Tony Dwi Susanto, Made Mira Diani & Irmasari Hafidz 8 November 2017 in their research

paper variable like Perceived Ease of Use, Perceived Usefulness, Compatibility, Playfulness,
Peer Influence, Superior’s Influence, Self-efficacy, Resource Facilitating Condition, Technology
Facilitating. This is a study on investigating what factors influence citizens to use an e-
government report system, an application provided by government to enable citizens to report
any problems or complains to government agencies in order to improve public services and
citizen participation. Using a case study of the City113 application in Surabaya city-Indonesia,
this study suggests that Attitude toward using the system is the most important factor influencing
citizens to use or not to use an e-government reporting system. Citizens’ perceptions on Ease of
use and Benefits for using the system are two dominant factors that form Attitude towards using
an e-government reporting system. These findings recommend government and e-government
designers, especially the City113 developers, to improve acceptance of an e-government citizen
report system by developing and promoting a positive attitude towards using the system among
citizens. They should focus on how to make the system to be perceived easy to use and perceived
useful for citizens. The citizen reporting system may adopt currently popular social media
application design and complemented by tutorial video and training services for citizens. The
government should also demonstrate to citizens that every report sent via the system must be
responded quickly and comprehensively. Citizens must be convinced that using the citizen report
system is effective to solve their problems or fulfill their needs.

Ahmad Al Thunibat, Nor Azan Mat Zin and Noraidah Sahari 2011 in their research paper
research objectives are (i) the motivations for mGovernment implementation by the government
and adoption by the public, (ii) attendant limitations, and (iii) means for improving government
services and hence, expanding public acceptance and use of these services. The e-Government
initiatives have failed to live up to expectations of citizens, however the mobile government
initiatives can rebuild trust through faster interaction with the citizens and more effective and
efficient service delivery. This joint-up approach enables the sharing of resources and
information among government agencies and thereby, facilitates the provision of end-to-end
interactive online services 24 hours a day and 365 days a year (24/365) via multiple services
channels. One of these channels is the mobile device. The short messaging system (SMS) mobile
technology enables citizens on the move to stay connected to government news and services.
Researcher approach of using focus groups to engage users and collect their opinions indicates
that focus groups are a valuable tool to use for the benefit of m-Government project design,
implementation, and development. Successful implementation of the focus group research can be
achieved by careful planning and by paying attention to important execution details. Mobile
government in Malaysia still needs more research to improve the effectiveness of service
deployment and to achieve wide acceptance.

ALSENAIDY , A.M. and TAUSEEF AHMAD 2012 in their research paper M-government is
becoming more popular than E-government. The reason behind on this can be attributed to
anytime and anywhere concept of M-government. M-government and E-government are not a
two unlike or not two different concepts, but M-government is an advance set of E-government. .
M-government endures is to use the mobile wireless communication technology between the
government organization and in distributing of services and information to citizens and industrial
enterprises. The implementation of M-government can be mainly classified into four groups: (i)
those based on wireless two-way radio- communication or broadcast. (ii) Mobile Voice services,
SMS, WAP, GPRS, UMTS based on cellular phones. (iii) Those based on mobile devices,
including lap-tops, flat computers, PDA, pager, blue-tooth technology, RFID and GPRS. The
current services available of M-government in Saudi Arab are found to be extremely convenient
and useful. The facts, although m-government provide visible benefits to the citizens, residents
as well as governments, actually there are certain challenges faced for its successful
implementation such as trust issues and additional infrastructure cost. This is due to m-
government services in Saudi Arabia and its implementation is still in its early phase. Therefore,
an extensive research is needed for the further implementation of m-government services in
Saudi Arabia, beside the investigation of all the factors that can have an effect on the
implementation of M-government.

Hassan Y. A. Abu Tair, January-March 2014 in their research paper The evolution of ICT has
influenced the way citizens interact with their government under the umbrella of e-government;
furthermore e-government affects the processes of public sector, how a business conducts its
operations, and even affects the culture and values by utilizing the potential capabilities of ICT.
E-government benefits from using latest developments in mobile technologies such as personal
digital assistants (PDAs), mobile and smart phones, and laptops to facilitate communications
with their citizens via wireless networks. Governments use the m-government approach for
better service delivery. M-government is a value added service and a complementary component
to e-government that facilitates the services delivery to rural areas and for emergency
notifications. This review concluded that a dispute exists in the literature on the relationship
between m-government and e-government. M-government’s key attribute is mobility, where
citizens can access services anywhere and anytime. The mobility of m-government opened doors
for diverse benefits and applications. Although designing and implementing m-government
brings up some of challenges to governments like privacy and security, and accessibility, it is an
important addition to E-government domain.

Mohamed Dewa and Irina Zlotnikova July 2014 in their research paper variable like: e-
Government services, e-Government Maturity Models, ICT infrastructure, ICT usage, human
capital, trust. E-Government services make government operations and processes more
transparent and more effective for citizens and businesses. They also provide a variety of
benefits for the community at large such as reducing services' time and connecting businesses
and citizens to government information at any time. However, the use of e-Government services
depends on the citizens’ readiness and attitudes towards these services. This paper identifies the
degree of the citizens’ readiness for e-Government services in Tanzania. The factors which
influence the citizens’ readiness for e-Government services were identified. This study has
identified the degree to which citizens are ready to use e-Government services in Tanzania.
Factors influencing citizens’ readiness were identified and analyzed. The identified factors
include the following: ICT infrastructure, ICT usage, and human capital, citizens’ awareness of
e-Government services, and trust and confidence in e-Government services security. Data were
collected through questionnaires, processed and analyzed using the SPSS software. The overall
results show that majority of citizens are not yet ready to adopt e-Government services because
of the following reasons: improper and limited access to the ICT infrastructure especially in rural
areas; citizens’ resistance towards adopting digital technology; lack of citizens’ awareness about
available e-Government services; citizens’ preference of using the face-to-face service delivery;
poor ICT skills; and absence of trust and confidence towards the information security measures
used to protect e-Government services.

Tony Dwi Susanto and Robert Goodwin 7 May 2010 in their research paper SMS-based e-
government refers to the use of Short Messaging Service (SMS) technology to enhance the
access to and the delivery of government services or public services. The service provider of
SMS-based e-government could be a government organization, a non-government organization,
or a government organization which collaborates with private companies (such as mobile
operators, content providers, or bank). SMS-based e-government could be delivered as Listen,
Notification, Pull-based Information, Communication, Transaction, or Integration services.
Listen is a one-way communication from citizens to government which enables citizens to send
opinions, reports, or complaints via SMS. Notification is the reverse one-way communication
from government to citizens, which enables government to broadcast important information to
the public. Common motivations of governments to provide SMS-based e-government services
are the popularity and the characteristics of SMS technology. Based on the facts that current
penetration of mobile phones and SMS are very high, SMS is simple in use, low in cost,
extensive in infrastructure, and able to reach SMS users any time anywhere even in areas with no
Internet access, it is believed that SMS-based e-government could reach and enable more citizens
to use e-government services. This is particularly true in developing countries and rural areas in
developed countries. SMS-based e-Government has significantly reduced time and cost for
public services; introduced a cheaper, easier and faster information accessing channel; improved
transparency, accountability, communication and the relationship between government and
citizens; made the services and procedures easier for citizens to use; improved the district
political image; increased citizens participation; and promoted e-Democracy.

Hany Abdelghaffar, Yousra Magdy 4, April 2012 in their research paper variable like
Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease of Use, Compatibility, Social Influence, Awareness,
Personal connections, Face-to-face interactions, Trust, Internet Experience. Findings from the
empirical study provide some insights to researchers by contributing to the literature which
factors affect the youth intentions towards m-government services. Also, the study provides
some recommendations to practitioners in the e-government program to have successful e-
government services via mobile internet. The study found that increasing the youth awareness
significantly affects the youth intentions to use m-government services. Awareness is the first
step for users to know that the e-government delivers its services via mobile internet. Awareness
of the services should be combined with the feeling that there are perceived usefulness from
using such services. The usefulness of the m-government services can be achieved through
providing certain number of services that users mostly need such as providing vehicle fines
information via SMS. Findings showed that ease of using hypothesis is insignificant.

Till J. Winkler, Holger Ziekow and Martin Weinberg DECEMBER 2012 in their work they
provided insights on the benefits that urban sensing entails for local governments to
simultaneously foster citizen participation and improve urban service delivery. We chose the
example of a mobile reporting service and developed a simulation model that connects the
adoption and diffusion of such sensing application with urban deterioration, municipality-
internal defect processing and cost-related variables. The model has been validated based on a
case study of a large German municipal administration over 1.5 years. The evaluation produced a
detailed process analysis, a model instantiation, a simulation of different scenarios, a discussion
of further implementation-related aspects, and post-implementation learnings as well as an
estimation of the ‘real’ model parameters. The results of this research are multifaceted. The
detailed process analysis shows that the proposed quantitative simulation model generally fits to
the activities and responsibilities in urban complaints and defects management. Thus the model
captures the main characteristics of a real-world case well. Furthermore, it reveals that two
potential levers of process improvement, namely reduced loops for citizen inquiries and fewer
pre-inspections, can arise from the increased information capabilities (i.e., photo and location
data) of mobile reports. In course of the model instantiation, we provide reasonable parameters
for the proposed simulation model and demonstrate how it can be customized to the context of a
specific case municipality. The subsequent simulation of different scenarios suggests that the use
of mobile reporting can have substantial benefits in terms of available information (here:
detected infrastructure issues) and does not necessarily lead to greater cost compared to internal
defect reporting procedures.

Tony Dwi Susanto, and Robert Goodwin 2010 in their research paper variable like e-
government, SMS, acceptance factors, six Level model of SMS-based e-government, technology
adoption, users’ behaviour, public services. SMS-based e-government services, local authorities
should consider the expectations and the perceptions of citizens toward using the services. This
study indicates that whether or not citizens adopt SMS-based e-government services is
influenced bythe fifteen beliefs about using SMS-based e-government services: perceived ease of
use; perceived efficiency in time and distance; perceived value for money; perceived
convenience; perceived availability of device and infrastructure; perceived usefulness; perceived
responsiveness; perceived relevance, quality and reliability of the information; trust in the SMS
technology; perceived risk to user privacy; perceived reliability of the mobile network and the
SMS-based system; trust in the government and perceived quality of public services; perceived
risk to money; perceived compatibility; and self-efficacy in using SMS. Common factors which
discourage citizens adoption of available SMS-based e-government services include: perceived
usefulness, perceived responsiveness, perceived relevance, quality and reliability of the
information, trust in the SMS technology, perceived risk to user privacy; perceived reliability of
the mobile network and the SMS-based system, trust in the government and perceived quality of
public services, perceived risk to money, perceived compatibility, and self-efficacy on using
SMS.

Prof. Samita Kher, Shruti Chandak, Nilisha Kothari, Rohan Desai 10 January 2018 in their
research paper variable like Digitalization, Empower, Awareness. With the launch of Digital
India Programme, the government is taking a big step forward to transform the country into a
digitally empowered knowledge economy. Includes various schemes worth over Rs 1 lakh crore
like Digital Locker, e-eduction, e-health, e-sign and national scholarship portal. BharatNet in 11
states and Next Generation Network (NGN), are also a part of Digital India initiative. The
programme includes projects that aim to ensure that government services are available to citizens
electronically and people get benefit of the latest information and communication technology.
The Ministry of Communications and IT is the nodal agency to implement the programme. The
Digital India initiative seeks to lay emphasis on e-governance and transform India into a digitally
empowered society. Government of India has launch the “Digital India” initiative to develop a
digitally empowered society and to digitally integrate the government departments and the
citizens of India. It aims at ensuring the government services are made available to people of
India electronically. They conclude that, most of the people are aware about the initiative but do
not know the details and services of Digital India. There exists a huge potential to increase the
contribution of the youth for this initiative to be successful and the government should start
spreading awareness.

Ankita Chandra January 2018 in their research paper variable like Mobile technology;
Digitization. The significance of mobile technology among the masses in our country has been a
mile stone in Indian economy and e- governance. Its ever increasing use has been of tremendous
significance. Just after demonetization in India, the Central Government has launched many
mobile apps for the convenience of citizens which has started showing significant change in the
society. Researcher have observed that Mobile government apps have been launched by different
agencies to develop, test and launch different programs on mobile phone and services for the
public. I have found out that the young generation have become more aware of different apps
and prefer to use them. People by and large use mobile phones for accessing internet. They
prefer e-governance sites to participate in day today activities of the Government. Most of the
population is using online RTI and Swachh Bharat service of e-governance. Digital technologies
have emerged as a powerful tool for rapid economic growth and citizens’ empowerment across
the globe.

Till Winkler, Natalia Lvova and Oliver Günther 10-6-2011 in their research paper variable
like E-Government, Mobile Government, Municipal level, Drivers and inhibitors, IT
organization, IT governance, Grounded theory, Content analysis, Case studies. M-government
can be defined as a strategy and its implementation involving the utilization of all kinds of
wireless and mobile technology, services, applications and devices for improving benefits to the
parties involved in e-government. Akin to e-government, m-government may have different foci.
For the purpose of this work we distinguish between three main interaction patterns:
government-to-citizen (G2C), government-to-business (G2B), and government-to-government.
Challenges and success factors of m-government adoption are widely discussed in e-government
research. This work used a multi method qualitative approach to explore the factors that make
public sector institutions differ in their adoption behavior of mobile government services. We
condensed these factors in a novel and empirically well-grounded framework and demonstrated
how to apply such framework in four case examples. This concept helps us demonstrate that only
those public sector institutions will succeed in transformational projects such as m-government,
who are able to effectively connect responsibilities for IT and organization. Literature by a
currently underrepresented aspect in e-government research and provide appropriate mid-range
theory for m-government adoption on municipal level.

Till J. Winkler, Oliver Günther, Guillaume Trouvilliez, and Henry Hirsch 5-15-2012 in
their research paper variable like Urban sensing, Citizen participation, E-Government, Mobile
government, Mobile reporting, Technology acceptance, Instrument development, Field survey,
Partial least squares. This research paper researcher investigated the citizens’ acceptance of
urban sensing applications, based on the example of a mobile reporting service. For this purpose,
we concretized a technology acceptance model (TAM) to our specific context and extended it by
the three external variables environmental awareness, willingness to participate, and mobile
literacy. Empirical tests employing the partial least squares method (PLS) and data from 200
potential adopters support the psychometric validity and significance of all three constructs.
Most prominently, mobile literacy emerges as an important anchor not only for the ease of use
perception, but ultimately also for perceived usefulness and intention to use novel mobile
services such as urban sensing. Regarding our focal question, we contend that indeed there seems
to be a significant link between the citizens’ willingness to participate in public affairs and the
use of urban sensing. However, this link is slightly outweighed by the individual’s environmental
awareness, suggesting that opportunistic and utilitarian motivations will still prevail in the use of
urban sensing. Besides these results, we were unable to replicate the findings of previous studies
stating that trust, more specifically perceived privacy risk, plays an important role in the adoption
of mobile services. We attribute this finding to the given scenario of a municipal reporting
service and conclude that privacy risks seem not to be a significant barrier to adoption of public
mobile offerings.