Fracture Processes: Residual Strength of Kaolin and Bentonite: The Influence of 951056

8A PROPERTIES:FRACTURE PROCESSES
Compaction tests (isotropic drained loading) were conducted 951055

on randomly packed glass beads that were: 1) uncemented Resifient modulus for fine-grained subgrade soils
and 2) cemented by epoxy at their contacts. In the latter case, Dingqing Li & T. Selig, Journal of Geotechnical Engineering.
the volume of the epoxy accounted for 10% of the pore space. ASCE, 120(6), 1994, pp 939-957.
Intensive crushing of grains was observed in the first case at
about 50 MPa. In the second case, the cemented grains stayed A method has been developed for the estimation of resilient
intact, the failure being localized within the epoxy. Therefore, modulus of compacted fine-grained subgrade soils. The
even small amounts of cement at contacts prevent the failure method takes into account the influence of soil physical
of grains. Theoretically, this effect follows from the theory of state, stress state, and soil type. The effect of soil physical
cemented granular materials: stress concentration is high at state is quantified by combinations of two equations relating
the contacts of uncemented grains, whereas even small resilient modulus to moisture content. The effect of stress
amounts of relatively soft cement result in a more uniform state is determined by equations relating resilient modulus at
stress distribution over a larger contact area. (Authors) optimum moisture content to deviator stress so that the
equation parameters represent the effect of soil type and its
structure. Means to estimate the resilient modulus at
optimum moisture content are suggested in the absonce of
951052 actual test data. (from Authors)
Residual strength of kaolin and bentonite: the influence of
their constituent pore fluid
C. Di Maio & G. B. Fenelli, Geoteehnique, 44(2), 1994, pp 951056
217-226. Stress-path dependent shear strength of sand
This paper investigates further the roles of minerals and pore J. Feda, Journal of Geotedmical Engineering- ASCE, 120(6),
fluid composition on the residual strength of clayey soils. It 1994, pp 958-974.
describes and analyses tests on kaolin, bentonite and their Failure envelopes of sands are often considered to he
mixtures exposed to distilled water and sodium chloride nonlinear depending both on relative density and stress
solutions with given concentrations. The results show that the level. Triaxial tests that were performed on clean alluvial-
shear strength of kaolin is not affected by the solutions used, quartzitic Zbraslav sand were used for analyzing the form of
whereas the residual strength of bentonite varies greatly the failure envelope. In addition to relative density and stress
because of the inward salt diffusion towards the clay. Further, level, the stress path has been found to affect the shear
for the clay mixtures with any of the pore fluids considered, resistance as well. Only tests with constant-mean stress
the weaker component has the greater influence on the produce nonlinear-failure envelopes. Up to the peak-stress
hehaviour of the mixture. (from Authors) difference, no shear bands were observed. Rough platens were
used to simplify the procedure since the specimen's restraint
was found not to affect the shear resistance for diameter to
951053 height ratio 1:2. (from Authors)
Shear modulus of kaolin containing methane bubbles
S. M. Duffy, S. J. Wheeler & J. D. Bennell, Journal of
Geotechnical Engineering - ASCE, 120(5), 1994, pp 781-796. Fracture processes
Measurements of undrained shear moduli are reported from a
program of laboratory tests on reconstituted kaolin samples
containing relatively large bubbles of methane gas. At all 951057
values of strain amplitude, the reduction of shear moduli Numerical simulation of fracture set formation: a fracture
caused by the presence of gas bubbles was greater than mechanics model consistent with experimental observations
predicted by a theoretical elastic expression. This pattern of C. E. Renshaw & D. D. Pollard, Journal of Geophysical
behavior was attributed to the formation of local yield zones Research, 99(B5), 1994, pp 9359-9372.
around the gas-bubble cavities during consolidation prior to
shear testing (a phenomenon that would also occur in-situ A physically based model for the evolution of a single set of
within offshore sediments). The results suggest that reduc- planar, parallel fractures subject to a constant remote stress is
tions in shear moduli of up to 50% could be caused by presented. The model simulates the mechanical interaction
relatively small volumes of gas bubbles, occupying just a few between fractures using a recently developed approximation
percent of the total soil volume. This would have considerable technique for stress analysis in elastic solids with many
significance for the displacements of offshore foundations fractures. A comparison between experimental and numerical
constructed on sediments containing undissolved gas. (from results shows that the model can accurately simulate the
Authors) development of experimentally generated fracture sets. (from
Authors)
951054 951058
Drained residual strength of cohesive soils Fracture toughness of compacted cohesive soils using ring
T. D. Stark & H. T. Eid, Journal of Geotechnical Engineering test
- ASCE, 120(5), 1994, pp 856-871. J. A. Harison, B. O. Hardin & K. Mahboub, Journal of
Results of torsional ring shear tests on cohesive soils reveal Geotechnical Engineering - A$CE, 120(5), 1994, pp 872-891.
that the drained residual strength is related to the type of clay Testing procedures and methods of analysis for determining
mineral and quantity of clay-size particles. The liquid limit is the fracture toughness of soils using the ring test are described
used as an indicator of clay mineralogy, and the clay-size and values of fracture toughness measured for 132 compacted
fraction indicates quantity of particles smaller than 0.002 ram. specimens of two cohesive soils are presented. The critical
Therefore, increasing the liquid limit and clay-size fraction mode I stress-intensity factor, the critical I integral, and the
decreases the drained residual strength. The ring shear tests tensile strength can he determined simultaneously from a
also reveal that the drained residual failure envelope is single ring-test specimen. A strong correlation between
nonlinear, and the nonlinearity is significant for cohesive soils fracture toughness and ring-specimen tensile strength was
with a clay-size fraction greater than 50% and a liquid limit found. Effects of material type, water content, soil-placement
between 60% and 220%. This nonlinearity should be conditions, rate of loading, and specimen size have been
incorporated into stability analyses. (from Authors) studied, and values of fracture toughness measured by

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8A PROPERTIES:FRACTURE PROCESSES

Compaction tests (isotropic drained loading) were conducted 951055

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