PROBLEM SET NO 9 – AREA COMPUTATION

Problem no. 1 Adjusted latitude Adjusted Departure

line
Area by triangles +N -S +E -W
In the quadrilateral ABCD the sids were measured as follows: AB, 535.98; AB 552.45 212.63
BC, 351.60m; CD, 631.33m and DA, 297.20. If the diagonal BD measures BC 232.06 396.5
CD 359.7 283.15
675.68m, determine the area of the quadrilateral.
DE 209.37 366.89
Solution:
EA 215.44 525.39
By herons formula:
A+ B+C Solution :
S= ( semi− perimeter )
2
Area=√ S ( S−A ) ( S−B ) ( S−C ) Check if the summation of latitudes and sumation of departures is equal
to zero
A ABCD = A ABD + ACBD Adjusted Adjusted
line
for triangle ABD: latitude departure
535.98+297.20+675.68 AB 552.45 212.63
S= =754.43m BC 232.06 396.5
2
CD -359.7 283.15
Area ABD =√ S ( S−535.98 )( S−297.20 ) ( S−675.68 ) =77033.2355m 2
DE -209.37 -366.89
EA -215.44 -525.39
for triangle CBD : sum 0 0
351.60+631.33+675.68
S= =829.305 m
2 Convert departure and latitude to coordinates system
Area ABD =√ S ( S−351.60 )( S−631.33 ) ( S−675.68 ) =109767.3448m 2 Coordinates
point
A ABCD =77033.2355 m2+109767.3448 m2=186800 .5803 m2 x y
A 0 0
B 0+212.63 =212.63 0+ 552.45 = 552.45
Problem no 3: C 212.63 + 396.5 =609.13 552.45 + 232.06 = 784.51
Area by coordinates D 609.13+283.15 = 892.28 784.51 + -359.7 = 424.81
In the following tabulations are the adjusted latitudes and adjusted E 892.28+-366.89 = 525.39 424.81 + -209.37 = 215.44
departures of two closed traverses. Determine the area of each traverse A 525.39 + -525.39 = 0 215.44 + -215.44 = 0
by the coordinate method. For the first traverse assume that the origin
(0.0m, 0.0m) of the coordinate system passes through station A and
through station M for the second traverse
Compute for the area +N -S +E -W
JK 352.05 395.66
KL 23.44 591.08
LM 558.26 78.39
MN 102.58 746.3
NJ 285.35 318.83

Solution :

Check if the summation of latitude and sumation of departure is equal to

zero
Adjusted Adjusted
line
latitude departure
JK 352.05 395.66
1 0 212.63 609.13 892.28 525.39 0 KL 23.44 591.08
= |
2 0 552.45 784.51 424.81 215.441 0 | LM
MN
-558.26
-102.58
78.39
-746.3
NJ 285.35 -318.83
Or
sum 0 0

Convert departure and latitude to coordinates system

Coordinates
point
x y
M 0 0
N -746.3 -102.58
J -1065.13 182.77
K -669.47 534.82
L -78.39 558.26
1 M 0 0
¿ x¿
2
1
¿ [ (7617807.6798)−( 1259707.377) ]=¿-320949.8487m 2
2

A = 320949.8487m 2
Area by coordinates Compute for the area

line Adjusted latitude Adjusted Departure

 1
A= [(−1079792.4)−(−55022.5363) ]=−567407.4681 m2
2

A = 567407.4681m2

Problem no 5
Area by DMD
Rule 2: The DMD of any other course is equal to
For the given sets of adjusted latitudes and adjusted departures in the
the DMD of the preceding course, plus the
accompanying tabulations, determine the area of each traverse, using the
departure of the course itself.
double meredian distance method.
LINE DMD
LINE ADJUSTED LATITUDE ADJUSTED DEPARTURE BC 1200.53 + 1200.53 + 401.78 = 2802.84
+N -S +E -W CD 2802.84 + 401.78 + -419.90 = 2784.72
AB 715.2 1200.53 DE 2784.72 + -419.90 + -1606.41 = 758.41
BC 414.29 401.78 EF 758.41 + -1606.41 + -456.66 = -1304.66
CD 1735.58 419.9 FG -1304.66 + -456.66 + 202.83 = -1558.49
DE 200.7 1606.41 GA -1558.49 + 202.83 + 677.83 = -677.83
EF 617.59 456.66
FG 849.91 202.83 Rule 1: The DMD of the first
GA 233.53 677.83 course is equal to the
SUMS 2383.4 2383.4 2482.97 2482.97 departure of the course.

Solution
line Adjusted Adjusted DMD
latitude departure
AB 715.20 1200.53 1200.53
BC -414.29 401.78 2802.84
CD -1735.58 -419.90 2784.72
DE 200.70 -1606.41 758.41
EF 617.59 -456.66 -1304.66
FG 849.91 202.83 -1558.49
GA -233.53 677.83 -677.83
SUMS 0.00 0.00

Rule 3: The DMD of the last course is numerically

equal to the departure of that course, but with the
opposite sign.
 line Adjusted Adjusted Double areas, 2A=adjusted
latitude departure DMD latitude x DMD
AB 715.20 1200.53 1200.53 858619.056
BC -414.29 401.78 2802.84 -1161188.584
CD -1735.58 -419.90 2784.72 -4833104.338
DE 200.70 -1606.41 758.41 152212.887
EF 617.59 -456.66 -1304.66 -805744.9694
FG 849.91 202.83 -1558.49 -1324576.236
GA -233.53 677.83 -677.83 158293.6399
SUMS 0.00 0.00 ∑ 2 A=¿−6955488.544 ¿
DOUBLE AREA, 2A = DMD X ADJUSTED LATITUDE
∑ 2 A=−6955488.544 m2
A = -3477744.272m2

A = -347.7744272hectare (negative sign is disregarded)

course Adjusted Latitude Adjusted Departure

 +N -S +E -W
1-2 281.28 281.06
2-3 168.75 449.32
3-4 337.56 281.22
4-5 112.5 450.66 Rule 1: The DMD of the first
5-6 450.03 225.08 course is equal to the
6-1 450.06 335.86 departure of the course.
Sums 900.09 900.09 1011.6 1011.6

SOLUTION:
COURSE Adjusted Adjusted DMD
latitude departure Rule 2: The DMD of any other course is equal to
1-2 281.28 281.06 281.06 the DMD of the preceding course, plus the
2-3 168.75 449.32 1011.44 departure of the course itself.
3-4 -337.56 281.22 1741.98
4-5 -112.5 -450.66 1572.54 COURS DMD
5-6 -450.03 -225.08 896.8 E
6-1 450.06 -335.86 335.86 1-2 281.06
Sums 0 0 2-3 281.06 + 281.06 + 449.32 = 1011.44
3-4 1011.44 + 449.32 + 281.22 = 1741.98
4-5 1741.98 + 281.22 + -450.66 = 1572.54
5-6 1572.54 + -450.66 + -225.08 = 896.8
6-1 896.8 + -225.08 + -335.86 = 335.86

Rule 3: The DMD of the last course is numerically

equal to the departure of that course, but with the
opposite sign.

COURSE Adjusted Adjusted DMD Double areas,

 2A=adjusted latitude x
latitude departure DMD
1-2 281.28 281.06 281.06 79056.5568
2-3 168.75 449.32 1011.44 170680.5
3-4 -337.56 281.22 1741.98 -588022.7688
4-5 -112.5 -450.66 1572.54 -176910.75
5-6 -450.03 -225.08 896.8 -403586.904
6-1 450.06 -335.86 335.86 151157.1516
Sums 0 0 ∑ 2 A=¿ ¿-767626.2144

DOUBLE AREA, 2A = DMD X ADJUSTED LATITUDE

∑ 2 A=−767626.2144 m2
A = -383813.1072m2

A = -38.38131072hectare (negative sign is disregarded)

PROBLEM NO 6
AREA BY DPD
In the accompanying tabulations are adjusted latitudes and adjusted
departures of two traverses, determine the area of each traverse, using
the double parallel distance method.

LINE ADJUSTED LATITUDE ADJUSTED DEPARTURE

+N -S +E -W
AB 420.75 713.84
BC 296.08 693.05
CD 894.37 405.36
DE 501.25 926.54
EF 386.42 695.04
FA 884.53 190.67 Rule 1: The DPD of the first
SUMS 1691.70 1691.70 1812.25 1812.25 course is equal to the latitude
of the course.
Solution:

LINE ADJUSTED ADJUSTED DPD Rule 2: The DPD of any course is equal to the DPD
LATITUDE DEPARTURE
of the preceding course, plus the latitude of the
AB 420.75 713.84 420.75
preceding course, plus the latitude of the course
BC -296.08 693.05 545.42
CD -894.37 405.36 -645.03 itself.
DE -501.25 -926.54 -2040.65
LINE DPD
EF 386.42 -695.04 -2155.48
AB 420.75
FA 884.53 -190.67 -884.53
BC 420.75 + 420.75 + -296.08 = 545.42
SUMS 0.00 0.00
CD 545.42 + -296.08 + -894.37 = -645.03
DE -645.03 + -894.37 + -501.25 = -2040.65
EF -2040.65 + -501.25 + 386.42 = -2155.48
FA -2155.48 + 386.42 + 884.53 = -884.53

Rule 3: The DPD of the last course is numerically equal to

the latitude of that course but with the opposite sign.
 LINE DPD Double areas,
ADJUSTED ADJUSTED 2A=adjusted departure
LATITUDE DEPARTURE x DPD
AB 420.75 713.84 420.75 300348.1800
BC -296.08 693.05 545.42 378003.3310
CD -894.37 405.36 -645.03 -261469.3608
DE -501.25 -926.54 -2040.65 1890743.8510
EF 386.42 -695.04 -2155.48 1498144.8192
FA 884.53 -190.67 -884.53 168653.3351
SUMS ∑ 2 A=¿ ¿3974424.1
0.00 0.00 555

DOUBLE AREA, 2A = DPD X ADJUSTED DEPARTURE

∑ 2 A=3974424.1555 m2
A = 1987212.0778m2

A = 198.7212hectare
Problem no 7/8
Trapezoidal Rule/Simpsons one third Rule
A series of perpendicular offsets were taken from a base line to a curves
boundary. These offsets were taken 3.5meters apart and were measured in Area by simpson’s one third rule:
the following order: 0.8, 3.6, 4.7, 5.3, 3.9, 2.7, 4.6, 5.5, 4.9, 7.6, 8.8, 5.4 and d
A= ( h +h ) + 2 ( h3+ h5 +⋯ h n−2 )+ 4 (h2 +h 4 +⋯ h n−1) ]
6.0 meters. Using the trapezoidal rule determine the area included between 3[ 1 n
the base line, the curved boundary, and the end offsets.
h1 h2 h3 h4 h5 h6 H7 h8 h9 h10 h11 h12 h13
Area by trapezoidal rule: 0.8 3.6 4.7 5.3 3.9 2.7 4.6 5.5 4.9 7.6 8.8 5.4 6.0

h1 +hn
A=d ( 2
+h2 +h3 +h 4 +⋯ ⋯+hn −1 )
h1 h2 h3 h4 h5 h6 H6 h8 h9 H1 h11 h12 h13
0.8 3.6 4.7 5.3 3.9 2.7 4.6 5.5 4.9 7.6 8.8 5.4 6.0

3.5
A= [ ( 0.8+6.0 ) +2 ( 4.7+3.9+ 4.6+ 4.9+8.8 ) + 4(3.6+ 5.3+2.7+5.5+7.6+5.4 )]
3

3.5
A= [ ( 6.8 ) +2 ( 26.9 )+ 4 (30.1) ]
3

A=211.166667 m 2

A=3.5 ( 0.8+6.0
2
+3.6+ 4.7+5.3+3.9+2.7+ 4.6+5.5+ 4.9+7.6+8.8+5.4 )

A=3.5 ( 0.8+6.0
2
+57 )

A=211.4 m2
Problem no 9
Trapezoidal Rule:
In the accompanying sketch, it is desired to determine the area of the sand
bar by the indicated short offsets which were measured on both sides of a
base line AB. Using the trapezoidal rule, determine the area of the sand bar.
Also determine the same area by employing simpson’s one third rule and
note the discrepancy in the area computed by the two methods.

Area by trapezoidal rule:

h1 h2 h3 h4 h5 h6 h7 h8 h9
0 3.6 4.4 4 5.6 5.1 3.8 4.5 0

Area by simpson’s one third rule:

0+0
A1=3
[( )
2
+ 3.6+4.4 +4 +5.6+5.1+3.8+ 4.5 =93 m 2
] A=
d
( h +h ) + 2 ( h3+ h5 +⋯ h n−2 )+ 4 (h2 +h 4 +⋯ h n−1) ]
3[ 1 n
h1 =0 , hn=7=0 , d=4
0+0 h1 h2 h3 h4 h5 h6 h7 h8 h9
A2=3
[( )
2 ]
+5.3+6.4+6.1+5.5+ 5.3 =85.8 m2 0 3.6 4.4 4 5.6 5.1 3.8 4.5 0

AT = A1 + A2 =93+85.8=178.8 m2 3
A1=
3
[ ( 0+0 ) +2 ( 4.4+ 5.6+3.8 ) + 4(3.6+ 4+ 5.1+ 4.5)]=96.4 m2

h1 h2 h3 h4 h5 h6 h7
0 5.3 6.4 6.1 5.5 5.3 0

3
A2=
3
[ ( 0+0 ) +2 ( 6.4+5.5 )+ 4( 5.3+ 6.1+ 5.3) ]=90.6 m 2

AT = A1 + A2 =9 6.4+90.6=187 m2
 1.62
A1= ( 2.72+1.95 ) =3.7827
2
2.6 4
A2= ( 1.95+ 4 )=7.854
2
1.74
A3 = ( 4 +5.10 )=7.917
2
3.83
A 4= ( 5.10+2.55 ) =14.64975
2
1.57
A5 = ( 2.55+3.93 )=5.0868
2
3.43
A6 = ( 3.93+2.69 )=11.3533
2
1.92
A7 = ( 2.69+ 4.35 )=6.7584
2
1.92
Discrepancy = area by trapezoidal rule – area by simpson’s one third rule = A8 = ( 4.35+2.05 )=6.144
2
-8.2m2
Problem no 10
AT =63.54595 m 2
Irregularly spaced offsets
In the accompanying tabulations are the measured offsets(taken at irregular
intervals) from a straight line to the edge of the lake. Determine the area for
each given set of data. Problem no 12:
Offset P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 P9 Irregularly spaced offets
point Vertical measurements were taken at varying distances along a section of a
Distance 0 1.62 4.26 6 9.83 11.4 14.8 16.75 18.67
stream as illustrated in the accompanying figure. Determine the area of the
from P1 3
cross section
Measured 2.72 1.95 4.00 5.10 2.55 3.93 2.69 4.35 2.05
offset(m)

Solution :
Offset d1 d2 d3 d4 d5 d6 d7 d8
Distance
Offset 1.62 2.64 1.74 3.83 1.57 3.43 1.92 1.92
Distance
Solution :
Area by trapezoidal rule: