Hearing Protection
Hearing Protection
Hearing Protection
Hearing Protection
Training Guide
Kinds of Noise
Wide Band Noise: Noise that covers a wide range of frequencies. If you are employed in a manufacturing workplace or if you drive a
truck as part of your work, you are exposed to this kind of noise.
Narrow Band Noise: Noise limited to a narrow range of frequencies. Power tools, fans, and some saws make noise in this range.
Impulse Noise: Noise that pulsates in on‐and‐off patterns. A jackhammer creates impulse noise.
Effects of Noise
Physical Effects: Higher blood pressure – Headaches – Sleeping problems
Mental Effects: Nervousness – Lack of concentration – Anger
Permissible Noise Exposures
_______________________________________________________________
Duration per day, hours | Sound level dBA slow response
__________________________________________________________
8...........................| 90
6...........................| 92
4...........................| 95
3...........................| 97
2...........................| 100
1 1/2 ......................| 102
1...........................| 105
1/2 ........................| 110
1/4 or less................| 115
___________________________________________________________
What are the warning signs that your workplace may be too noisy?
Noise may be a problem in your workplace if:
• You hear ringing or humming in your ears when you leave work
• You have to shout to be heard by a coworker an arm's length away
• You experience temporary hearing loss when leaving work
What can be done to reduce the hazard from noise?
Engineering controls that reduce sound exposure levels are available and technologically feasible for most noise sources.
• Choose low‐noise tools and machinery
• Maintain and lubricate machinery and equipment
• Place a barrier between the noise source and employee
• Enclose or isolate the noise source
Administrative controls are changes in the workplace that reduce or eliminate the worker exposure to noise.
• Operating noisy machines during shifts when fewer people are exposed
• Limiting the amount of time a person spends at a noise source
• Providing quiet areas where workers can gain relief from hazardous noise sources
• Restricting worker presence to a suitable distance away from noisy equipment
Hearing Protection is for everyone!
Everyone is exposed to loud noise at some time in their lives. The decibel is a unit used to express sound level, and “loud noise” means
sounds that are more than 85 decibels. Loud noise can be very hazardous to your health and particularly to your hearing. Over time,
exposure to loud sounds on a regular basic can result in permanent hearing loss. You often don’t know you have the hearing problem
until it is too late to do anything about it. Sudden, very loud noises, like explosions, can cause instant hearing loss.
Hearing Protection Devices
The OSHA Hearing Protection Program states that hearing protection devices must be made available if 8‐hour noise exposure can’t be
reduced below 85 dB. There are three basic kinds of hearing protection.
Earplugs: (inserts) are inserted into the ear canal. Some kinds of earplugs are disposable while others are reusable.
Disposable earplugs are usually made of waxed cotton or acoustical fibers. They are used once then thrown away.
Semi‐disposable plugs are made of foam material. They can be used for about a week.
Reusable plugs may be two kinds;
Premolded plugs are usually made of silicone, rubber, or plastic.
Custom‐molded plugs are usually made of silicone rubber or plastic compound. They are made to the exact fit of the ear.
Canal Caps: (semi‐inserts) Earplugs on a band, worn under your chin. Canal caps are soft, flexible pads on the ends of a lightweight
headband. Canal caps must fit snugly so they seal the entrance to the ear canal instead of going into it like earplugs do.
Earmuffs: (circumaural) Earmuffs help protect you against moderate to high level noise. In some high noise area, you may have to
wear earmuffs and earplugs together.
There are special earmuffs;
Dielectric earmuffs have no metal parts. These are used by employees who work with electricity, such as live electrical lines.
Electronic earmuffs reduce dangerous noise, but they magnify other needed sounds, such as voices.
Folding earmuffs can used by workers who need quick, but not full time protection.
Hearing Protection Devices Selection
Attenuation – The amount of noise that is absorbed or repelled by a hearing protector.
Decibel (dB) – A unit used to measure the intensity of a sound or the power level of an electrical signal by comparing it with a given
level on a logarithmic scale.
Frequency – Represents the number of cycles of vibration that occur in one second. The number of cycles is designated in Hertz (Hz).
A‐weighting – This scale corresponds to the way the human ear hears across the common frequencies (reported in dBA). The
emphasis is on the human ear (real ear).
C‐weighting – Provides a flat frequency response with slight attenuation of the very high and very low frequencies (reported in dBC),
also called an octave band analysis. The emphasis is on machinery frequency analysis.
All Hearing Protection Devices are rated in the A‐weighting scale i.e. dBA
Methods of selecting HPDs are based on the measurement and statistical treatment of octave band sound attenuation data for test
subjects. Until 1997, the standard for testing was ANSI standard S3.19‐1974 which tested subjects under “Laboratory conditions.”
ANSI standard S12.6‐1997, Method B, test sound attenuation under “real world” conditions, where the protection provided is much
less than under the laboratory conditions previously used. However much of the sound attenuation data in use today is still ANSI
standard S3.19‐1974 data, including the NRRs that manufacturers print on their packages of HPDs. Consequently, NIOSH recommends
derating NRRs by a multiplicative factor of 75% for earmuffs, 50% for foam earplugs and custom plugs, and 30% for all other ear plugs.
i.e. NRR subtract 25% for earmuffs
NRR subtract 50% for foam plugs and custom plugs
NRR subtract 70% for other earplugs
When selecting Hearing Protection Devices, it is often incorrectly assumed that the NRR on the package accurately predicts the dBA
reduction that the device will provide. This is untrue for two reasons.
First, the NRR is designed for use with C‐weighted sound measurements. So if only A‐weighted data are available there must be an
adjustment to account for the difference between A‐weighting and C‐weighting.
Second, the data used to determine the NRR for a device are normally obtained under laboratory conditions, so devices must be
“derated” to account for the significantly reduced protection provided under “real world” conditions.
Earplugs worn underneath earmuffs
The NRR will be calculated by adding 5dB of whichever protector has the higher NRR.
Keep in mind that this is after the necessary reduction factor of 7dB (if using the A ‐ weighted scale) has been calculated. For example,
if you were using an earplug with an NRR of 32dB with an earmuff with 27dB NRR, your noise reduction calculations would be:
32dB[A] (earplug) ‐ 7db (OSHA Safety Factor) = 25dB
25dB + 5dB (for using earmuff and earplug together) = 30dB
Total corrected NRR = 30dB
NRRs may be revised
The same hearing protection standards have been in place since 1974, but now the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has
proposed new regulations that could shed new light on noise reduction ratings (NRR). Two new or pending standards are behind the
changes in the NRR:
• ANSI S12.6‐2008: Methods for measuring the real‐ear attenuation of hearing protectors (would replace ANSI S3.19‐1997)
• ANSI S12.68‐2007: Methods of estimating effective A‐weighted sound pressure levels when hearing protectors are worn
Since the existing protocol (S3.19‐1997) is a single‐number NRR rating calculated by the hearing protection device (HPD) manufacturer,
it is not representative of real‐world applications. ANSI S12.6‐2008 highlights two new test protocols for determining NRR in laboratory
analysis: Method A and Method B. The new protocols will incorporate more real‐world testing and ratings will be presented as a two‐
number range, which allows users to see the full range of performance and not focus on a single number; this range is more
representative of the group of people being tested (20th‐80th percentile or a normal curve).
More key features of the new NRR include:
• It can be applied directly to dBA noise measurements without having to use the 7dB correction factor.
• No de‐rating is required.
• Requires periodic retesting of HPDs.
The new proposed regulation (S12.6‐2008) will address for the first time the ratings of nonstandard hearing devices, such as electronic
earmuffs, impact muffs and any active noise‐reducing devices. Under the old method, these devices were rated with very low NRR because
there was no testing done at higher noise levels where these types of devices are most effective. A typical label may look like this:
Why is it changing?
Many different studies over the last 25 years have shown that the NRR overestimates the amount of protection that most wearers
obtain under normal wearing conditions. In response to these studies, OSHA, NIOSH, and even the hearing protector manufacturers
themselves have recommended that the NRR be routinely reduced by a factor of 50% or more in order to better predict the effective
protection provided by the device. This process, known as "de‐rating," has caused confusion along with an OSHA requirement that
employers subtract 7 dB from the NRR when it is used with noise exposure readings measured on the A‐weighting scale. Finally,
experts have expressed concern that a single number rating such as the NRR does a poor job of informing users that the actual
performance of hearing protectors varies widely from one person to the next due to differences in the training, fitting ability, and
motivation of the wearer. As a result, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has undertaken a process to revise hearing
protector testing and NRR labeling.
How will the new numbers compare to the existing NRR?
Early indications are that the current NRR will likely fall below the new upper value, closer to the new lower value, but it will vary by
product. Until data are reported from hearing protector performance tests done using the most up‐to‐date test methods specified by
the EPA
Quick reference guide to the proposed changes
ISSUE OLD RULE PROPOSED RULE
Testing protocols ANSI S3.19‐1974 ANSI/ASA S12.6‐2008
ANSI S12.42‐1995(R2002)
ANSI/ASA S12.68‐2007
IEC 60711
Fit testing Subjects fit with product by lab personnel Subjects self‐fit product without assistance
Number of test subjects 10, regardless of product type 10 for earmuffs
20 for earplugs and ear bands
Retesting requirement Once in product life cycle All devices to be retested every five years
NRR Single number High/low numberic range
Attenuation Passive only Passive, active and impulse attenuation testing
Device position testing No reference Testing results for each wearing position
th th th
Description of rating Estimates 98 percentile of protection Estimates 80 and 20 percentile of protection
obtained by users when properly fitted obtained by users
NOTE: children less than 12 years of age should not wear earplugs, except where prescribed by a doctor or certified audiologist.
Earmuffs or banded plugs that do not go into the canal are ok.
European Standardisation
In Europe, CEN/TC 159 (European Committee for Standardization, Technical Committee 159, Hearing Protectors) is responsible for the
standardization but the acoustical test methods are set out by ISO/TC 43/SC1 (International Organization for Standardization,
Technical Committee 43, Acoustics, Sub‐Committee 1, Noise).
• EN 352‐1:2002, Hearing protectors ‐ General requirements ‐ Part 1: Ear‐muffs
• EN 352‐2:2002, Hearing protectors ‐ General requirements ‐ Part 2: Ear‐plugs
• EN 352‐3:2002, Hearing protectors ‐ General requirements ‐ Part 3: Ear‐muffs attached to an industrial safety helmet
• EN 352‐4:2001, Hearing protectors ‐ Safety requirements and testing ‐ Part 4: Leveldependent ear‐muffs
• EN 352‐5:2002, Hearing protectors ‐ Safety requirements and testing ‐ Part 5: Active noise reduction ear‐muffs
• EN 352‐6:2002, Hearing protectors ‐ Safety requirements and testing ‐ Part 6: Ear‐muffs with electrical audio input
• EN 352‐7:2002, Hearing protectors ‐ Safety requirements and testing ‐ Part 7: Leveldependent ear‐plugs
The following new work items are still under development:
• prEN 352‐8, Hearing protectors ‐ Safety requirements and testing ‐ Part 8: Ear‐muffs with entertainment audio input
• prEN 352‐9, Hearing protectors ‐ Safety requirements and testing ‐ Part 9: Ear‐plugs with electrical audio input
• prEN 352‐10, Hearing protectors ‐ Safety requirements and testing ‐ Part 10: Ear‐plugs with entertainment audio input
NRR – Noise Reduction Rating
A rating system set up by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as a guideline that indicates the amount of potential protection a
hearing protection device will give in a noisy environment. All testing is performed in a controlled environment.
Consequently, posted NRR ratings are a qualified example of how the individual products compare with other similar hearing
protection products in an uncontrolled noise environment. Test results do not evaluate the product reusability, comfort, adaptability
or quality.
SNR – Single Number Rating
A rating system set up by the European Union (EU). Tests are conducted by independent testing laboratories with no direct
participation by manufacturers. The independent testing laboratories meet all of the regulatory requirements as set out by the EU.
The test results serve as a guideline to indicate the amount of potential protection a hearing protection device will give in a noisy
environment.
NRR vs SNR Definitions
There is no direct conversion but a reasonably accurate guide is NRR + 2 or 3 = SNR Example NRR 22 = ±SNR 25
How to use earplugs
Formable Plugs:
• ROLL into smallest diameter
• INSERT quickly into ear canal
• HOLD until fully expanded
Premolded Plugs:
While pulling the ear outward and upward, insert the plug until the ear feels sealed. Adjust for greatest noise reduction.
How to use canal caps
• Hold large ends of pads
• Swivel them to place tips into ear canal openings
• Push and wiggle pads into canals until they seal snugly
How to use earmuffs
• Adjust headband so cushions press equally against both ears
• Pull hair back and away from beneath cushions
• Don’t place any thing under the cushions
For proper fit, earmuffs must
• have a headband that’s neither too tight nor too loose
• have cups that fit comfortably
• be lightweight so you can wear them many hours
How to care for Hearing Protection
Earplugs: Formable Plugs; Wash in mild detergent and warm water ‐ Squeeze out excess water ‐ Let dry in air
Premolded Plugs; Wash in warm, soapy water ‐ Rinse well – Dry well with cloth and store in carrying case
Canal Caps: Clean them the same way as premolded earplugs ‐ Don’t bend or try to change headband
Earmuffs: Clean cushions with warm, soapy water ‐ Rinse ‐ Replace cushions about twice a year‐sooner if they become stiff, cracked or
don’t seal ‐ Don’t stretch headband
How long do they last
Foam earplugs will last for about 10 wearings, other earplugs will last about 1 year. Earmuffs will last about 4‐5 years, but you must
replace the cuff (the part that sits right on your skin) every year. The oils and sweat from your skin will make the plastic of the cuff
deteriorate.
Protection from water
Some earplugs are primarily designed to keep water out of the ear canal, especially during swimming and water sports. This type of
earplug may be made of wax or moldable silicone which is custom‐fitted to the ear canal by the wearer.
Musicians' or 'Hi‐Fi' earplugs
Musicians who perform music styles noted for their loud nature, especially rock music, often wear earplugs to prevent their own
performances from damaging their hearing. Musicians' earplugs are designed to attenuate sounds evenly across the audio band and
thus minimise their effect on the user's perception of bass and treble levels. These are commonly used by musicians and technicians,
both in the studio and in concert, to avoid overexposure to high volume levels. Alternately, musicians may use in‐ear monitors, which
are essentially headphones that also serve as earplugs.
Electronic earplugs
The noise reduction of passive earplugs varies with frequency but is independent of value (soft noises are reduced as much as loud
noises). As a result, while loud noises are softened, protecting hearing, it is difficult to hear soft noises. Active electronic earplugs exist,
where loud noises are reduced more than soft noises, and soft sounds may even be amplified, providing dynamic range compression.
This is done by having a standard passive earplug, together with a microphone/speaker pair (microphone on outside, speaker on
inside; formally a pair of transducers), so sound can be transmitted without being attenuated by the earplug. This protects hearing, but
allows one to hear normally when sounds are in safe ranges – for example, have a normal conversation when there are no noises, but
be protected from sudden loud noises, or hear soft passages in music but be protected from sudden sounds like cymbal crashes.
Flight ear protection
Earplugs are available which help to protect ears from the pain caused by airplane cabin pressure changes. Some products contain a
porous ceramic insert which reportedly aids equalization of air pressure between the middle and outer ear thereby preventing pain
during landings and take‐offs. Some airlines distribute regular foam earplugs as part of their amenity kits for passengers to aid their
comfort during landings and takeoffs as well as to reduce exposure to the aircraft's noise during the flight. These can help passengers
get to sleep during the flight if desired.
Sleep
Earplugs for sleeping are made to be as comfortable as possible while blocking external sounds that may prevent or disrupt sleep.
Specialized earplugs for such noises as a partner's snoring may have sound‐dampening enhancements that enable the user to still hear
other noises, such as an alarm clock.
To determine the comfort of earplugs used for sleeping, it is important to try them on while actually lying down. The pressure on the
ear between the head and pillow may cause significant discomfort. Furthermore, just tilting the head back or to the side causes
significant anatomical changes in the ear canal, mostly a reduction of the ear canal diameter, which may reduce comfort if the earplug
is too large.
References:
Occupational Safety and Health Administration https://www.osha.gov
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health https://www.cdc.gov/niosh
American National Standards Institute https://www.ansi.org
International Safety Equipment Association https://safetyequipment.org
European Committee for Standardization https://www.cen.eu
The European Union https://europa.eu
The British Standards Institution https://www.bsigroup.com