the copyright in a work is not the same as
the physical medium in which the work was fixed. It
follows that owning a “copy” of a work (even, for
example, the original of a painting) is not the same
thing as owning the copyrights in the work. The
owner of a lawfully transferred copy (or original)
therefore does not own the copyrights, in the absence
of an express copyright assignment in writing.
The Rights of Copyright Holders and Limiting Doctrines:
 Under the Copyright Act of 1976 (and international

copyright law), the copyright holder owns a bundle
of rights. The copyright owner is the only one who
has the right to:
 reproduce the work in copies;
 prepare derivative works based on the original work;
 ƒdistribute copies to the public; or
 display and perform the work publicly.
The Rights of Copyright Holders and Limiting
Doctrines(Cont.):
 Although the copyright holder owns these exclusive rights

with respect to a work, there are still limits on the scope of
the rights. These are the principal limiting doctrines: ƒ
ƒopyright does not protect against independent development, only
 C
against copying. Thus, if you and I each independently write identical
sonnets, without any copying, each of us owns a copyright in our own
work notwithstanding who came first or that the works are the same. ƒ
 ƒCopyright does not protect ideas, only the way the ideas are expressed.
This is often referred to as the “idea —expression ‘dichotomy’,”
although the distinction is really more of a continuum.
 ƒCopyright does not protect individual words and short phrases. ƒ
 Copyright does not protect procedures, processes, systems, concepts or
methods of operation that are embodied in works; only the particular
way they are expressed. ƒ
The Rights of Copyright Holders and Limiting
Doctrines(Cont.):
ƒ
If there is only one or very few ways to express an idea, the expression
is deemed to be “merged” with the idea and it is not protected against
copying. This “merger” doctrine prevents copyright from being used to
monopolize ideas.
 “Standard treatments” of a subject within a genre of works (known as
“scenes a faire”) are not protected. (Example: the gun duel on a dusty
main street in a cowboy movie.) The scenes a faire doctrine bars
protection for features or elements of a computer program that are
dictated by “externalities” such as the purpose of the program, standard
programming practices, the requirements of the relevant computing
environment, etc.
Copyright Infringement:
 The unauthorized exercise by a third party of any of the exclusive

rights of copyright holders, such as copying, is copyright
infringement. There is no bright line test for how much is too
much copying. But actionable copying is commonly presumed
when the defendant had access to the original work and —after
setting aside ideas or other elements of a work that are not
protected —what is left is “substantially similar” to the original
work. For works that enjoy only “thin” copyright protection (such
as, for example, representational sculptures of real creatures),
infringement will not be presumed unless the works are
“virtually identical” or the defendant has “bodily appropriated”
the original.
CONCLUSION:
 Good Morning All, I have started a New Topic Today, i.e.,

‘Basics of Copyright-I’. Today’s Lecture based on
Introduction, Copyright Requirements, Owning a Copy v.
Owning a Copyright, The Rights of Copyright Holders &
Limiting Doctrines, Copyright Infringement;
 Study Material also I have shared with the Lecture. Hope, it
will help you allot;
 You are doing well, if you are facing any problem then, feel
free to call everyday by 6:00 Pm.
 Stay Safe, Stay in Home, Study in Home.

Subject: Legal Environment of Business Sub-Code: Inm 582 Lecture-19 Prof - Raghunath Chakraborty

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Subject: Legal Environment of Business Sub-Code: Inm 582 Lecture-19 Prof - Raghunath Chakraborty

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“Basics of Copyright Law-I”

SUBJE C T : LE GAL E NVIRO NME NT O F BUSINE SS;

 Copyright refers to the rights of authors in works of

 2. The Originality Requirement:

 3. The Fixation Requirement:

 Although a work must be fixed in order to be

 Under the Copyright Act of 1976 (and international

 Although the copyright holder owns these exclusive rights

 The unauthorized exercise by a third party of any of the exclusive

 Good Morning All, I have started a New Topic Today, i.e.,

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