International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering

Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 5, Issue 3, March 2015)

Design and Implementation of an Automatic Street Light

Control System
Isah Abdulazeez Watson1, Oshomah Abdulai Braimah2, Alexander Omoregie3
Department of Electrical/Electronic Engineering, Auchi Polytechnic, Auchi, Nigeria
Abstract-- This Paper discusses “The Design and [4] Proposed a Gsm-Based RFID approach to automatic
Implementation of an automatic street light control system”. street lighting system. In this paper, we have designed an
The project is based on UA741 operational amplifier which is automatic street light control system using a simple light
configured as a Schmitt trigger and a light dependent resistor dependent resistor (LDR). The system uses one sensor and
(LDR). During the day the LDR senses enough illumination
does not require a microcontroller and as such it is simple
and the security light goes OFF. And when darkness comes
resistance of the LDR increases tremendously and causes the but efficient in regulating the state of the street lights. The
light to come “ON’. Also, a transistor switching a 12V Relay is LDR and the 100K variable resistor form a voltage divider.
deplored to provide the switching mechanism to activate the When it is dark, the voltage across the variable resistor is
street lights connected in parallel. The need for manual small as most of the voltage is dropped across the LDR and
operation of the security lights is completely eliminated and as such the voltage across the inverting terminal (pin2) of
much energy is saved that would have been otherwise wasted UA 741 Operational Amplifier is lower than the reference
if the user were to forget to power “OFF” the light at any voltage Vref at the non-inverting terminal (pin3). The
point in time. This work was successfully designed, operational amplifier will produce a positive voltage of
implemented and commissioned for use.
12Volts at the output terminal (pin 6). The voltage is fed
Keywords: Operational amplifier, Schmitt trigger, light through a voltage divider network comprising R5 and R6
dependent resistor (LDR) which drives the bipolar transistor, C945 to switch the
Relay that activates the street lamps.
I. INTRODUCTION
II. SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
Street lighting is a key public service provided and
sustained by public authorities at the local, state and even This Automatic street light control system consists of
federal levels. Efficient lighting is paramount and vital for four main units as shown in figure 1. These parts are
road safety, human safety and urban beautification. The discussed and elucidated as follows:
first street lighting system was brought in to focus in the A. Power supply unit
Arab Empire from the 9th to the 10th century in Cordoba,
Spain and lamps filled with vegetable oil were used [1]. The power supply consists of a 12V step down
The oil lamps were operated by special slaves who have to transformer, a bridge rectifier I.C, a 50V/2200uf capacitor
ensure the oil is never exhausted in the lamps. Most street and 12V voltage regulator. The step down transformer
lights today are manually operated despite several street transforms the alternating current voltage from 220V to
lighting control technologies that have been developed [3]. 12V a.c. The bridge rectifier I.C comprises of four rectifier
[2] Proposed a cost effective automated street lighting diode internally and converts the a.c Voltage to d.c
control system which depends on a microcontroller based Voltage. The 50V/2000uf capacitor filters the output d.c
intelligent management of the lamp posts activities of voltage from the rectifier i.c in to a pure d.c Voltage while
pedestrians, automotive traffic and ambient light the 12V i.c voltage regulator ensures that the voltage is
conditions. [3] Developed a street light control system stabilized at 12Volts. Figure 2 shows the circuit of the
featuring two sensors-a light sensor and a photoelectric power supply unit.
sensor, and uses a PIC microcontroller to operate the
lamps.

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 International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 5, Issue 3, March 2015)
STREET LIGHT
Vm = 12Volts as read from the output of the step down
transformer
STREET LIGHT 3x12 x1.414
Vcap=  25V
2
STREET LIGHT

A capacitor of 25Volts rating was selected

INVERTING
POWER SUPPLY SCHMITT
TRIGGER
RELAY DRIVER STREET LIGHT The capacitance is derived from

I d .c
STREET LIGHT
Vr  , Where Vr = ripple voltage,
Light Dependent
Resistor
2 fc
STREET LIGHT
f = mains frequency = 50HZ
Figure 1: Block diagram of the circuit C = capacitance,
Id.c = load current
Assume a maximum load current of 1Amps, therefore

1
+
Reg Vr 
Bridge
Rectifier 1 GRD 3
2 x50 xC
C For a ripple factor of 5percent
25v/ D.C
_ 2200Uf output Vr
transformer 0.05 
V d .c
Figure 2.: power supply unit Vr=0.05x7.19V=0.3595V
1 1
The rectified output d.c voltage can be obtained as; C   0.027816  27816f
Vdc =(2Vm-2Va)/π (1) 2 x50 x0.3539 35.95
We used 25000µf/ 25V capacitor
(2 x12  2 x0.7) 22.6
   7.19V B. The light dependent resistor (LDR)
3.142 3.142
The light dependent resistor is a resistor whose value
Where Vm=Voltage from the secondary winding of varies on exposure to light. When light falls on it, the
transformer resistance reduces and increases when exposed to darkness.
Va=Voltage drop across each diode C. Inverting Schmitt Trigger With Reference Voltage
Vdc=Rectified d.c voltage The circuit of the inverting Schmitt trigger uses a uA741
And π=3.142 operational amplifier and a positive feedback provided by
resistor, R4. Pin 2 of the Op-amp is the inverting input
To determine the value of the capacitance, C we must while Pin3 is the non-inverting input. Pin6 represents the
consider the required ripple percent in the output d.c output terminal while Pin 7 and Pin4 are for +V CC and -VCC
voltage. The capacitor must be able to withstand twice the respectively. A potential divider provided by R2 and R3
d.c voltage to avoid been over stressed. determine the reference voltage Vref. The voltage at the non-
inverting input terminal (V+) is determined by Vref and the
Vcap = 1.5 to 3times Vpeak
output voltage, Vo. Figure 3. shows the circuit as described
3xV m above.
Vcap=
2

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 International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 5, Issue 3, March 2015)
12v The key to analyzing this positive feedback circuits is to
assume an initial condition. The possible values that Vo can
R2
take are VH and VL , where VH > VL. Also assume that VL <
R4 0. By assuming that the initial state of Vo is VH then,
Vref

V H R2
7 V  (4)
R2  R4
VIN 2
6
3 vo
4
R3 Note that R2 is now 5kΩ as shown in figure 4 and VH is
GRD the initial output voltage before the switching of the Op.
Amp and this is 12V. If we set the voltage at the non-
Figure 3: Non-inverting Schmitt trigger circuit inverting input at 3volts,
The Thevenine voltage Vth =Vref and is determined by 12 x5k
setting R2=R3=10K and 3
5k  R 4
VCC xR3
Vref  Therefore R4=15K
R2  R3 (2)  V R 
And the output is Vo  A H 2  V IN  (5)
V xR 12 x10k 120k  R2  R4 
Vref  CC 3    6V
R2  R3 (10  10)k 20k D. Relay Driving Circuit
The Relay driving circuit is shown in figure 5. It
Thevenine resistance is comprises a voltage divider network R5, R6 and a transistor
T1. The output voltage from Pin 6 of the op-amp is passed
R2 xR3
RTH  through the voltage divider network to provide the required
R2  R3 (3)
base bias for the transistor. Any voltage above 0.7v will
switch the transistor which causes the Relay to get
R2 xR3 10 x10 100k activated. The Relay on activation closes the normally
RTH     5k opened contact while the normally closed contact is
R2  R3 10  10 20 opened.
R4 was determined from equation 3 after redrawing the +Vcc
circuit as shown in figure 4.

D
12v

RELAY
5k R4=15K
6v R5=4.4K
Vo T1
VIN 7
2
6 Vo
3
4
R6=1K
GRD

Figure 4: Non-inverting Schmitt trigger circuit re-drawn after thevenizing Figure 4: Relay driving circuit

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 International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 5, Issue 3, March 2015)
The base voltage is driven by a voltage divider network The operational amplifier will produce a positive voltage
R5 and R6. Once the base voltage exceeds 0.7V the of 12Volts at the output terminal (pin 6). The voltage is fed
transistor will switch. We set the base voltage by selecting through a voltage divider network comprising R5 and R6
corresponding resistor values. which drives the bipolar transistor, C945 to switch the
Relay. The Double Pole Double Throw (DPDT) Relay
Vo xR 6 makes contact to switch “ON” the two security lights. A
VB  (6)
R5  R 6 flywheel diode is connected across the Relay to protect the
contact against “back-emf” generated by the magnetic field
If Vb=1.3volts and setting R5=4.4K, we can determine of the Relay coil. When light shines on the light dependent
R6 resistor, the resistance reduces depending on the amount of
12 xR 6 light and the voltage across the variable resistor increases.
Vb  1.3  This voltage is applied to the inverting terminal (pin2) of
4.4 K  R6 the UA741 operational amplifier configured as a Schmitt
trigger. This voltage is higher than the Vref at the non-
5.72 K
R6   0.535K inverting terminal (pin3) and as such the operational
10.7 amplifier will switch to ground and the Relay remains un-
switched and the two security lights remain in the “OFF”
A resistor value of 1k was selected. state. The variable resistor is necessary to set the point of
Figure 5 shows the complete schematic circuit of the illumination at which the switching occurs. In this design,
Automatic security light controller. the variable resistor is set to cause the switching at between
E. Mode of operation of the circuit 0 to 50 lux. When illumination is anything above 50 lux the
lights go “OFF” and below 50 lux the lights come “ON”.
The operation of the circuit is elucidated by considering
the complete circuit diagram as shown in figure 5. The
III. RESULT
system utilizes an inverting Schmitt trigger circuit which
relies on a light sensitive component called a light The result comprises the successful operation of the
dependent resistor (LDR). The amount of light that falls on automatic street light control system. Figure 6 (a) shows a
the LDR determines its resistance. The LDR and the 100K part of the sensor circuit on bread board. Figure 6 (b)
variable resistor form a voltage divider. When it is dark, the shows the completed sensor circuit while (c) shows one of
voltage across the variable resistor is small as most of the the lamps controlled by the circuit. The circuit is stationed
voltage is dropped across the LDR and as such the voltage in a suitable location that is exposed to sunlight so that
across the inverting terminal (pin2) of UA 741 Operational immediately it is dark the system automatically switches
Amplifier is lower than the reference voltage Vref at the “ON” the lamps and when it is dark or the illumination is
non-inverting terminal (pin3). above 50 lux the lamps are automatically switched “OFF”.

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 International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 5, Issue 3, March 2015)
IV. CONCLUSION
This paper elucidates the design and implementation of
an automatic street light control system. The design works
efficiently to turn street lamps ON/OFF. The LDR sensor is
the only sensor used in this circuit. The lamps will come
“ON” immediately darkness falls and go “OFF” once the
illumination exceed 50 lux. With this design, the drawback
of the street light system using timer controller is overcome
and human intervention is completely eliminated. By this
energy consumption and cost are drastically reduced.

(a) REFERENCES
[1] Wikipedia, “History of Street light,” Available at
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/street_light/
[2] Jinwen zhu, Christopher Raison, “Cost Effective Street Lighting
Control”, International Journal Of Electrical and Computer
Engineering, Vol.4, No.4, pp.637-642, 2014.
[3] Wazeed, M. A., Nafis, N., Islam, M. T., and Sayem, A. S. M.
“Design and Fabrication of Automatic Street Light Control System”,
Engineering e-Transaction, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp 27-34, 2010.
[4] Rubananth, R., and Kavitha, T., “ GSM Based Rfid Approach To
Automatic Street Lighting System”, Journal of Theoretical and
Applied Information Technology, Vol.38, No.2, pp.202-205, 2012

(b)

(c)
Figure 6 (a): A part of the Sensor circuit during the bread-board
stage, (b) the complete Sensor circuit (c ) one of the lamps controlled
by the circuit

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