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Algorithm Complexity

This document discusses time and space complexity analysis of algorithms. It provides examples of analyzing the time complexity of algorithms for matrix multiplication, sorting, and determining if a function is injective. Matrix multiplication of an n x n matrix has a time complexity of O(n^2), while multiplying an upper triangular matrix has a complexity of n^2/2 + O(n). Bubble sort has a worst-case time complexity of O(n^2). Determining if a function is injective can be done in O(n^2) time by first sorting and then comparing elements.

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Malhar Anjaria
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
168 views

Algorithm Complexity

This document discusses time and space complexity analysis of algorithms. It provides examples of analyzing the time complexity of algorithms for matrix multiplication, sorting, and determining if a function is injective. Matrix multiplication of an n x n matrix has a time complexity of O(n^2), while multiplying an upper triangular matrix has a complexity of n^2/2 + O(n). Bubble sort has a worst-case time complexity of O(n^2). Determining if a function is injective can be done in O(n^2) time by first sorting and then comparing elements.

Uploaded by

Malhar Anjaria
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Section 2.

2
Complexity of Algorithms

Time Complexity: Determine the approximate number


of operations required to solve a problem of size n.

Space Complexity: Determine the approximate memory


required to solve a problem of size n.
________________

Time Complexity

- Use the Big-O notation

- Ignore house keeping

- Count the expensive operations only

Basic operations:

• searching algorithms - key comparisons

• sorting algorithms - list component comparisons

• numerical algorithms - floating point ops. (flops) -


multiplications/divisions and/or additions/subtractions

____________________

Worst Case: maximum number of operations

Average Case: mean number of operations assuming an


input probability distribution

Discrete Mathematics by Section 2.2


and Its Applications 4/E Kenneth Rosen TP 1
____________________

Examples:

• Multiply an n x n matrix A by a scalar c to produce


the matrix B:

procedure (n, c, A, B)
for i from 1 to n do
for j from 1 to n do
B(i, j) = cA(i, j)
end do
end do

Analysis (worst case):

Count the number of floating point multiplications.

n2 elements requires n2 multiplications.

time complexity is

O(n2)

or

quadratic complexity.

_________________

• Multiply an n x n upper triangular matrix A

A(i, j) = 0 if i > j

Discrete Mathematics by Section 2.2


and Its Applications 4/E Kenneth Rosen TP 2
by a scalar c to produce the (upper triangular) matrix B.

procedure (n, c, A, B)
/* A (and B) are upper triangular */
for i from 1 to n do
for j from i to n do
B(i, j) = cA(i, j)
end do
end do

Analysis (worst case):

Count the number of floating point multiplications.

The maximum number of non-zero elements in an n x n


upper triangular matrix

=1+2+3+4+...+n

or

• remove the diagonal elements (n) from the total (n2)

• divide by 2

• add back the diagonal elements to get

(n2 - n)/2 + n = n2/2 + n/2

which is

n2/2 + O(n).

Quadratic complexity but the leading coefficient is 1/2

Discrete Mathematics by Section 2.2


and Its Applications 4/E Kenneth Rosen TP 3
_________________

• Bubble sort: L is a list of elements to be sorted.

- We assume nothing about the initial order

- The list is in ascending order upon completion.

Analysis (worst case):

Count the number of list comparisons required.

Method: If the jth element of L is larger than the (j + 1)st,


swap them.

Note: this is not an efficient implementation of the


algorithm

procedure bubble (n, L)


/*
- L is a list of n elements
- swap is an intermediate swap location
*/

for i from n - 1 to 1 by -1 do
for j from 1 to i do
if L(j) > L(j + 1) do
swap = L(j + 1)
L(j + 1) = L (j)
L(j) = swap
end do
end do
end do

Discrete Mathematics by Section 2.2


and Its Applications 4/E Kenneth Rosen TP 4
• Bubble the largest element to the 'top' by starting at
the bottom - swap elements until the largest in the top
position.

• Bubble the second largest to the position below the


top.

• Continue until the list is sorted.

n-1 comparison on the first pass

n-2 comparisons on the second pass

1 comparison on the last pass

Total:

(n - 1)+ (n - 2) + . . . . + 1 = O(n2)

or

quadratic complexity

(what is the leading coefficient?)

_________________

Discrete Mathematics by Section 2.2


and Its Applications 4/E Kenneth Rosen TP 5
• An algorithm to determine if a function f from A to
B is an injection:

Input: a table with two columns:

- Left column contains the elements of A.

- Right column contains the images of the elements in


the left column.

Analysis (worst case):

Count comparisons of elements of B.

Recall that two elements of column 1 cannot have the


same images in column 2.

One solution:

• Sort the right column

Worst case complexity (using Bubble sort)

O(n2)

• Compare adjacent elements to see if they agree

Worst case complexity

O(n)

Total:

O(n2) + O(n) = O(n2)

Can it be done in linear time?


Discrete Mathematics by Section 2.2
and Its Applications 4/E Kenneth Rosen TP 6

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