Flow of Incompressible Fluids in Conduits and Thin Layers

Lecture Notes in Fluid Mechanics
Compiled by: Engr. Cristine Bautista – Domingo
Chapter 5
Flow of Incompressible Fluids in Conduits and Thin Layers
This chapter deals with the steady flow of incompressible fluids through closed pipes and channels.
A. Shear Stress and Skin Friction

Fluid friction – defined as any conversion of mechanical energy to heat in a flowing stream
- appears in boundary layers because the work done by shear forces in maintaining the velocity gradients in
both laminar and turbulent flow is eventually converted into heat by viscous action.
(a) Skin friction - friction generated in unseparated boundary layers
(b) Form friction – additional energy dissipation that appears within the wakes when boundary layers separate
Consider flow of fluid through a straight horizontal pipe:
Pt. a Pt. b
Pa + gZa + a Va2 + Wp = Pb + gZb + b Vb2 + hf

 gc 2 gc  gc 2 gc
Since : Za = Zb,
Va = Vb ;
Wp = 0
Then: hf = Pa – Pb = Ps (where: Ps = pressure loss due to skin friction )

 
Where: hf = hf s = skin friction

= friction loss due to contact between a solid wall and a fluid stream
= 4 w L ( where: w = wall shear )
D
NOTE: If boundary layer separation occurs, hf is greater than hf s
B. Fanning Friction Factor, f :

- The Fanning friction factor is defined as the drag force per wetted surface area (shear stress at the surface) divided by the
product of density and velocity head.
- The fanning friction factor relates only to skin friction
f = 2w but hf s = 4 w L = 2w ( 2 L V2 )

 V2 D  V2 D
Thus: hf s = 4 f L V2
2D
C. Pressure Drop and Friction Loss in Laminar flow:
32 v( L2 − L1 )
Hagen-Poiseuille: Ps =
D2
But: hf s = 4 f L V2
2D
4 f L V2 = Ps = 32   (L2 –L1)

2D   D2
Then : f = 16  but Re = DV

DV  
f = 16
Re
D. Pressure Drop and Friction Loss in Turbulent
hf s = 4 f L V2 where: f =  ( , Re ) - figure 6.9 (Perry’s Handbook)

2D
P s = 4 f  L V2
2D
E. Friction Losses in Expansion, Contraction and Pipe Fittings
Skin friction losses in flow through straight pipe are calculated by using the Fanning friction factor. However, if the velocity of the fluid is
changed in direction or magnitude, additional friction losses occur. This results from additional turbulence which develops because of
vortices and other factors.
1. Sudden enlargement (expansion) losses
If the cross-section of a pipe enlarges very gradually, very little or no extra losses are incurred but if the change is
sudden, it results in additional losses due to eddies formed by the jet expanding in the enlarged section.
hf e = Ke Va2 where: Ke = expansion loss coefficient = [ 1 – (Sa/Sb) ]2

2gc Va = average velocity in the smaller upstream pipe
S = cross-sectional area
2. Sudden contraction losses

When the cross-section of the pipe is suddenly reduced, the stream cannot follow around the sharp corner, and
additional frictional losses due to eddies occur.
hf c = Kc Vb2 where: Kc = contraction loss coefficient = 0.5 [ 1 – (Sb/Sa) ]

2gc Vb = average velocity in the smaller downstream pipe
S = cross-sectional area
3. Losses in fittings and Valves

Pipe fittings and valves also disturb the normal flow lines in a pipe and cause additional friction losses. In a short pipe with many
fittings, the friction loss from these fittings could be greater than in the straight pipe.
hf f = Kf Va2 where: Kf = loss factor for the fitting ( table 6.4, p.6-18, Perry’s HB)
2gc Va = average velocity in pipe leading to the fitting
F. Flow Through Non-Circular Cross-sections

PROBLEMS:
1. Calculate the frictional pressure drop in pascal for olive oil at 293 K through a commercial pipe having
an inside diameter of 0.0525 m and a length of 76.2 m. The velocity of the fluid is 1.22 m/s. Is the flow
laminar or turbulent? Use the friction factor method. For olive oil, density = 919 kg/m3; viscosity = 84
x 10–3 Pa.s
2. A liquid having a density of 801 kg/m3 and a viscosity of 1.49 cP is flowing through a horizontal straight
pipe at a velocity of 4.57 m/s. The commercial steel is 1 ½ -in. Schedule 40. For a length of 61 m,
calculate (a) friction loss (b) for a smooth tube of the same diameter, calculate the friction loss (c) what
is the % reduction?
3. Water at 60F is pumped from a reservoir to the top of a mountain through a 6-in Schedule 120 pipe at an
average velocity of 12 ft/s. The pipe discharges into the atmosphere at a level of 3000 ft above the level
in the reservoir. The pipeline itself is 4500 ft long. If the overall efficiency of the pump and the motor
driving it is 70% and the cost of electric energy to the motor is 4 cents per kW-hr, what is the hourly
energy cost for pumping this water?
4. A centrifugal pump takes brine from the bottom of a supply tank and delivers it into the bottom of another
tank. The line between the tank is 600 ft of 4 –in schedule 40 pipe. The flowrate is 400 gal/min. In the
line are two-gate valves, four standard tees, and four ells. What is the energy cost for running this pump
for one 24-hr day? The specific gravity of brine is 1.18, the viscosity of brine is 1.2 cP and the energy
cost is $400 per hp-year on a basis of 300 days per year. The overall efficiency of the pump and motor
is 60%.
5. Hot water in an open storage tank at 82.2C is being pumped at the rate of 0.379 m3/min from this storage
tank. The line from the storage tank to the pump suction is 6.1 m of 3-in.schedule 40 steel pipe and it
contains three elbows. The discharge line after the pump is 61 m of 2-in.pipe and contains two elbows.
The water discharges to the atmosphere at a height of 6.1 m above the water level in the storage tank.
(a) Calculate all frictional losses
(b) Calculate the pump work in J/kg
(c) What is the kW power of the pump is the efficiency is 75%?
6. Find the cost per day of operating the pump motor in the system shown below:
Constant level water tank
4-in. Sched. 40
200 ft
water reservoir 6-in. Sched.40
The piping system consists of 200 ft of 6-in Schedule 40 steel pipe containing two-90 elbows and one open gate
valve from the reservoir to the pump; 6-in. Schedule 40 pipe follows the pump for 75 ft after which the pipe is
reduced to 4 –in schedule 40 steel pipe for 250 ft to the tank. The 4-in. pipe contains one gate valve and three-90
elbows. The efficiency of the pump-motor assembly is 60 percent. The cost for electrical energy is $400 per Hp-
yr on a basis of 300 days/yr. The water flow is to be maintained at 625 gal/min, and the water temperature is
assumed constant at 70F. Solve in fps system.

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Lecture Notes in Fluid Mechanics

Compiled by: Engr. Cristine Bautista – Domingo

A. Shear Stress and Skin Friction

Consider flow of fluid through a straight horizontal pipe:

Pa + gZa + a Va2 + Wp = Pb + gZb + b Vb2 + hf

Then: hf = Pa – Pb = Ps (where: Ps = pressure loss due to skin friction )

Where: hf = hf s = skin friction

NOTE: If boundary layer separation occurs, hf is greater than hf s

B. Fanning Friction Factor, f :

f = 2w but hf s = 4 w L = 2w ( 2 L V2 )

C. Pressure Drop and Friction Loss in Laminar flow:

4 f L V2 = Ps = 32   (L2 –L1)

Then : f = 16  but Re = DV

D. Pressure Drop and Friction Loss in Turbulent

hf s = 4 f L V2 where: f =  ( , Re ) - figure 6.9 (Perry’s Handbook)

hf e = Ke Va2 where: Ke = expansion loss coefficient = [ 1 – (Sa/Sb) ]2

2. Sudden contraction losses

hf c = Kc Vb2 where: Kc = contraction loss coefficient = 0.5 [ 1 – (Sb/Sa) ]

3. Losses in fittings and Valves

F. Flow Through Non-Circular Cross-sections

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