BSWE-003/2019-20

Social Work Intervention with Communities and Institutions

1.Explain the values and principles of community organization. 20

Before we get to know more about community organisation as a method of social work, let us
first understand the meaning of the term we use. The term community organisation has several
meanings. It is being often used synonymous to community . work, community development
and community mobilization. In general, community organisation means helping the
community to solve its problems. In the context of social work profession in India, the term is
used to denote a method of social work to intervene in the life of a community. In sociology we
learn that society and social institutions are more than just a collection of individuals. It
includes how those individuals are linked to each other. These are sets of systems such as
economy, political organisation, value, ideas, belief systems, technology, and patterns of
expected behaviours (social interaction). It means that just a collection of individuals living at a
common place are not necessarily organised. To call them organised they need to have a set of
common ideas and expectations. This gives them a social structure and some social processes
that make the organisation something (social). It goes beyond the individuals that compose the
community. Further it is important to note that just forming various groups in community
having some structure or form (e.g. having a president, treasurer, secretary, etc.) does not
make the community organised. It is not the multiplicity of institutions, interest groups or set of
activities, which make an organised community. Actually it may create more conflicts and
disrupt normal life. Thus the important determining factors of community organisation are
interaction, integration and co-ordination of the existing institutions, interest groups and
activities, and evolving new groups and institutions if necessary, to meet the changing
conditions and needs of the community.

To study and to be able to engage in community organisation practice it is necessary to have a

clear definition. There are several definitions available in literature, which have been put forth
at different times and in differing context. The common element in most of them is matching
resources to needs. We will discuss here two most widely accepted definitions of community
organisation. Murray G. Ross (1967) defines community organisation as a “process by which a
community identifies its needs or objectives, gives priority to them, develops confidence and
will to work at them, finds resources (internal and external) to deal with them, and in doing so,
extends and develops cooperative and collaborative attitudes and practices in the community”.
In this definition by “process” he meant a movement from identification of a problem or
objective to solution of the problem or attainment of the objective in the community. There are
other processes for dealing with community problems, but here he called the community
organisation process as one by which the capacity of the community to function as an
integrated unit grows as it deals with one or more community problems. The task of the
professional worker in community organisation is to help, initiate, nourish, and develop this
process. His task is also to make this process conscious, deliberative, and understood.
“Community,” in the sense in which it is used here, refers to two major groupings of people.
Firstly it may be all the people in a specific geographic area, i.e., a village, a town, a city, a
neighbourhood, or a district in a city. In the same manner it could refer also to all the people in
a province or a state, a nation, or in the world. Secondly, it is used to include groups of people
who share some common interest or function, such as welfare, agriculture, education, or
religion. In this context community organisation may be involved in bringing these persons
together to develop some awareness of, and feeling for their “community” and to work at
common problems arising out of the interest or function they have in common. The second
definition we will discuss here is by Kramer and Specht (1975), which is in more technical terms.
They defined that “Community organisation refers to various methods of intervention whereby
a professional change agent helps a community action system composed of individuals, groups
or organisations to engage in planned collective action in order to deal with special problems
within the democratic system of values.” According to their explanations, it involves two major
interrelated concerns: (a) the interaction process of working with an action system which
includes identifying, recruiting and working with the members and developing organisational
and interpersonal relationships among them which facilitates their efforts; and (b) the technical
tasks involved in identifying problem areas, analyzing causes, formulating plans, developing
strategies and mobilizing the resources necessary to have effective action. The analysis of both
these definitions reveals that they cover the “Need-Resources Adjustment” approach, “the
Social Relationships” approach and a combination of the two ideas of meeting needs and
development of co-operative attitudes. The distinguishing features of community organisation
practice are derived largely from the three dimensions. (1) The nature of its setting and focus–
the community and its problems, 2) from the nature of its goals – enhanced functional capacity
of the community and its ability to influence the social welfare policy, and 3) from the
techniques it employs towards effecting the inter-personal and inter-group relationships of the
members of the community. The statements defining community organisation method, stress
individually or in combination the above three factors and also refer to clientele and the total
process and the way in which the method is applied.

2. Delineate the process of registration of a society/voluntary organization. 20

A society is an association of several individuals combined using a mutual accord to deliberate,

govern and act cooperatively for some communal purpose. Societies are usually registered for
the advancement of charitable activities like sports, music, culture, religion, art, education, etc.
Society Registration, under, The Society Registration Act, in India, lays down certain procedures
for the sake of society registration & operation. This act was implemented with the purpose of
augmenting the legal stipulations of society registration for the advancement of literature, fine
arts, science or distribution of awareness for bountiful purposes. The society registration act,
1860 has been accepted by several state governments without or with further amendments.

Purpose of Society Registration

A society registration can be done for the development of fine arts, science, or literature or else
for diffusion of purposeful knowledge or charitable purposes of political education. According
to section 20 of Society Act, 1860, a society registration can be done for following purposes:

 Promotion of fine arts

 Diffusion of political education
 Grant of charitable assistance
 Promotion of science and literature
 Creation of military orphan funds
 Maintenance or foundation of galleries or public museum
 Maintenance or foundation of reading rooms or libraries
 Promotion or diffusion or instruction of useful knowledge

Steps for Registering a society In India

A Society can be created by a minimum of 7 or more persons. Apart from persons from India,
companies, foreigners, as well as other registered societies can also register for the
Memorandum of the society. Similar to Partnership firms, society can also be either
unregistered or registered. But, only the registered societies will be able to withstand
consigned properties and/or have an ensemble filed against or by the society.
Society registration is maintained by state governments. Thus, the application for society
registration must be created to the specific authority of the state, where the registered office of
society is situated.
For Society registration, the establishing members must agree with the name of society first
and then prepare for the Memorandum, followed by Rules & Regulations of the society.

Selection of a Name
When selecting a name for society registration, it is vital to understand that according to
Society Act, 1860, an identical or similar name of a currently registered society will not be
allowed. Moreover, the proposed name shall not suggest for any patronage of state
government or government of India or fascinate the provisions of Emblem & Names Act, 1950.

Memorandum of Association
The Memorandum of society along with Rules & Regulations of society must be signed by every
establishing member, witness by Gazetted Officer, Notary Public, Chartered Accountant, Oath
Commissioner, Advocate, Magistrate first class or Chartered Accountant with their official
stamping and complete address. The memorandum must also contain details of members of
the society registration along with their names, addresses, designations, and occupations. The
following document has to be prepared, submitted and signed for the sake of registration:

 Requesting society registration by providing covering letter, signed by all establishing

members
 Duplicate copy of Memorandum of Association of society along with certified copy
 Duplicate copy of Rules & Regulations of society along with duplicate copy duly signed
by all establishing members
 Address proof of registered office of society as well as no-objection certificate (NOC)
issued by landlord
 Affidavit avowed by secretary or president of society declaring relationship among
subscribers
 Few minutes of meeting regarding the society registration along with providing some
essential documents.

Following are the documents required for the Society Registration in India:
1. PAN Card of all the members of the proposed society has to be submitted along with the
application.
2. The Residence Proof of all the members of the society also has to be submitted. The
following can be used as a valid residence proof:

 Bank Statement
 Aadhaar Card
 Utility Bill
 Driving License
 Passport

3. Memorandum of Association has to be prepared which will contain the following clauses
and information:

 The work and the objectives of the society for which it is being established
 The details of the members forming the society
 It will contain the address of the registered office of the society

4. Articles of Association also have to be prepared which will contain the following information:

 Rules and regulations by which the working of the society will be governed and the
maintenance of day to day activities
 It will contain the rules for taking the membership of the society
 The details about the meetings of the society and the frequency with which they are
going to be held is to be mentioned
 Information about the Auditors
 Forms of Arbitration in case of any dispute between the members of the society
  Ways for the dissolution of the society will also be mentioned

Once the rules have been formed, they can be changed but the new set of rules will be signed
by the President, Chairman, Vice President and the Secretary of the Society.
5. A covering letter mentioning the objective or the purpose for which the society is being
formed will be annexed to the beginning of the application. It will be signed by all the founding
members of the society.
6. A copy of the proof of address where the registered office of the society will be located along
with a NOC from the landlord if any has to be attached.
7. A list of all the members of the governing body has to be given along with their signatures.
8. A declaration has to be given by the president of the proposed society that he is willing and
competent to hold the said post.
All the above documents have to be submitted to the Registrar of Societies along with the
requisite fees in 2 copies. On receiving the application, the registrar will sign the first copy as
acknowledgment and return it while keeping the second copy for approval. On proper vetting
of the documents, the registrar will issue an Incorporation Certificate by allotting a registration
number to it.
The signed Rules & Regulations, as well as Memorandum, has to be filed with concerned society
or registrar of state with a mentioned fee. If the registrar is fulfilled with society registration
application, then they will certify that the society is registered.

3. Answer any two of the following questions in about 250 words each : 10

a) Define Social Action and explain its principles. 10

Principles of Social Action

Md. Mohinuddin | May 25, 2019

Considering Gandhian principle of mobilisation as a typical example of the direct mobilisation

model of social action Britto (1984) brings out the following principles of social action:

The Principle of Credibility Building :

It is the task of creating public image of leadership, the organisation and the participants of the
movement as champions of justice, rectitude and truth. It helps in securing due recognition
from the opponent, the reference public and the peripheral participants of the movement.
Basically Social Action initiates some programs at any particular area and people of that locality
 are the participants of this programe. So, This programe should be credible and clear about its
goal, objectives, process, facilities etc. to them .

Credibility can be built through one or many of the following ways:

1) Gestures of goodwill towards / Managing the opponent : It’s the most important to
implement any social action to manage oppositions, nor they’ll create many problems against
it, by round-table discussion, understanding facilities for them, meeting, conference etc.

2) Setting/Creating Examples : This is also another important way to make the programe credible
by creating examples such as programe on “Education for all in Rural area” and examples as To
get good job education is compulsory or To get free from exploitation education is necessary.

3) Selection of typical, urgently felt problems for struggles / Instant facilities in emergency : The
leaders gain credibility if they stress on the felt-needs of the people.By doing this the programe
will be more reliable to the people. This programe will be more credible if it’s taken on the
favour of locality and the major problems of the locality. As for the programe on “Education for
all in Rural area” supply free educational materials or build some educational institutions.

4) Success : Successful efforts help in setting up credibility of the leader and the philosophy he/
she is preaching. If this programe runs into successful way then gov’t initiate/take an extend
effort and also NGOs help to make it success.

Principle of Legitimisation:
Legitimisation is the process of convincing the target group and the general public that the
movement-objectives are morally right. The ideal would be making a case for the movement as
a moral imperative. Leaders of the movement might use theological, philosophical, legal-
technical, public opinion paths to establish the tenability of the movement’s objectives.
Legitimisation is a continuous process. Before launching the programme, the leaders justify
their action. Subsequently, as the conflict exhilarates to higher stages and as the leader adds
new dimension to their programme, further justification is added and fresh arguments are put
forth. Such justification is not done by leaders alone. In the course of their participation,
followers too, contribute to the legitimisation process. Following are the three approaches to
legitimisation:

1) Theological and religious approach to legitimisation: This programe should be religiously and
thologically purified and must avoid any contradictory issue.

2) Moral approach to legitimisation: This programe should be free from irregularity, corruption,
nepotism, deviant issues but there’ll be on the basis of justice , proper allocation, integrity,
morality, honesty, equality etc.
3) Legal-technical approach to legitimization: It’s important to follow the national policies,
existing laws and understanding social rules and regulations to legitimize the programe.

Principle of Dramatisation:

Dramatisation is the principle of mass mobilisation by which the leaders of a movement

galvanize the population into action by emotional appeals to heroism, sensational
newsmanagement, novel procedures, pungent slogans and such other techniques. Almost
every leader mobilising the masses, uses this principle of dramatisation. Some of the
mechanisms of dramatisation could be:

1) Use of Poems & Songs: Programe related songs and poems also dramatize people such in 1971
there’re a lot of poetry and songs related to liberation war that inspired to the freedom fighters
to fight for the country.

2) Powerful speeches: This is also a crucial way of motivating & understanding the masses and
creating drama-effect.

3) Role of women: Making prominent/ inspired/influenced women lead marchers was a

technique which gave a dramatic effect to the movement.

4) Boycott: This is a violent approach. Boycott is also an effective way of influencing public
opinion both when the effort is successful and when it is crushed. Possession, People chain,
Picketing and ‘hartals’– voluntary closure of shops and other organisations, use to dramatise
the issue. But everything should be in honest procedure (integrity, justice, morality) by Heroism
or Leadership.

5) Slogans: Jokkha Valo hoy, Say no to Drugs, HIV/AIDS– knowledge is prevention, etc. are some
of the slogans used to give dramatic effect to various social movements.

c) Highlight the principles underlying the primary health care system in India. 10

Primary healthcare is a vital strategy that remains the backbone of health service delivery. India
was one of the first countries to recognize the merits of primary healthcare approach. Long
before the Declaration of Alma-Ata, India adopted a primary healthcare model based on the
principle that inability to pay should not prevent people from accessing health services. Derived
from the recommendations of the Health Survey and Development Committee Report 1946,
under the chairmanship of Sir Joseph Bhore, the Indian Government resolved to concentrate
services on rural people. This committee report laid emphasis on social orientation of medical
practice and high level of public participation. With beginning of health planning in India and
first five year plan formulation (1951-1955) Community Development Programme was
launched in 1952. It was envisaged as a multipurpose program covering health and sanitation
through establishment of primary health centers (PHCs) and subcenters. By the close of second
five year plan (1956-1961) Health Survey and Planning Committee (Mudaliar Committee) was
appointed by Government of India to review the progress made in health sector after
submission of Bhore Committee report. The major recommendations of this committee report
was to limit the population served by the PHCs with the improvement in the quality of the
services provided and provision of one basic health worker per 10,000 population. The
Jungalwalla Committee in 1967 gave importance to integration of health services. The
committee recommended the integration from the highest to lowest level in services,
organization, and personnel. The Kartar Singh Committee on multipurpose workers in 1973 laid
down the norms about health workers. Shrivastav Committee (1975) suggested creation of
bands of para-professionals and semi-professional worker from within the community like
school teachers and post masters. It also recommended the development of referral complex
by establishing linkage between PHCs and high level referral and service centers. Rural Health
Scheme was launched in 1977, wherein training of community health, reorientation training of
multipurpose workers, and linking medical colleges to rural health was initiated. Also to initiate
community participation, the community health volunteer "Village Health Guide" scheme was
launched. The Alma-Ata Declaration of 1978 launched the concept of health for all by year
2000. The declaration advocated the provision of first contact services and basic medical care
within the framework of an integrated health services. Several critical efforts outlined
Government of India's commitment to provide health for all of its citizens after Alma-Ata
declaration. The report of study group on "Health for All: An Alternative Strategy"
commissioned by Indian Council for Social Science Research (ICSSR) and Indian Council for
Medical Research (ICMR) (1980) argued that most of health problems of a majority of India's
population were amenable to being solved at the primary healthcare level through community
participation and ownership. Alma-Ata declaration led to formulation of India's first National
Health Policy in 1983. The major goal of policy was to provide universal, comprehensive primary
health services. Nearly 20 years after the first policy, the second National Health Policy was
presented in 2002. The National Health Policy, 2002 set out a new framework to achieve public
health goals in socioeconomic circumstances currently prevailing in the country. It sets out an
increased sectoral share of allocation out of total health spending to primary healthcare.
Recognizing the importance of health in the process of economic and social development and
improving the quality of life of our citizens, the Government of India has launched the National
Rural Health Mission in 2005 to carry out necessary architectural correction in the basic
healthcare delivery system. The goal of the mission is to improve the availability of and access
to quality healthcare by people, especially for those residing in rural areas, the poor, women,
and children.

4. Attempt any four of the following in about 150 words each:

a) Distinguish between community organization and community development. 5

There have been tensions between community development and community organizing. Here
we will take a both- and approach. Looking at terms will help us begin.

 Community service provides help for a community, primarily from the outside.
 Community advocacy speaks out for a community.
 Community development seeks to build social, economic and political infrastructures
for a healthy community to sustain itself.
 Community transformation seeks changes in individuals, gangs, organizations and
churches so that energies can be directed toward peace, justice and positive
development.
 Community organizing seeks collaboration among all players in a community to marshal
existing resources and to find links to all outside agencies and resources in able to make
itself an equal player with all other communities.
Dr. Eldin Villafañe is a social ethicist at Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary. He takes off on
an old proverb: “Give someone a fish, and he eats for a day. Teaching someone to fish, and they
can eat the rest of their life.” He moves from that saying to teach steps to empowerment in
terms of the Church’s social diaconia (mission or service).

 “Give a fish…. Social Service or Charity

 “Teach to fish…. Social Education
 “Help build a fishing rod…. Social and Economic Development
 “Get access to the lake…. Social Justice

Using his paradigm, we return to our community terms:

 Community service is giving someone a fish.

 Community advocacy is telling others some don’t have fish.
 Community transformation is developing a taste for fish (instead of drugs, alcohol or
junk food) and a desire to fish cooperatively and productively.
 Community development is teaching people to fish and how to build a fishing rod.
 Community organizing is rallying people together to get access to the lake.
Saul Alinsky developed techniques of community organizing in the 1930s; his principles were
more widely practiced during the 1960s and early 1970s. Today, there are 180 FBCOs in the US
as well as in South Africa, England, Germany, and other nations (according to Interfaith
Funders’ 2001 study Faith Based Community Organizing: State of the Field, by Mark Warren and
Richard Wood). Grassroots organizations are often networked through larger associations such
as the Industrial Areas Foundation (IAF), Direct Action and Research Training (DART), People
Improving Communities through Organizing (PICO), and the Gamaliel Foundation.
Community development has occurred informally throughout history as people have come
together to improve their lives and communities. More specifically, Robert Owen in the early
19th Century and the Oneida community, both in the US, attempted early utopian experiments
of community planning. Today, community development draws upon a rich and diverse array of
global thinkers and activists such as E.F. Schumacher (appropriate technologies, Small is
Beautiful: Economics as if People Mattered), Ghandi, Toyohiko Kagawa (cooperative
movement), Paulo Friere (Brazilian educator, Pedogogy of the Oppressed) and Muhammad
Yunus’ work with microenterprises through the Grameen Bank in Bangladesh.

In some places, community organizing is separated and at odds with community development.
Some community organizers see their role as challenging municipal, state and federal
governments rather than accepting money from them. Community developers are usually
eager to accept government and business funding on behalf of the community. A both-and
approach seems more effective, using the particular skills and techniques of both groups.

b) Enlist the various roles of judiciary and police. 5

The Supreme Court of India is the highest authority of the judiciary. But, first of all, we need to
understand the role of the judiciary system. Courts in India are responsible for handling and
passing decisions on multiple issues- how a school should treat the students, or if two states can
share each other’s resources etc.

The Courts also have the right to punish people for the crimes they commit. Almost every
social situation which needs a rule is managed by the judiciary, like-
 Dispute Resolution: Whenever there is a dispute, the courts intervene in providing solutions.
Whether it’s a dispute between citizens, citizens, and government, or between two state
governments or even the central and state governments, the court is responsible for
dispute resolution.

 Judicial Review: The judiciary has the final hold on the Constitution of India. As such, if there
is any violation of the fundamentals of the constitution, the court can even overwrite laws
passed by the Parliament. This process is called Judicial Review.

 Upholding the Law and Enforcing Fundamental Rights: Almost all Fundamental Rights of
Indian citizens are defined in our constitution. In case, any citizen feels that any of such
rights are violated, they can approach their local high courts or the Supreme Court.

c) Mention the steps in social work research. 5

esearch process contains a series of closely related activities which has to carry out by a
researcher. Research process requires patients. There is no measure that shows your research
is the best. It is an art rather than a science. Following are the main steps in social or business
research process.

1. Selection of Research Problem

2. Extensive Literature Survey
3. Making Hypothesis
4. Preparing the Research Design
5. Sampling
6. Data collection
7. Data Analysis
8. Hypothesis Testing
9. Generalization and Interpretation
10. Preparation of Report
Selection of Research Problem
The selection of topic for research is a difficult job. When we select a title or research
statement, then other activities would be easy to perform. So, for the understanding
thoroughly the problem it must have to discuss with colleagues, friend, experts and teachers.
The research topic or problem should be practical, relatively important, feasible, ethically and
politically acceptable.

Literature Review or Extensive Literature Survey

After the selection of research problem, the second step is that of literature mostly connected
with the topics. The availability of the literature may bring ease in the research. For this
purpose academic journals, conference and govt. reports and library must be studied.

Making Hypothesis
The development of hypothesis is a technical work depends on the researcher experience. The
hypothesis is to draw the positive & negative cause and effect aspects of a problem. Hypothesis
narrows down the area of a research and keep a researcher on the right path.

Preparing the Research Design

After the formulation of the problem and creating hypothesis for it, research Design is to
prepare by the researcher. It may draw the conceptual structure of the problem. Any type of
research design may be made, depend on the nature and purpose of the study. Daring R.
Design the information about sources, skill, time and finance is taken into consideration.

Sampling
The researcher must design a sample. It is a plan for taking its respondents from a specific areas
or universe. The sample may be of two types:

1. Probability Sampling
2. Non-probability Sampling
Data collection
Data collection is the most important work, is researcher. The collection of information must be
containing on facts which is from the following two types of researcher.

Primary Data Collection: Primary data may be from the following.

1. Experiment
2. Questionnaire
3. Observation
4. Interview
Secondary data collection: it has the following categories:
1. Review of literature
2. Official and non-official reports
3. Library approach
Data Analysis
When data is collected, it is forwarded for analysis which is the most technical job. Data analysis
may be divided into two main categories.

Data Processing: it is sub-divided into the following.

Data editing, Data coding, Data classification, Data tabulation, Data presentation, Data
measurement

Data Exposition: Date Exposition has the following sub-categories.

Description, Explanation, Narration, Conclusion/Findings, Recommendations/Suggestions

Hypothesis Testing
Research data is then forwarded to test the hypothesis. Do the hypothesis are related to the
facts or not? To find the answer the process of testing hypothesis is undertaken which may
result in accepting or rejecting the hypothesis.
Generalization and Interpretation
The acceptable hypothesis is possible for researcher to arrival at the process of generalization
or to make & theory. Some types of research has no hypothesis for which researcher depends
upon on theory which is known as interpretation.

Preparation of Report
Report Design in Primary Stages
The report should carry a title, brief introduction of the problem and background followed by
acknowledgement. There should be a table of contents, grapes and charts.

Main Text of the Report

It should contain objectives, hypothesis, explanations and methodology of the research. It must
be divided into chapters and every chapter explains separate title in which summary of the
findings should be enlisted. The last section would be clearly of conclusions to show the main
theme of the R-study.

Closing the Report

After the preparation of report, the last step in business research process contains of
bibliography, references, appendices, index and maps or charts for illustration. For this purpose
the information should more clearer.

A researcher should prepare a report for which he has done is his work. He must keep in his
mind the following points:

f) Explain the legislation related to mental health. 5

There are two specific pieces of legislation that govern how people with mental health
conditions receive care and treatment. They are the Mental Health Act 1983 (updated by the
2007 Act) and the Mental Capacity Act 2005, including the Deprivation of Liberty Safeguards.

The Mental Health Act (MHA) sets out how a person can be admitted, detained and treated in
hospital against their wishes and details safeguards which ensure patients' rights are upheld.
The Trust ensures that any detention and/or treatment under the Mental Health Act is fully
compliant with both 'the Act', and the standards and safeguards as set out in the Code of
Practice. Compliance with all the requirements of the Act and relevant safeguards, including
access to formal appeal processes, is carefully monitored by the Care Quality Commission.

The Mental Capacity Act allows somebody to make a decision on behalf of a person aged 16
and over in their best interests, if the person lacks the capacity to make the decision for
 themselves. These decisions can relate to life-changing events, the restriction or deprivation of
a person's liberty, or everyday matters. AWP ensures that any best interests decision or action
is fully compliant with both 'the Act' and the standards and safeguards as set out in the Code of
Practice. Our compliance with the safeguards on the deprivation of liberty set out in the Act is
carefully monitored by the Care Quality Commission.

The key responsibility for ensuring that practice is fully compliant with the relevant legislation
and Codes of Practice, and that the rights and safeguards for service users are fully respected
rests with the hospital managers and the professionals working with each service user and
family.

Service users and families can be supported through access to independent advocacy, including
(where relevant) Mental Health Act and Mental Capacity Advocates.

5. Write short notes on any five of the following in about 100 words each:

a) Interview schedule 4

As fun as spontaneous or on-the-spot interviews may seem to be, they will still bomb if no
preparation was put into it. Those “ambush” interviews you see on television? They are not
completely random or “on-the-spot” as they are presented to be. The questions asked have
already been prepared beforehand, and they are often contained in an interview schedule.

An interview schedule is basically a list containing a set of structured questions that have been
prepared, to serve as a guide for interviewers, researchers and investigators in collecting
information or data about a specific topic or issue. The schedule will be used by the interviewer,
who will fill in the questions with the answers received during the actual interview.
Advantages of an Interview Schedule

1. An interview schedule facilitates the conduct of an interview. Since the questions have
already been prepared beforehand, it is easier to carry out and complete the interview.

2. It increases the likelihood of collecting accurate information or data. The questions, which
were already prepared beforehand, are expected to be well-thought out and have focus, so
they target the “heart of the matter”, thereby ensuring that the answers obtained are correct
or accurate. According to Lindlof & Taylor, interview schedules can increase the reliability and
credibility of data gathered.

3. It allows interviewers and researchers to get more information, since they can ask follow-up
queries or clarifications to the questions they have prepared. Thus, the information gathered is
more relevant and useful.
4. The rate and amount of responses are higher. Often, interviews are time-bound. Interviewers
are given only a limited amount of time to ask all their questions and get the answers. If he
came prepared, then he can utilize that time properly. Otherwise, he will be wasting a lot of
time, thinking about what question to ask next. The next thing he knows, time is up, and he
barely got anything substantial from the interviewee.

5. It offers flexibility and high customization, and may be used when interviewing different types
of people. The interviewer can prepare it with the respondents in mind. For example, an
interviewer may have prepared a job interview schedule for the recruitment of a construction
worker or laborer. When he is tasked to interview candidates for a senior management
position, he may also use the same schedule, but with several adjustments.

b) Mental Health 4

Mental health is the level of psychological well-being or an absence of mental illness. It is the
state of someone who is "functioning at a satisfactory level of emotional and behavioral
adjustment". From the perspectives of positive psychology or of holism, mental health may
include an individual's ability to enjoy life and to create a balance between life activities and
efforts to achieve psychological resilience. According to the World Health Organization (WHO),
mental health includes "subjective well-being, perceived self-efficacy, autonomy, competence,
inter-generational dependence, and self-actualization of one's intellectual and emotional
potential, among others". The WHO further states that the well-being of an individual is
encompassed in the realization of their abilities, coping with normal stresses of life, productive
work, and contribution to their community. Cultural differences, subjective assessments, and
competing professional theories all affect how one defines "mental health".

c) Budgeting 4

A budget is a financial plan for a defined period, often one year. It may also include
planned sales volumes and revenues, resource
quantities, costs and expenses, assets, liabilities and cash flows. Companies, governments,
families and other organizations use it to express strategic plans of activities or events in
measurable terms.
A budget is the sum of money allocated for a particular purpose and the summary of intended
expenditures along with proposals for how to meet them. It may include a budget surplus,
providing money for use at a future time, or a deficit in which expenses exceed income.
A budget (derived from the old French word meaning purse) is a quantified financial plan for a
forthcoming accounting period.
A budget is an important concept in microeconomics, which uses a budget line to illustrate the
trade-offs between two or more goods. In other terms, a budget is an organizational plan
stated in monetary terms.
In summary, the purpose of budgeting tools is to:

1. Provide a forecast of revenues and expenditures. This is achieved by constructing a

model of how a business might perform financially if certain strategies, events and
plans are carried out.
2. Enable the actual financial operation of the business to be measured against the
forecast.
3. Establish the cost constraint for a project, program, or operation.

e) Exploratory Design 4

Exploratory research design is conducted for a research problem when the researcher has no
past data or only a few studies for reference. Sometimes this research is informal and
unstructured. It serves as a tool for initial research that provides a hypothetical or theoretical
idea of the research problem. It will not offer concrete solutions for the research problem. This
research is conducted in order to determine the nature of the problem and helps the
researcher to develop a better understanding of the problem. Exploratory research is flexible
and provides the initial groundwork for future research. Exploratory research requires the
researcher to investigate different sources such as published secondary data, data from other
surveys, observation of research items, and opinions about a company, product, or service.

Example of Exploratory Research Design:

Freshbite is a one and half year old e-commerce start-up company delivering fresh foods as per
the order to customer’s doorstep through its delivery partners. The company operates in
multiple cities. Since its inception, the company achieved a high sales growth rate. However,
after completion of the first year, the sales started declining at brisk rate. Due to lack of
historical data, the sales director was confused about the reasons for this decline in sales. He
prefer to appoint a marketing research consultant to conduct an exploratory research study in
order to discern the possible reasons rather than making assumptions. The prime objective of
this research was not to figure out a solution to the declining sales problem, but rather to
identify the possible reasons, such as poor quality of products and services, competition, or
ineffective marketing, and to better understand the factors affecting sales. Once these
potential causes are identified, the strength of each reason can be tested using causal research.

f) National Leprosy Mission 4

The Leprosy Mission is a Christian international NGO. They are the largest and oldest player in
the fight against leprosy and are working towards the goal of zero leprosy transmission by
2035. Their vision is 'leprosy defeated, lives transformed'.
As well as working towards zero leprosy transmission, The Leprosy Mission is committed to
achieving zero disabilities as a consequence of leprosy and zero discrimination as a
consequence of leprosy.
The Leprosy Mission works through a Global Fellowship, composed of Members and Affiliates
from 30 different countries.
Members: Australia, Bangladesh, Belgium, Chad, DR Congo, Denmark, England & Wales,
Ethiopia, France, Germany, Hungary, India, Mozambique, Myanmar, Nepal, The Netherlands,
New Zealand, Northern Ireland, Niger, Nigeria, Papua New Guinea, Scotland, South Africa,
South Korea, Sweden, Switzerland, Sudan, and Timor Leste
Affiliates: Finland and Italy
The Fellowship came into being in 2011 when The Leprosy Mission Charter was signed. This
charter committed all signees to:

 A shared identity, vision, purpose, and values

 Work together in mutual reliance
 Actively add value to the total Fellowship and strengthen its effectiveness
 Work with agreed accountability structures
 Observe financial stewardship principles
The Members of the Global Fellowship are split into countries that implement leprosy work and
countries that support leprosy work through fundraising. The Leprosy Mission's Global
Fellowship is supported by an International Office in London, UK. This office operates as a
central hub, providing leadership, co-ordination, facilitation, and operational services.
The Leprosy Mission also works through partners in Tanzania, Sri Lnka, Indonesia, and Thailand.