BESUT, TERENGGANU

(BASIC GRAMMAR RULES)

NAME : AHMAD HAIRI BIN AHMAD AMIRUDDIN

COLLEGE NO : 09246

Nouns
(countable& uncountable)
COUNTABLE
Countable nouns are individual objects, people, places, etc. which can be
counted.

books, Italians, pictures, stations, men, etc.

A countable noun can be both singular - a friend, a house, etc. - or plural -

a few apples, lots of trees, etc.

Use the singular form of the verb with a singular countable noun:

There is a book on the table.

That student is excellent!

Use the plural form of the verb with a countable noun in the plural:

There are some students in the classroom.

Those houses are very big, aren't they?

UNCOUNTABLE

Uncountable nouns are materials, concepts, information, etc. which are not
individual objects and can not be counted.

information, water, understanding, wood, cheese, etc.

Uncountable nouns are always singular. Use the singular form of the verb
with uncountable nouns:

There is some water in that pitcher.

VERBS
ROOT PAST PAST
WORD TENSE PARTICIPLE
 be was/were been
beat beat beaten
become became become
begin began begun
bend bent bent
bet bet bet
bite bit bitten
blow blew blown
break broke broken
bring brought brought
build built built
burst burst burst
buy bought bought
catch caught caught
choose chose chosen
come came come
cost cost cost
cut cut cut
deal dealt dealt
dig dug dug
do did done
draw drew drawn
drink drank drunk
drive drove driven
eat ate eaten
fall fell fallen
feed fed fed
feel felt felt
fight fought fought
find found found
fly flew flown
forbid forbade forbidden
forget forgot forgotten
freeze froze frozen
get got got
give gave given
go went gone
grow grew grown
hang hung hung
have had had
hear heard heard
 SUBJECT VERB
AGREEMENT
A verb must agree with subject in number and person. Like the noun or
pronoun, a verb too has two number – singular and plural. A subject in the
singular must have a verb in the singular. If the subject is plural, the verb
too must be in the plural .

Example:

Singular :singular(no’s) singular(s)

The dog chases the cat he comes here

That boy talks too much she likes it

No one goes there it runs fast

Plural : plural(s) plural(no’s)

The dogs chase the cat they come here

They know that they run fast

 TENSES
SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

He plays football every Tuesday.

He plays football and then he goes home.

He loves football.

PRESENT CONTINOUS TENSE

He is playing football.

He is playing football and she is watching.

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

He has won five matches so far.

She has spoken

SIMPLE PAST TENSE

He played football every Tuesday.

He played football and then he went home.

He loved football.

PAST CONTINOUS TENSE

He was playing football.

He was playing football and she was watching.

PAST PERFECT TENSE

He had won five matches until that day

She had spoken

SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE

He will / is going to play football every Tuesday.

He will play football and then he will go home.

He will love football

FUTURE CONTINOUS TENSE

He will be playing football

He will be playing football and she will be watching.

FUTURE PERFECT

He will have gone

I she he will have spoken

 PRONOUNS
A pronoun can replace a noun or another pronoun. You use pronouns like "he," "which,"
"none," and "you" to make your sentences less cumbersome and less repetitive.

Grammarians classify pronouns into several types, including the personal pronoun, the
demonstrative pronoun, the interrogative pronoun, the indefinite pronoun, the relative
pronoun, the reflexive pronoun, and the intensive pronoun.

PERSONAL PRONOUNS

A personal pronoun refers to a specific person or thing and changes its form to indicate
person, number, gender, and case.

Subjective Personal Pronouns

A subjective personal pronoun indicates that the pronoun is acting as the subject of the
sentence. The subjective personal pronouns are "I," "you," "she," "he," "it," "we," "you,"
"they."

In the following sentences, each of the highlighted words is a subjective personal

pronoun and acts as the subject of the sentence:

I was glad to find the bus pass in the bottom of the green knapsack.
You are surely the strangest child I have ever met.
He stole the selkie's skin and forced her to live with him.
When she was a young woman, she earned her living as a coal miner.
After many years, they returned to their homeland.
We will meet at the library at 3:30 p.m.
It is on the counter.
Are you the delegates from Malagawatch?

Objective Personal Pronouns

An objective personal pronoun indicates that the pronoun is acting as an object of a

verb, compound verb, preposition, or infinitive phrase. The objective personal pronouns
are: "me," "you," "her," "him," "it," "us," "you," and "them."

In the following sentences, each of the highlighted words is an objective personal

pronoun:
 Seamus stole the selkie's skin and forced her to live with him.

The objective personal pronoun "her" is the direct object of the verb "forced" and the
objective personal pronoun "him" is the object of the preposition "with."

After reading the pamphlet, Judy threw it into the garbage can.

The pronoun "it" is the direct object of the verb "threw."

The agitated assistant stood up and faced the angry delegates and said, "Our
leader will address you in five minutes."

In this sentence, the pronoun "you" is the direct object of the verb "address."

Deborah and Roberta will meet us at the newest café in the market.

Here the objective personal pronoun "us" is the direct object of the compound verb "will
meet."

Give the list to me.

Here the objective personal pronoun "me" is the object of the preposition "to."

I'm not sure that my contact will talk to you.

Similarly in this example, the objective personal pronoun "you" is the object of the
preposition "to."

Christopher was surprised to see her at the drag races.

Here the objective personal pronoun "her" is the object of the infinitive phrase "to see."

POSSESSIVE PERSONAL PRONOUNS

A possessive pronoun indicates that the pronoun is acting as a marker of possession

and defines who owns a particular object or person. The possessive personal pronouns
are "mine," "yours," "hers," "his," "its," "ours," and "theirs." Note that possessive
personal pronouns are very similar to possessive adjectives like "my," "her," and "their."

In each of the following sentences, the highlighted word is a possessive personal

pronoun:

The smallest gift is mine.

Here the possessive pronoun "mine" functions as a subject complement.

 This is yours.

Here too the possessive pronoun "yours" functions as a subject complement.

His is on the kitchen counter.

In this example, the possessive pronoun "his" acts as the subject of the sentence.

Theirs will be delivered tomorrow.

In this sentence, the possessive pronoun "theirs" is the subject of the sentence.

Ours is the green one on the corner.

Here too the possessive pronoun "ours" function as the subject of the sentence.

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS

A demonstrative pronoun points to and identifies a noun or a pronoun. "This" and

"these" refer to things that are nearby either in space or in time, while "that" and "those"
refer to things that are farther away in space or time.

The demonstrative pronouns are "this," "that," "these," and "those." "This" and "that" are
used to refer to singular nouns or noun phrases and "these" and "those" are used to
refer to plural nouns and noun phrases. Note that the demonstrative pronouns are
identical to demonstrative adjectives, though, obviously, you use them differently. It is
also important to note that "that" can also be used as a relative pronoun.

In the following sentences, each of the highlighted words is a demonstrative pronoun:

This must not continue.

Here "this" is used as the subject of the compound verb "must not continue."

This is puny; that is the tree I want.

In this example "this" is used as subject and refers to something close to the speaker.
The demonstrative pronoun "that" is also a subject but refers to something farther away
from the speaker.

Three customers wanted these.

Here "these" is the direct object of the verb "wanted."

INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS
An interrogative pronoun is used to ask questions. The interrogative pronouns are
"who," "whom," "which," "what" and the compounds formed with the suffix "ever"
("whoever," "whomever," "whichever," and "whatever"). Note that either "which" or
"what" can also be used as an interrogative adjective, and that "who," "whom," or "which" can
also be used as a relative pronoun.

You will find "who," "whom," and occasionally "which" used to refer to people, and "which"
and "what" used to refer to things and to animals.

"Who" acts as the subject of a verb, while "whom" acts as the object of a verb, preposition, or a
verbal.

The highlighted word in each of the following sentences is an interrogative pronoun:

Which wants to see the dentist first?

"Which" is the subject of the sentence.

Who wrote the novel Rockbound?

Similarly "who" is the subject of the sentence.

Whom do you think we should invite?

In this sentence, "whom" is the object of the verb "invite."

To whom do you wish to speak?

Here the interrogative pronoun "whom " is the object of the preposition "to."

Who will meet the delegates at the train station?

In this sentence, the interrogative pronoun "who" is the subject of the compound verb "will
meet."

To whom did you give the paper?

In this example the interrogative pronoun "whom" is the object of the preposition "to."

What did she say?

Here the interrogative pronoun "what" is the direct object of the verb "say."

RELATIVE PRONOUNS
You can use a relative pronoun is used to link one phrase or clause to another phrase or clause.
The relative pronouns are "who," "whom," "that," and "which." The compounds "whoever,"
"whomever," and "whichever" are also relative pronouns.

You can use the relative pronouns "who" and "whoever" to refer to the subject of a clause or
sentence, and "whom" and "whomever" to refer to the objects of a verb, a verbal or a preposition.

In each of the following sentences, the highlighted word is a relative pronoun.

You may invite whomever you like to the party.

The relative pronoun "whomever" is the direct object of the compound verb "may invite."

The candidate who wins the greatest popular vote is not always elected.

In this sentence, the relative pronoun is the subject of the verb "wins" and introduces the
subordinate clause "who wins the greatest popular vote." This subordinate clause acts as an
adjective modifying "candidate."

In a time of crisis, the manager asks the workers whom she believes to be the most
efficient to arrive an hour earlier than usual.

In this sentence "whom" is the direct object of the verb "believes" and introduces the subordinate
clause "whom she believes to be the most efficient". This subordinate clause modifies the noun
"workers."

Whoever broke the window will have to replace it.

Here "whoever" functions as the subject of the verb "broke."

The crate which was left in the corridor has now been moved into the storage closet.

In this example "which" acts as the subject of the compound verb "was left" and introduces the
subordinate clause "which was left in the corridor." The subordinate clause acts as an adjective
modifying the noun "crate."

I will read whichever manuscript arrives first.

Here "whichever" modifies the noun "manuscript" and introduces the subordinate clause
"whichever manuscript arrives first." The subordinate clause functions as the direct object of the
compound verb "will read."

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS
An indefinite pronoun is a pronoun referring to an identifiable but not specified person or thing.
An indefinite pronoun conveys the idea of all, any, none, or some.
The most common indefinite pronouns are "all," "another," "any," "anybody," "anyone,"
"anything," "each," "everybody," "everyone," "everything," "few," "many," "nobody," "none,"
"one," "several," "some," "somebody," and "someone." Note that some indefinite pronouns can
also be used as indefinite adjectives.

The highlighted words in the following sentences are indefinite pronouns:

Many were invited to the lunch but only twelve showed up.

Here "many" acts as the subject of the compound verb "were invited."

The office had been searched and everything was thrown onto the floor.

In this example, "everything" acts as a subject of the compound verb "was thrown."

We donated everything we found in the attic to the woman's shelter garage sale.

In this sentence, "everything" is the direct object of theverb "donated."

Although they looked everywhere for extra copies of the magazine, they found none.

Here too the indefinite pronoun functions as a direct object: "none" is the direct object of
"found."

Make sure you give everyone a copy of the amended bylaws.

In this example, "everyone" is the indirect object of the verb "give" -- the direct object is the
noun phrase "a copy of the amended bylaws."

Give a registration package to each.

Here "each" is the object of the preposition "to."

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
You can use a reflexive pronoun to refer back to the subject of the clause or sentence.

The reflexive pronouns are "myself," "yourself," "herself," "himself," "itself," "ourselves,"
"yourselves," and "themselves." Note each of these can also act as an intensive pronoun.

Each of the highlighted words in the following sentences is a reflexive pronoun:

Diabetics give themselves insulin shots several times a day.

The Dean often does the photocopying herself so that the secretaries can do more
important work.
 After the party, I asked myself why I had faxed invitations to everyone in my office
building.
Richard usually remembered to send a copy of his e-mail to himself.
Although the landlord promised to paint the apartment, we ended up doing it ourselves.

INTENSIVE PRONOUNS
An intensive pronoun is a pronoun used to emphasise its antecedent. Intensive pronouns are
identical in form to reflexive pronouns.

The highlighted words in the following sentences are intensive pronouns:

I myself believe that aliens should abduct my sister.

The Prime Minister himself said that he would lower taxes.
They themselves promised to come to the party even though they had a final exam at the
same time.
 PREPOSITION
A preposition links nouns, pronouns and phrases to other words in a sentence. The word or
phrase that the preposition introduces is called the object of the preposition.

A preposition usually indicates the temporal, spatial or logical relationship of its object to the rest
of the sentence as in the following examples:

The book is on the table.

The book is beneath the table.
The book is leaning against the table.
The book is beside the table.
She held the book over the table.
She read the book during class.

In each of the preceding sentences, a preposition locates the noun "book" in space or in time.

A prepositional phrase is made up of the preposition, its object and any associated adjectives or
adverbs. A prepositional phrase can function as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb. The most
common prepositions are "about," "above," "across," "after," "against," "along," "among,"
"around," "at," "before," "behind," "below," "beneath," "beside," "between," "beyond," "but,"
"by," "despite," "down," "during," "except," "for," "from," "in," "inside," "into," "like," "near,"
"of," "off," "on," "onto," "out," "outside," "over," "past," "since," "through," "throughout," "till,"
"to," "toward," "under," "underneath," "until," "up," "upon," "with," "within," and "without."

Each of the highlighted words in the following sentences is a preposition:

The children climbed the mountain without fear.

In this sentence, the preposition "without" introduces the noun "fear." The prepositional phrase
"without fear" functions as an adverb describing how the children climbed.

There was rejoicing throughout the land when the government was defeated.

Here, the preposition "throughout" introduces the noun phrase "the land." The prepositional
phrase acts as an adverb describing the location of the rejoicing.

The spider crawled slowly along the banister.

The preposition "along" introduces the noun phrase "the banister" and the prepositional phrase
"along the banister" acts as an adverb, describing where the spider crawled.

The dog is hiding under the porch because it knows it will be punished for chewing up a
new pair of shoes.
Here the preposition "under" introduces the prepositional phrase "under the porch," which acts as
an adverb modifying the compound verb "is hiding."

The screenwriter searched for the manuscript he was certain was somewhere in his
office.

Similarly in this sentence, the preposition "in" introduces a prepositional phrase "in his office,"
which acts as an adverb describing the location of the missing papers.