An a

fortiori argument is
an "argument from a
stronger reason",
meaning that,
a fortiori from stronger /ˌeɪ fɔːrtiˈoʊraɪ, ˌeɪ fɔːrʃiˈoʊraɪ/
because one fact is
true, a second
(related and
included) fact must
also be true.

Divorce a mensa et
a mensa et from table thoro indicates legal
/ˌeɪ ˈmɛnsə ɛt ˈθoʊroʊ/
thoro and bed separation without
legal divorce.

An argument
a posteriori from later derived from /ˌeɪ ˌpɒstiːrioʊraɪ/
subsequent event.

An argument
a priori from earlier derived from /ˌeɪ praɪoʊraɪ/
previous event.

Regarding a court
below in an appeal,
either a court of first
a quo from which instance or an /ˌeɪ ˈkwoʊ/
appellate court,
known as the
court a quo.

Concerning a case,
a person may have
received some
funding from a 3rd
ab extra from outside /ˌæb ˈɛkstrə/
party.
This funding may
have been
considered ab extra.

ab initio from the "Commonly used /ˌæb ɪˈnɪʃioʊ/

beginning referring to the time
a contract, statute,
marriage, or deed
become legal. e.g.
 The couple was
covered ab initio by
her health policy."[1]

"Presenting the
negative portion of
a plea when
absque hoc without this
pleading at common
by way a special
traverse."[1]

Part of what proves

actus reus guilty act criminal liability /ˌæktəs ˈriːəs/
(with mens rea).

Abbreviated
from Cuius est
solum eius est
usque ad coelum et
ad infernos which
translates to "[for]
whoever owns [the]
soil, [it] is his all the
ad coelum to the sky /ˌæd ˈsiːləm/
way [up] to Heaven
and [down] to Hell."
The principle that
the owner of a
parcel of land also
owns the air above
and the ground
below the parcel.

ad colligenda to collect the

bona goods

Generally signifies a
solution designed
for a specific
problem or task,
ad hoc for this non-generalizable, /ˌæd ˈhɒk/
and not intended to
be able to be
adapted to other
purposes.

ad hominem at the person Attacking an /ˌæd ˈhɒmɪnɛm/

 opponent's
character rather
than answering his
argument.

to the same
ad idem In agreement. /ˌæd ˈaɪdəm/
thing

ad infinitum to infinity To continue forever. /ˌæd ɪnfɪˈnaɪtəm/

Describes those
designated to
represent parties
deemed incapable
ad litem for the case /ˌæd ˈlaɪtɛm/
of representing
themselves, such as
a child or
incapacitated adult.

Used in tort law.
Implies that the
ad quod according to reward or penalty
damnum the harm ought to correspond
to the damage
suffered or inflicted.

according to
ad valorem /ˌæd vəˈloʊrɛm/
value

When an assembly
adjournment adjournment adjourns without
/ˌsaɪni ˈdaɪi/
sine die without a day setting a date for its
next meeting.

A formal statement
affidavit he has sworn /ˌæfɪˈdeɪvɪt/
of fact.

A second identity
alter ego another I living within a
person.

amicus curiae friend of the A person who offers /əˈmaɪkəs ˈkjuːrii/

 information to a
court court regarding a
case before it.

animus contractual
Intention to contract.
contrahendi intent

The subjective state

of mind of the
author of a crime,
with reference to the
animus intention to
exact knowledge of
nocendi harm
illegal content of his
behaviour, and of its
possible
consequences.

"In order to claim

possessory rights,
an individual must
animus intention to establish physical
possidendi possess control of the res
and the intention to
possess (i.e. animus
possidendi)"[2]

"Wild animals, such

as bees and homing
pigeons, that by
animus intention to habit go 'home' to
revertendi return their possessor.
Used when
discussing ferae
naturae."[2]

“An antenuptial
agreement is a
contract between
ante before
two people that is
executed before
marriage.”

for the sake

(in) arguendo
of argument

bona fide in good faith Implies sincere /ˈboʊnə ˈfaɪdi/

 good intention
regardless of
outcome.

ownerless
bona vacantia
goods

Indicates that a
settlement to a
Cadit the question dispute or issue has
quaestio falls been reached, and
the issue is now
resolved.

The justification for

Casus belli case of war /ˈkeɪsəs ˈbɛlaɪ/
acts of war.

When used by itself,

May he refers to a
Caveat
beware qualification, or
warning.

In addition to the
general warning,
also refers to a legal
doctrine wherein a
Caveat Let the buyer buyer could not get
/ˈkæviæt ˈɛmptɔːr/
emptor beware relief from a seller
for defects present
on property which
rendered it unfit for
use.

A type
to be
Certiorari of writ seeking judici /ˌsɜːrʃiəˈreɪraɪ, ˌsɜːrʃiəˈreɪri/
apprised
al review.

More commonly
with other
Ceteris rendered in English
things the /ˌsɛtərɪs ˈpærɪbəs/
paribus as "All other things
same
being equal."

compos having Of sound mind. Also /ˈkɒmpɒs ˈmɛntɪs/

mentis command of used in the negative
 "Non compos
mind mentis", meaning
"Not of sound mind".

A condition An indispensable
condicio sine without which and essential action,
qua non it could not condition, or
be ingredient.

Meeting of the
minds, mutual
assent, or
concurrence of wills.
Parties must be of
consensus ad agreement to
one mind and their
idem the same
promises must
relate to the same
subject or
object[3] Also consen
sus in idem.

Used in case
citations to indicate
that the cited source
contra against
directly contradicts
the point being
made.

Used when a court

or tribunal hands
against the down a decision that
contra legem
law is contrary to the
laws of the
governing state.

A contradiction
contradictio in contradiction
between parts of an
adjecto in itself
argument.

contra against the Used in contract

proferentem one bringing law to stipulate that
forth an ambiguous term
in a contract shall
be interpreted
against the interests
of the party that
insisted upon the
 term's inclusion.
Prevents the
intentional additions
of ambiguous
terminology from
being exploited by
the party who
insisted on its
inclusion.

Refers to a legal
proceeding without
before one
coram non a judge, or with a
who is not a
judice judge who does not
judge
have proper
jurisdiction.

A person cannot be
convicted of a
body of the crime, unless it can
corpus delicti /ˈkɔːrpəs dɪˈlɪktaɪ/
crime be proven that the
crime was even
committed.

The complete
collection of laws of
corpus juris body of law /ˈkɔːrpəs ˈdʒuːrɪs/
a particular
jurisdiction or court.

The complete
collection of civil
laws of a particular
corpus juris body of civil
jurisdiction or court. /ˈkɔːrpəs ˈdʒuːrɪs sɪˈvaɪlɪs/
civilis law
Also sometimes
used to refer to the
Code of Justinian.

body of the The complete

corpus juris
law of collection of
gentium
nations international law.

An encyclopedia of
US law drawn from
corpus juris
US Federal and
secundum
State court
decisions.
 crime of
crimen falsi Forgery.
falsifying

Suggests that the

perpetrator(s) of a
crime can often be
found by
investigating those
as a benefit
cui bono who would have
to whom?
benefited financially
from the crime, even
if it is not
immediately
obvious.

Signifies the intent

of a court to
the court
curia advisari consider the points
wishes to
vult of law argued during
consider
advocacy, prior to
judgement.

Specifies that
larceny was taking
place in addition to
de bonis carrying
any other crime
asportatis goods away
named. E.g.
"trespass de bonis
asportatis".

Complete
annihilation of a
debellatio warring down warring party,
bringing about the
end of the conflict.

Assets of an estate
remaining after the
death (or removal)
of the designated
estate administrator.
de bonis non of goods not
An "administrator de
administratis administered
bonis non
administratis" will
then be appointed to
dispose of these
goods.
 Generally refers to a
type of labor in
from day to which the worker is
de die in diem
day paid fully at the
completion of each
day's work.

Literally "from fact";

often used to mean
something that is
true in practice, but
has not been
de facto in fact
officially instituted or
endorsed. "For all
intents and
purposes". Cf. de
jure.

concerning
de futuro At a future date.
the future

Often used to mean

concerning "start it all over", in
de integro
the whole the context of
"repeat de integro".

Literally "from law";

something that is
established in law,
according to
de jure whether or not it is
law
true in general
practice. Cf. de
facto.

Used in the context

of "how the law
de lege of the law as
should be", such as
ferenda it should be
for proposed
legislation.

Concerning the law

as it exists, without
of the law as
de lege lata consideration of
it is
how things should
be.
 Various legal areas
about the
concerning small
de minimis smallest
amounts or small
things
degrees.

Social convention
that it is
Of the dead,
inappropriate to
de mortuis nil [speak]
speak ill of the
nisi bonum nothing
recently deceased,
unless good
even if they were an
enemy.

Often used in the

context of "trial de
novo" – a new trial
de novo anew ordered when the
previous one failed
to reach a
conclusion.

The gods Blasphemy is a

deorum
take care of crime against the
injuriae diis
injuries to the State, rather than
curae
gods against God.

A statement given
some weight or
consideration due to
dictum (thing) said
the respect given
the person making
it.

Presumption that
young children or
persons with
incapable of
doli incapax diminished mental
guilt
capacity cannot
form the intent to
commit a crime.

Heavily used in the

dolus Specific context
specialis deceit of genocide in
international law.
 Tame or
domesticated
animal. Also
domitae tame by
called mansuetae
naturae nature
naturae. Opposite
of ferae
naturae (below)

Gift causa mortis;
"The donor,
contemplating
imminent death,
declares words of
present gifting and
delivers the gift to
the donee or
donatio mortis
deathbed gift someone who
causa
clearly takes
possession on
behalf of the donee.
The gift becomes
effective at death
but remains
revocable until that
time."[2]

dramatis persons of
personae the drama

A "subpoena duces
tecum" is a
bring with
duces tecum summons to
you
produce physical
evidence for a trial.

Known as a "canon
of construction", it
states that when a
limited list of specific
things also includes
a more general
ejusdem of the same
class, that the scope
generis class
of that more general
class shall be
limited to other
items more like the
specific items in the
list.
eo nomine by that name

Refers to rights or
erga omnes towards all obligations that are
owed towards all.

ergo therefore

having been
erratum
made in error

Abbreviation of et
et al. and others alii, meaning "and
others".

Generally used in
and other
et cetera the sense of "and so
things
forth".

Abbreviation of et
sequens, meaning
"and the following
and the ones". Used in
et seq. following citations to indicate
things that the cited portion
extends to the
pages following the
cited page.

Usually used
instead of naming a
et uxor and wife /ˌɛt ˈʌksɔːr/
man's wife as a
party in a case.

Usually used
instead of naming a
et vir and husband /ˌɛt ˈvɜːr/
woman's husband
as a party in a case.

ex aequo et of equity and Usually defined as

bono [the] good "what is right and
good." Used to
describe the power
 of a judge or arbiter
to consider only
what is fair and
good for the specific
case, and not
necessarily what the
law may require. In
courts, usually only
done if all parties
agree.

Essentially meaning
"before the event",
ex ante of before usually used when /ˌɛks ˈænti/
forecasting future
events.

Where chair refers
to authority or
from the
ex cathedra position. Authority
chair
derived from one's
position.

Also known as
from what
"argument from
has been
ex concessis commitment", a type
conceded
of valid ad
already
hominem argument.

from a The consequence of

ex delicto
transgression a crime or tort.

part of the title of the

old action of
ex from a
ejectment
demissione transgression
Jones v. Doe ex
dem. Smith

If a contract is
blatantly and
obviously incorrect
or illegal, it can be
ex facie on the face
considered void ex
facie without any
further analysis or
arguments.
 good
ex fida bona business
norms

Something done
voluntarily and with
ex gratia by favor no expectation of a
legal liability arising
therefrom.

Something done or
from the realized by the fact
ex officio
office of holding an office
or position.

A decision reached,
or case brought, by
from [for] one
ex parte or for one party
party
without the other
party being present.

Based on
ex post from after knowledge of the
past.

from a thing
Commonly said as
ex post facto done
"after the fact."
afterward

A retroactive law.
E.g. a law that
ex post facto
makes illegal an act
law
that was not illegal
when it was done.

Commonly spoken
ex proprio by [one's]
as "by one's own
motu own motion
accord."

ex rel [arising] out Abbreviation of ex

of the relatione. Used
narration [of when the
the relator] government brings a
case that arises
 from the information
conveyed to it by a
third party
("relator").

for the sake Usually abbreviated

exempli gratia
of example "e.g.".

Term used in
contract law to
specify terms that
are voided or
ex tunc from then
confirmed in effect
from the execution
of the contract.
Cf. ex nunc.

Term used in
contract law to
specify terms that
are voided or
confirmed in effect
ex nunc from now on
only in the future
and not prior to the
contract, or its
adjudication. Cf. ex
tunc.

Refers to things that

are currently
existing at a given
extant existing
point, rather than
things that are no
longer so.

1. an assured
statement made; 2.
completion of a will
and all its parts to
factum deed make it valid and
legal; 3). book of
facts and law
presented in a
Canadian court.

facio ut facias I do, that you A type of contract

may do wherein one party
 agrees to do work
for the other, in
order that the
second party can
then perform some
work for the first in
exchange.

A concept in treaty
law that prefers the
favor favor of the maintaining of a
contractus contract contract over letting
it expire for purely
procedural reasons.

A suicide. This
archaic term stems
from
English common
law, where suicide
felon of
felo de se was legally a felony,
himself
thus a person who
committed suicide
was treated as a
felon for purposes of
estate disposal.

Wild animals
residing on
unowned property
wild animals do not belong to any
ferae naturae
by nature party in a dispute on
the land. Opposite
of domitae
naturae (above).

A warrant issued by
Let it be
fiat a judge for some
done.
legal proceedings.

fieri facias May you A writ ordering the

cause to be local law
done. enforcement to
ensure that
damages awarded
by the court are
properly recovered.
 A writ of execution.

When determining
whether a chattel is
fortis
strong a fixture: "size
attachiamentu
attachment, doesn't matter, how
m, validior
the stronger much or degree
praesumption
presumption chattel is attached
em
to 'land' and to
'what' "

A concept wherein a
court refuses to
hear a particular
forum non disagreeable
matter, citing a more /ˈfoʊrəm nɒn kənˈviːniɛnz/
conveniens forum
appropriate forum
for the issue to be
decided.

Refers to having a
fumus boni smoke of a
sufficient legal basis
iuris good right
to bring legal action.

A person, court,
statute, or legal
having document that has
functus officio performed no legal authority,
his office because its original
legal purpose has
been fulfilled.

things The basic element

gravamen weighing or complaint of a /ɡrəˈveɪmɛn/
down lawsuit.

An independent
party appointed
in family
law disputes to
represent parties
guardian ad guardian for
that cannot
litem the case
represent
themselves, such as
minors,
developmentally
disabled, or elderly.
 A writ used to
challenge the
legality of detention.
Orders the detaining
May you
habeas party to "have the
have the /ˈheɪbiəs ˈkɔːrpəs/
corpus (living) body" of the
body.
detained brought
before the court
where the detention
will be investigated.

A party considered
hostis humani enemy of the to be the enemy of
generis human race all nations, such as
maritime pirates.

An authorization for
a document to be
printed. Used in the
Let it be
imprimatur context of approval
printed.
by a religious body
or other censoring
authority.

A legal proceeding
conducted without
the presence of one
party is said to be
conducted in
in absentia in absence
absentia,
e.g., trial  in
absentia or being
sentenced in
absentia.

Often used
at the in probate law, as
in articulo
moment of well as for testimony
mortis
death in the sense of
a dying declaration.

Conducted in
in the private, or in secret.
in camera
chamber The opposite of in
open court.
 Conducted in open
in curia in court court. The opposite
of in camera.

Actually existing in
in esse in existence reality. Opposite
of in posse.

In extended form, or
at full length. Often
used to refer to
publication of
in the
in extenso documents, where it
extended
means the full
unabridged
document is
published.

In extreme
circumstances.
in the
in extremis Often used to refer
extreme
to "at the point of
death."

Caught in the actual

act of committing a
crime. Often used
as a euphemism for
a couple caught in
in flagrante in blazing
the act of sexual
delicto offense
intercourse, though
it technically refers
to being "caught in
the act" of any
misdeed.

in forma in the Someone unable to /ɪn ˌfɔːrmə ˈpɔːpərɪs/

pauperis manner of a afford the costs
pauper associated with a
legal proceeding. As
this will not be a
barrier to seeking
justice, such
persons are given in
forma
pauperis status
(usually abbreviated
IFP), wherein most
 costs are waived or
substantially
reduced.

Refers to things to
come, or things that
may occur later but
are not so now. As
in futuro in the future in in futuro debts, /ɪn fjuːˈtjuːroʊ/
i.e. debts which
become due and
payable in the
future.

Used when
including text in a
complaint verbatim,
where its
in these
in haec verba appearance in that
words
form is germane to
the case, or is
required to be
included.

A motion to a judge
in a case that is
at the heard and
in limine
threshold considered outside
the presence of the
jury.

Used to refer to a
person or entity
assuming the
normal parental
responsibilities for a
minor. This can be
in loco in the place used in transfers of
/ɪn ˌloʊkoʊ pəˈrɛntɪs/
parentis of a parent legal guardianship,
or in the case of
schools or other
institutions that act
in the place of the
parents on a day-to-
day basis.

in mitius in the milder A type of retroactive

law that
 decriminalizes
offenses committed
in the past. Also
known as
an amnesty law.

Used to mean "in

every respect."
in omnibus in all Something applying
to every aspect of a
situation.

Used when both

in equal
in pari delicto parties to a case are
offense
equally at fault.

Refers to a situation
where a law or
statute may be
ambiguous, and
in the same
in pari materia similar laws
matter
applying to the
matter are used to
interpret the vague
one.

Used in the context

of "directed at this
particular person",
refers to a
in personam in person judgement or
subpoena directed
at a specific named
individual. Cf. in
rem.

in pleno in full

One who represents

themselves in court
in prope on one's own
without the [official]
persona person
assistance of an
attorney.

in propria in one's own Alternate form of in

persona proper prope persona. One
 who represents
themselves in court
person without the [official]
assistance of an
attorney.

Used in the title of a

decision or
comment to identify
the matter they are
related to; usually
used for a case
where the
proceeding is in
rem or quasi in
rem and not in
personam (e.g.
in the matter
in re probate or bankrupt /ɪn ˈriː/
[of]
estate,
guardianship,
application for laying
out a public
highway) and
occasionally for
an ex
parte proceeding
(e.g. application for
a writ of habeas
corpus).

Used in the context

of a case against
property, as
opposed to a
in rem about a thing /ɪn ˈrɛm/
particular person.
See also in rem
jurisdiction. Cf. in
personam.

Often used in the

context of decisions
or rulings about a
in situ in position property or thing /ɪn ˈsaɪtjuː, ɪn ˈsɪtjuː/
"left in place" after
the case as it was
before.

in terrorem in order to A warning or threat

frighten to sue, made in the
hopes of convincing
 the other party to
take action to avoid
a lawsuit.

A clause in a will
that threatens any
in clause "in party who contests
terrorem claus order to the will with being
e frighten" disinherited. Also
called a no-contest
clause.

in toto in total /ɪn ˈtoʊtoʊ/

Often used in
copyright notices.
Refers to distinctive
indicia indications
markings that
identify a piece of
intellectual property.

below or
infra
under

An intimation about
someone or
something, made
indirectly or vaguely
suggesting the thing
innuendo by nodding
being implied. Often
used when the
implied thing is
negative or
derogatory.

Used to indicate an
item cited has been
among
inter alia pulled from a larger /ˌɪntər ˈeɪliə/
others
or more complete
list.

inter rusticos among Refers to contract,

rustics debts, or other
agreements made
between parties
who are not legal
 professionals.

Refers to obligations
between members
of the same group
amongst or party,
inter se
themselves differentiated from
the whole party's
obligations to
another party.

Refers to a gift or
other non-sale
transfer between
between the living parties. This is
inter vivos /ˌɪntər ˈvaɪvɒs/
living in contrast to a will,
where the transfer
takes effect upon
one party's death.

intra within

within the This term refers to a

intra fauces
jaws of the nation's territorial
terrae
land waters.

Used in various
contexts to refer to
intra legem within the law
the legal foundation
for a thing.

Something done
which requires legal
within the authority, and the
intra vires
powers act is performed
accordingly.
Cf. ultra vires.

An assertion given
undue weight solely
He himself
ipse dixit by virtue of the /ˈɪpsi ˈdɪksɪt/
said it.
person making the
assertion.
 Referring to a
ipsissima the very document or ruling
verba words that is being quoted
by another.

Used in the context

that one event is a
direct and
by the fact
ipso facto immediate /ˈɪpsoʊ ˈfæktoʊ/
itself
consequence of
another. "In and of
itself."

ipso jure the law itself By operation of law.

Appears at the end

of an affidavit,
where the party
making the
affirmation signs the
jurat (He) swears
oath, and the
information on
whom the oath was
sworn before is
placed.

jus law, right Essentially: law.

jus right of Right of

accrescendi survivorship survivorship: In
property law, on the
death of one joint
tenant, that tenant's
interest passes
automatically to the
surviving tenant(s)
to hold jointly until
the estate is held by
a sole tenant. The
only way to defeat
the right of
survivorship is to
sever the joint
tenancy during the
lifetime of the
parties, the right of
survivorship takes
priority over a will or
 interstate accession
rules.[2]

Refers to legalities
considered before
entering into a war,
to ensure it is legal
to go to war initially.
jus ad bellum laws to war Not to be confused
with ius in
bello (q.v.), the
"laws of war"
concerning how war
is carried out.

A codified set of
laws concerning
jus civile civil law citizenry, and how
the laws apply to
them.

Internationally
agreed laws that
bear no deviation,
and do not require
compelling
jus cogens treaties to be in
law
effect. An example
is law
prohibiting genocide
.

Customary
law followed by all
nations. Nations
being at peace with
law of one another, without
jus gentium
nations having to have an
actual peace treaty
in force, would be
an example of this
concept.

Laws governing the

jus in bello law in war conduct of parties in
war.
 Laws governing
jus inter law between treaties and
gentes the peoples international
agreements.

Laws common to all

people, that the
average person
jus naturale natural law would find
reasonable,
regardless of their
nationality.

Supposed right of
the lord of an estate
jus primae right of the to take the virginity
noctis first night of women in his
estate on their
wedding night.

Social law concept

wherein citizenship
of a nation is
jus sanguinis right of blood determined by /ˈdʒʌs ˈsæŋɡwɪnɪs/
having one or both
parents being
citizens.

Social law concept

wherein citizenship
jus soli right of soil of a nation is /ˈdʒʌs ˈsoʊlaɪ/
determined by place
of birth.

Arguments made by
a third party in
disputes over
possession, the
law of the intent of which is to
jus tertii
third question one of the
principal parties'
claims of ownership
or rights to
ownership.

lacunae void, gap A situation arising

that is not covered
 by any law.
Generally used in
International Law,
as all countries
codify according to
their own systems of
law.

Alternate form of jus

commune. Refers to
common facets of
lex communis common law
civil law that
underlie all aspects
of the law.

The law as it has

lex lata the law borne
been enacted.

The law of the

country, state, or
locality where the
matter under
the law of the litigation took place.
lex loci /ˈlɛks ˈloʊkaɪ/
place Usually used in
contract law, to
determine which
laws govern the
contract.

Law that specifically

codifies something,
as opposed
lex scripta written law
to common
law or customary
law.

An aspect of
a unanimous
voting system,
liberum veto free veto whereby any
member can end
discussion on a
proposed law.

lingua franca the Frankish A language

language common to an area
that is spoken by all,
 even if not their
mother tongue.
Term derives from
the name given to a
common
language used by
traders in the
Mediterranean basin
dating from the
Middle Ages.

Refers to requesting
a legal dispute be
heard that is also
being heard by
lawsuit
lis alibi another court. To
elsewhere
pendens avoid possibly
pending
contradictory
judgements, this
request will not be
granted.

Often used in the

context of public
announcements of
lis pendens suit pending legal proceedings to
come.
Compare pendente
lite (below).

locus place

Shorthand version
of Lex locus delcti
place of the
locus delicti commissi. The
crime
"scene of the
crime".

The location where

the place in
locus in quo a cause of action
which
arose.

When one party

locus place of withdraws from a
poenitentiae repentance contract before all
parties are bound.
 The right of a party
place of to appear and be
locus standi /ˈloʊkəs ˈstændaɪ/
standing heard before a
court.

A condition of being
fraudulent or
mala fide (in) bad faith
deceptive in act or
belief.

Something
considered a
wrong in universal wrong or
malum in se
itself evil, regardless of
the system of laws
in effect.

Something wrong or
illegal by virtue of it
malum prohibited being expressly
prohibitum wrong prohibited, that
might not otherwise
be so.

A writ issue by a
higher court to a
lower one, ordering
that court or related
officials to perform
mandamus we command some administrative /mænˈdeɪməs/
duty. Often used in
the context of legal
oversight of
government
agencies.

A body of water
under the
jurisdiction of a state
mare clausum closed sea or nation, to which /ˈmeɪri ˈklɔːzəm/
access is not
permitted, or is
tightly regulated.

mare liberum open sea A body of water

open to all. Typically
a synonym for
 International
Waters, or in other
legal parlance, the
"High Seas".

One of the
requirements for a
crime to be
committed, the other
being actus reus,
the guilt act. This
mens rea guilty mind essentially is the /ˈmɛns ˈriːə/
basis for the notion
that those without
sufficient mental
capability cannot be
judged guilty of a
crime.

A person's particular
way of doing things.
Used when
modus manner of using behavioral /ˈmoʊdəs ɒpəˈrændaɪ, ˈmoʊdəs ɒpə
operandi operation analysis while ˈrændi/
investigating a
crime. Often
abbreviated "M.O."

Gift or trust that is

in
made in
mortis causa contemplatio
contemplation of
n of death
death.

That which is the

custom for
mos pro lege usual custom has
law
the force of law.

Motions offered at
the start of a trial,
motion in motion at the often to suppress or
limine start pre-allow certain
evidence or
testimony.

mutatis having A caution to a

mutandis changed [the reader when using
things that] one example to
 illustrate a related
but slightly different
situation. The
caution is that the
needed to be reader must adapt
changed the example to
change what is
needed for it to
apply to the new
situation.

Shortened version
of ne exeat
repiblica: "let him
not exit the
let him not
republic". A writ to
ne exeat exit [the /ˈniː ˈɛksiæt/
prevent one party to
republic]
a dispute from
leaving (or being
taken) from the
court's jurisdiction.

It is a principle
"no-one
of double
Nemo debet should be
jeopardy (autrefois
bis vexari (pro tried twice (in
acquit) where a
una et eadem respect to
person should not
causa) the same
be tried twice on the
matter)"
same matter.

It is a principle of
"no-one
natural justice that
Nemo iudex should be a
no person can judge
in causa sua judge in his
a case in which they
own case."
have an interest.

A judgement
rendered in the
absence of a plea,
He says
nihil dicit or in the event one
nothing.
party refuses to
cooperate in the
proceedings.

nisi unless A decree that does /ˈnaɪsaɪ/

not enter into force
unless some other
specified condition
 is met.

Refers to the court

of original
nisi prius unless first /ˈnaɪsaɪ ˈpraɪəs/
jurisdiction in a
given matter.

A statement from
the prosecution that
they are voluntarily
not to
nolle prosequi discontinuing (or will /ˈnɒli ˈprɒsɪkwaɪ/
prosecute
not initiate)
prosecution of a
matter.

A type of plea
whereby the
defendant neither
nolo I do not wish admits nor denies
/ˈnoʊloʊ kɒnˈtɛndɪri/
contendere to dispute the charge.
Commonly
interpreted as "No
contest."

In the case where a

contract imposes
specific obligations
on both parties, one
of a non- side cannot sue the
non adimpleti
completed other for failure to
contractus
contract meet their
obligations, if the
plaintiff has not
themselves met
their own.

not in
Not having mental
non compos possession
capacity to perform
mentis of [one's]
some legal act
mind

non constat It is not Refers to

certain. information given by
one who is not
supposed to give
testimony, such as
an attorney bringing
 up new information
that did not come
from a witness.
Such information is
typically nullified.

A method whereby
a signatory to a
contract can
invalidate it by
showing that his
non est It is not [my]
signature to the
factum deed.
contract was made
unintentionally or
without full
understanding of the
implications.

Reported by a
sheriff on writ when
non est He is not the defendant
inventus found. cannot be found in
his county or
jurisdiction.

A type of verdict
where positive guilt
or innocence cannot
non liquet It is not clear. be determined. Also
called "not proven"
in legal systems
with such verdicts.

A circumstance
where the judge
non obstante notwithstandi may override the
verdicto ng the verdict jury verdict and
reverse or modify
the decision.

A break in causation
(and therefore
a new action probably liability)
novus actus
coming because something
interveniens
between else has happened
to remove the
causal link.
 An ambiguous word
or term can be
clarified by
considering the
noscitur a It is known
whole context in
sociis by friends.
which it is used,
without having to
define the term
itself.

A term used to
direct the reader to
cautionary or
nota bene note well
qualifying
statements for the
main text.

An unenforceable
promise, due to the
nudum naked absence
pactum promise of consideration or
value exchanged for
the promise.

Notation made
when a defendant
has no tangible
nulla bona no goods property available to
be seized in order to
comply with a
judgement.

An action by a court
to correct a previous
nunc pro tunc now for then
procedural or
clerical error.

obiter dictum a thing said In law, an

in passing observation by a
judge on some point
of law not directly
relevant to the case
before him, and thus
neither requiring his
decision nor serving
as a precedent, but
nevertheless of
persuasive
 authority. In general,
any comment,
remark or
observation made in
passing.

onus probandi Burden of proof.

Used to say
'contrary to the
opinion of.' It is a
polite way of
pace with peace /ˈpɑːtʃeɪ/
marking a speaker's
disagreement with
someone or some
body of thought.

Used when both

par delictum equal fault parties to a dispute
are at fault.

Refers to the power

of the State to act
parens parent of the as parent to a child
patriae nation when the legal
parents are unable
or unwilling.

Equal ranking, equal

on equal priority (usually
pari passu
footing referring to
creditors).

Court orders used to

provide relief until
the final judgement
while the is rendered.
pendente lite litigation is Commonly used in
pending divorce
proceedings. The
adverbial form of lis
pendens (above).

per capita by head Dividing money up

strictly and equally
according to the
 number of
beneficiaries

by that Legal shorthand for

per contra
against "in contrast to".

A decision delivered
by a multi-judge
panel, such as an
appellate court, in
which the decision
is said to be
through the
per curiam authored by the /ˌpɜːr ˈkjuːriæm/
court
court itself, instead
of situations where
those individual
judges supporting
the decision are
named.

A judgement given
by their
per incuriam without reference to
neglect
precedent.

Used as a defense,
through when illegal acts
per minas
threats were performed
under duress.

Employed when an
adult brings suit on
by or through behalf of a minor,
per proxima
the next who was unable to
amici
friend maintain an action
on his own behalf at
common law.

per quod by which Used in legal

documents in the
same sense as
"whereby". A per
quod statement is
typically used to
show that specific
acts had
consequences
which form the basis
 for the legal action.

Something that is,

per se by itself
as a matter of law.

An estate of a
decedent is
distributed per
stirpes, if each
per stirpes by branch
branch of the family
is to receive an
equal share of an
estate.

A condition given to
support requests for
periculum in danger in
urgent action, such
mora delay
as a protective order
or restraining order.

A person who is
officially considered
unwelcome by a
host country in
persona non unwelcome which they are /pərˈsoʊnə nɒn ˈɡrɑːtə, pərˈsoʊnə nɒn ˈ
grata person residing in a ɡreɪtə/
diplomatic capacity.
The person is
typically expelled to
their home country.

A body of armed
citizens pressed into
posse power of the service by legal
/ˈpɒsi ˌkɒmɪˈteɪtəs/
comitatus county authority, to keep
the peace or pursue
a fugitive.

Refers to
an autopsy, or as a
post mortem after death qualification as to
when some event
occurred.

post mortem after the Used in reference to

auctoris author's intellectual property
 rights, which usually
death are based around
the author's lifetime.

The Roman praetor

(magistrate)
praetor magistrate of
responsible for
peregrinus foreigners
matters involving
non-Romans.

A matter that
appears to be
prima facie at first face sufficiently based in /ˈpraɪmə ˈfeɪʃii/
the evidence as to
be considered true.

Professional work
pro bono for good /ˈproʊ ˈboʊnoʊ/
done for free.

pro bono for the public

/ˈproʊ ˈboʊnoʊ ˈpʌblɪkoʊ/
publico good

as a matter Things done as

pro forma
of form formalities.

Refers to a lawyer
who is allowed to
participate (only) in
a specific case,
pro hac vice for this turn
despite being in a
jurisdiction in which
he has not been
generally admitted.

abbreviation
Representing
of propria
oneself, without
persona,
pro per counsel. Also known
meaning
as pro
"one's own
se representation.
person"

pro rata from the rate A calculation

adjusted based on a
proportional value
 relevant to the
calculation. An
example would be a
tenant being
charged a portion of
a month's rent
based on having
lived there less than
a full month. The
amount charged
would be
proportional to the
time occupied.

Representing
oneself, without
pro se for himself counsel. Also known /ˌproʊ ˈsiː, ˌproʊ ˈseɪ/
as pro
per representation.

A partial payment of
an award or claim,
pro tanto for so much based on the
defendant's ability to
pay.

abbreviation
of pro
Something, such as
tempore,
pro tem an office held, that
meaning "for
is temporary.
the time
being"

Something, such as
for the time
pro tempore an office held, that
being
is temporary.

Refers to one
representing
themselves without
propria proper
the services of a
persona person
lawyer. Also known
as pro
per representation.

qua which; as In the capacity of.

 The question is
raised. Used to
declare that a
quaeritur It is sought.
question is being
asked in the
following verbiage.

Used in legal drafts

to call attention to
quaere query some uncertainty or
inconsistency in the
material being cited.

quantum how much

In contract law, a
quasi-contractual
remedy that permits
partial reasonable
payment for an
incomplete piece of
work (services
and/or materials),
assessed
proportionately,
where no price is
established when
the request is made.
[3]

as much as it
deserves; as In contract law, and
quantum
much as she in particular the
meruit
or he has requirement for
earned[3] consideration, if no
fixed price is agreed
upon for the service
and/or materials,
then one party
would request a
reasonable price for
the said services
and/or materials at
the end of the job. A
common example
would be a plumber
requested to fix a
leak in the middle of
the night.[3]

quantum as much as Under Common

valebant they were Law, a remedy to
worth compute reasonable
 damages when a
contract has been
breached – the
implied promise of
payment of a
reasonable price for
goods.
In contract law, for
requirements of
consideration,
reasonable worth for
goods delivered.
Usage: quantum
meruit has replaced
quantum valebant in
consideration;[3] in
the case of contract
remedy, quantum
valebant is being
used less, and could
be considered
obsolete.
Resembling or
being similar to
quasi as if something, without
actually being that
thing.
abbreviation
of qui tam
pro domino
rege quam
In a qui tam action,
pro se ipso
one who assists the
in hac parte
prosecution of a
sequitur,
qui tam case is entitled to a
meaning
proportion of any
"who
fines or penalties
pursues in
assessed.
this action as
much for the
king as
himself".
An equal exchange
of goods or
services, or of
money (or other
quid pro quo this for that
consideration of
equal value) for
some goods or
services.
Returning to a
specific state of
quo ante as before affairs which
preceded some
defined action.
 A request made to
someone exercising
some power, to
by what show by what legal
quo warranto
warrant right they are
exercising that
power. A type
of writ.
Used to mean "with
respect to" some
named thing, such
quoad hoc as to this as when stating
what the law is in
regards to that
named thing.
King or Queen. In
British cases, will
see R v Freeman
Rex or meaning Regina
R
Regina against Freeman.
Changes with King
or Queen on throne
at time.
The point in a legal
proceeding, or the
ratio reason for legal precedent so
decidendi the decision involved, which led
to the final decision
being what it was.
The popular opinion
written of Roman law, held
ratio scripta
reason by those in the
Medieval period.
"Certain rights may
arise by virtue of
by reason of
rationae soli ownership of the soil
the soil
upon which wild
animals are found."[2]
A qualification in a
treaty or contract,
that allows for
rebus sic things thus
nullification in the
stantibus standing
event fundamental
circumstances
change.
The canon of
construction that in
a list of items
reddendo referring
containing a
singula solely to the
qualifying phrase at
singulis last
the end, the qualifier
refers only to the
last item in the list.
 thing, matter,
res
issue, affair
Property constructs
like airspace and
water rights are said
to be res
communis – that is,
a thing common to
all, and that could
not be the subject of
ownership. With
common to
res communis airspace, the
all
difficulty has been to
identify where the
fee simple holder's
rights to the
heavens end. Water
is a bit more
defined – it is
common until
captured.[2]
Differing meaning
depending on what
type of law is
involved. May refer
to the complete act
res gestae things done of a felony, from
start to finish, or
may refer to
statements given
that may be exempt
from hearsay rules.
A matter that has
been finally
adjudicated,
a matter meaning no further
res judicata /ˈriːz dʒuːdɪˈkeɪtə, ˈreɪz, dʒuːdɪˈkɑːtə/
judged appeals or legal
actions by the
involved parties is
now possible.
Ownerless property
or goods. Such
nobody's property or goods
res nullius
thing are able and subject
to being owned by
anybody.
All things subject to
concern by the
res publica public affair
citizenry. The root of
the word republic.
respondeat Let the A concept that the
superior master master (e.g.
answer. employer) is
responsible for the
 actions of his
subordinates (e.g.
employees).
Defamation against
scandal of
scandalum a peer in British law.
the
magnatum Now repealed as a
magnates
specific offense.
Used when offenses
or torts were
committed with the
scienter knowingly
full awareness of
the one so
committing.
A writ, directing
local officials to
Let them officially inform a
scire facias
know. party of official
proceedings
concerning them.
The official
response of the
official serving a writ
I have made of scire facias,
scire feci
known. informing the court
that the writ has
been properly
delivered.
According to
secundum
the form of
formam statuti
the statute.
The act of defending
one's own person or
se
self-defense property, or the well-
defendendo
being or property of
another.
Describes the
process in which the
court hears assorted
matters in a specific
order. Also refers to
an occasion where
seriatim in series a multiple-judge
panel will issue
individual opinions
from the members,
rather than a single
ruling from the
entire panel.
sine die without day Used when the
court is adjourning
without specifying a
date to re-convene.
See
 also adjournment
sine die.
Refers to some
essential event or
without
action, without
sine qua non which,
which there can be
nothing
no specified
consequence.
Used to refer to
laws specific to the
location where
situs the place specific property
exists, or where an
offense or tort was
committed.
to stand by The obligation of
stare decisis [things] a judge to stand by /ˈsteɪri dɪˈsaɪsɪs/
decided a prior precedent.
In contract law, in a
case of innocent
representation, the
injured party is
entitled to be
replaced in statu
status quo
quo. Note the
status quo the state in
common usage
ante which
is status quo from
statu quo
the Latin status quo
ante, the "state in
which before" or
"the state of affairs
that existed
previously."[3]
1) In property law,
condominiums has
said to occupy
stratum many
stories about the
ground.[2]
2) Stratum can also
a covering, be a societial level
from neuter made up of
past individuals with
stratum
participle of similar status of
sternere, to social, cultural or
spread economic nature.
3) Stratum can refer
to classification in
an organized
system along the
lines of layers,
levels, divisions, or
similar grouping.
sua sponte of its own Some action taken
 by the public
prosecutor or
another official
body, without the
prompting of a
accord
plaintiff or another
party. (compare ex
proprio motu, ex
mero motu which
are used for courts).
Refers to a matter
under the currently being
sub judice
judge considered by the
court.
Term in contract law
that allows limited
modifications to a
subject to
sub modo contract after the
modification
original form has
been agreed to by
all parties.
Abbreviated sub
nom.; used in case
citations to indicate
that the official
name of a case
under the
sub nomine changed during the
name
proceedings, usually
after appeal
(e.g., rev'd sub
nom. and aff'd sub
nom.)
A ruling, order, or
other court action
made without
specifically stating
the ruling, order, or
sub silentio under silence action. The effect of
the ruling or action
is implied by related
and subsequent
actions, but not
specifically stated.
A writ compelling
testimony, the
production of
under
subpoena evidence, or some
penalty
other action, under
penalty for failure to
do so.
An order compelling
under
subpoena ad an entity to give oral
penalty to be
testificandum testimony in a legal
witnessed
matter.
 An order compelling
bring with an entity to produce
subpoena
you under physical evidence or
duces tecum
penalty witness in a legal
matter.
A false statement
false made in the
suggestio falsi
suggestion negotiation of a
contract.
Something that is
of its own
sui generis unique amongst a
kind/genus
group.
Refers to one legally
competent to
of his own
sui juris manage his own
right
affairs. Also
spelled sui iuris.
Refers to a court or
other official agency
taking some action
of its own on its own accord
suo motu
motion (synonyms: ex
proprio motu, ex
mero motu). Similar
to sua sponte.
A bond tendered by
an appellant
as surety to the
court, requesting a
supersedeas refrain from delay of payment for
awards or damages
granted, pending
the outcome of the
appeal.
Willful concealment
of the truth when
bound to reveal it,
such as withholding
suppressio suppression details of damage
veri of the truth from an auto
accident from a
prospective buyer of
the car in that
accident.
Used in citations to
supra above refer to a previously
cited source.
terra nullius no one's land Land that has never
been part of a
sovereign state, or
land which a
sovereign state has
relinquished claim
 to.
A completely new
trial of a matter
previously judged. It
specifically refers to
trial de novo trial anew a replacement trial
for the previous one,
and not an appeal of
the previous
decision.
Refers to a threefold
tax levied on Anglo-
trinoda three-knotted Saxon citizens to
necessitas need cover roads,
buildings, and the
military.
Concept in contract
most law specifying that
uberrima fides abundant all parties must act
faith with the utmost
good faith.
An act that requires
legal authority to
beyond the perform, but which
ultra vires
powers is done without
obtaining that
authority.
Aggregate of
people, body
universitas totality of
corporate, as in a
personarum people
college, corporation,
or state
universitas totality of
Aggregate of things.
rerum things
Used to criticize
inconsistencies in
speech or
testimony, as in:
uno flatu in one breath
one says one thing,
and in the same
breath, says another
contradictory thing.
uti possidetis as you Ancient concept
possess regarding conflicts,
wherein all property
possessed by the
parties at the
conclusion of the
conflict shall remain
owned by those
parties unless
treaties to the
contrary are
 enacted.
Used in documents
in place of the wife's
uxor wife
name. Usually
abbreviated et ux.
Used when
considering whether
vel non or not some event or
situation is either
present or it is not.
The power of an
executive to prevent
veto I forbid. an action, especially
the enactment
of legislation.
Something that is
the other way
vice versa the same either
around
way.
Used in citations to
vide see refer the reader to
another location.
contraction
of videre Used in documents
licet, to mean "namely" or
videlicet
meaning "it is "that is". Usually
permitted to abbreviated viz.
see"
abbreviation
viz. Namely.
of videlicet

Civil law[edit]
Liter
Term
al Engli
or
trans Definition and use sh
phra
latio pron
se
n

Accession, i.e. mode of acquisition by creation in which labor and

somethi
accessi other goods are added to property in such a manner that the
ng
o identity of the original property is not lost
added
(vs. commixtio, specificatio)

Express contractual terms that are purely voluntary, optional, and

busines
acciden not necessitated by the contract's subject matter. Also
s
talia called incidentalia (Roman-Dutch law). One of three types of
incident
negotii contractual terms, the others being essentialia
als
negotii and naturalia negotii.
 Liter
Term
al Engli
or
trans Definition and use sh
phra
latio pron
se
n

ad
by the itemized, e.g. sale ad quantitatem = item sale (e.g. 100 carp,
quantita
quantity 10,000 lbs. of sugar, 10 casks of corn) (vs. per aversionem)
tem

heredita
aditio
ry Entering into the inheritance, i.e. vesting of the inheritance in an
heredita
approac heir or will beneficiary. See delatio hereditatis.
tis
h

Force majeure arising from a man-made inevitable accident (e.g.

riots, strikes, civil war); ex: When H.M.S. Bounty was destroyed
casus fortuitou by Hurricane Sandy, October 29, 2012, casus fortuitus would
fortuitus s event describe the H.M.S. Bounty being at the wrong place when
Hurricane Sandy came up the coast.HMS Bounty
Sinks Compare vis maior (see below).

cautio guarant
de ee to Security or guarantee that heirs must provide in a case where an
restitue reinstat absent person's estate is divided among them (insurance law)
ndo e

Assignment, that is, the transfer of rights or benefits.

Parties: Types:
cessio yielding
 cedens ‘cedent’ (= assignor)  cessio in anticipando
 cessionarius ‘cessionary, cessionee’  cessio in securitatem debiti
(= assignee) performance of another debt (the secured debt)
 debitor cessus ‘third-party obligor’

bringing
collatio
together
bonoru Hotchpot. Also called collatio inter liberos (Scots law).
of
m
goods

commix commin Confusion, i.e. acquisition by creation in which fungible solid or

tio gling liquid goods (and no labor) of different owners intermingle in such
a way that the mixture creates a new thing and can no longer be
separately identified, it is owned by the owners in co-ownership
 Liter
Term
al Engli
or
trans Definition and use sh
phra
latio pron
se
n

(vs. accessio, specificatio)

Loan for use, i.e. bailment of movable property that is not

accom perishable or consumable to be returned without payment.
commo Parties:
modatio 
datum
n
 commodans ‘bailor’
 commodatarius ‘bailee’
commu
commu
nio The aggregate of marital property (or marital estate) under
nity of
bonoru a community property matrimonial regime.
goods
m
balanci
compen ng of Set-off. Type: compensatio lucri cum damno - set-off of profit and
satio account loss
s
compen
balance Delay in payment or performance on the part of both the debtor
satio
of delay and the creditor.
morae
Merger of counterparty rights in the same person (e.g. debtor-
confusi melting
creditor, buyer-seller, landlord-tenant, etc.), thereby extinguishing
o together
an obligation or right. Adverb: confusione.
the
conjunc
most Next-of-kin. Plural conjunctissimi.
tissimus
joined
contra against
bonos good Contracts so made are generally illegal and unenforceable.
mores morals
Unintentional negligence (in tort). Degrees:

culpa guilt  culpa lata - gross negligence 

 culpa levis - ordinary negligence
 culpa levissima - slight negligence
cum under
As in an heir cum beneficio inventarii, who accepts his/her share
benefici benefit
in a deceased's estate after having had an appraisal and estate
o of
inventory drawn up, thereby separating their share from the
inventar inventor
whole and limiting their liability.
ii y
cum with (Louisiana law) as encumbered, i.e. alienated with
onere burdens the encumbrances running with the land.
cura guardia Curatorship, i.e. legal guardianship under which the ward is 
 Liter
Term
al Engli
or
trans Definition and use sh
phra
latio pron
se
n

totally and permanently incapable. Compare tutela. Parties are:

nship
 curandus - ward
 curator - guardian (see below)
Guardian under a curatorship (cura). Types are:

guardia 
curator curator ad litem - guardian ad litem 
n
 curator bonis - guardian of the property
 curator personae - guardian of the person
damnu
m emerge
Loss actually incurred because of a contractual breach
emerge nt loss
ns
damnu damage
m et and
Tortious damages, damages in tort
interess interest
e s
data certain Fixed effective date of a contract, i.e. one that cannot be ante- or
certa date post-dated
giving in Species of accord and satisfaction by transfer or assignment of
datio in
paymen property in lieu of money; kind of in-kind payment, as opposed to
solutum
t a money payment
(s)he
de
for The deceased, decedent. Short for de cujus successione agitur.
cujus
whom...
heredita
delatio
ry
heredita Falling open of succession. See aditio hereditatis.
transfer
tis
ral
domicile
domicili
for
um
summo
citandi
ning Address for service or notices (e.g. for contractual purposes).
et
and
executa
carrying
ndi
out
plural,
dominiu
joint
m
and
plurium Joint tenancy.
several
in
owners
solidum
hip
dominiu unpartiti Tenancy in common. Also known as communio pro partibus
m pro oned indivisis.
 Liter
Term
al Engli
or
trans Definition and use sh
phra
latio pron
se
n

and
parte undivid
pro ed
indiviso owners
hip
master
dominu
of the Litigant, the client in a lawsuit, as opposed to the lawyer.
s litis
case
error in
error in
judgme
iudican Error of fact and reasoning (vs. error in procedendo)
nt (in
do
court)
procedu
error in
ral error
procede Error on a point of law or procedure (vs. error in iudicando)
(in
ndo
court)
busines Express or implied contractual terms that are required either by
essenta
s law or by the contract's subject matter. One of three types of
lia
essenti contractual terms, the others being accidentialia
negotii
als negotii and naturalia negotii.
ex
interval
o Not all at once, in parts (vs. uno contextu).
tempori
s
ex with
propriis one's Used for firsthand testimony, e.g. testimony ex propriis
sensibu own sensibus (vs. per relationem).
s senses
falsus
fake
procura Agent de son tort, officious agent
agent
tor
Testamentary trust; a form of substitution (called ‘fideicommissary
substitution’) in which a will beneficiary is instructed in the will to
transfer the testamentary gift in whole or part to a third party.
A fideicommissum is created either expressly in a will or impliedly
entrusti through a si sine liberis decesserit clause or through a prohibition
fideico ng to (a against alienation in the will.[4]
mmissu person'
m s) good Parties: Types:
faith.
 fideicommittens ‘grantor’ (= testator) 
 fiduciarius ‘fiduciary’ (= trustee) 
 fideicommissarius ‘fideicommissary’ (= beneficiary) 
fideiussi Suretyship.
 Liter
Term
al Engli
or
trans Definition and use sh
phra
latio pron
se
n

o
fructus Emblements; in property law, a co-owner profiting from her or
industri
industri his fructus industriales is solely responsible for any losses that
al fruits
ales my occur.[2] (vs. fructus naturales, see below).
fructus
natural Vegetation naturally growing from old roots (as pasturage) or
naturale
fruits from trees (as timber or fruit) (vs. fructus industriales, see above).
s
heredita lying
s inherita Estate of inheritance before vesting in heirs
iacens nce
Heir. Plural heredes. Types:

heres  heredes proximi - closest heirs 

 sui heredes necessarii - forced heirs (singular suus heres
necessarius)
hypothe
Mortgage
ca
in the In the instant case; used when referring to the matter before the
in casu
case court in a case being discussed
Jointly and severally; short for singuli et in solidum. Where a
in for the group of persons share liability for a debt, such as co-signers to a
solidum whole loan, the debtor can sue a single party in solidum, that is jointly
and severally, to recover the entire amount owed.
inaedifi
building Attachment of movables to land, accession by building
catio
[ɪn
incapab (Scots law) person not having capacity (mental, legal, or
incapax ˈkapa
le otherwise).
ks]
indignu Unworthy beneficiary or heir, who is precluded from inheriting
unworth
s because his conduct makes him unworthy, in a legal sense, to
y heir
(heres) take in the deceased's estate.
(Roman-Dutch law) child of 7 years or younger and who therefore [ˈin
infans infant
has very limited legal capacity. Plural infantes. ˌfanz]
brought
invecta in and Tenant's things brought into the leased premises for his/her
et illata carried temporary use
out
iudex
ad Appellate court or court of last resort (vs. iudex a quo)
quem
iudex a Lower court from which an appeal originates; originating court
quo (vs. iudex ad quem)
 Liter
Term
al Engli
or
trans Definition and use sh
phra
latio pron
se
n

ius (Civil law) Accretion, i.e. right of a will beneficiary to succeed

right of
accresc proportionately to a testamentary gift that another beneficiary in
accrual
endi the same will cannot or does not want to take.
Not actually referring to common law; this term refers to common
ius
commo doctrine and principles of civil law that underlie all aspects of
commu
n law civilian legal systems and that formed the basis of medieval
ne
Roman law.
ius right of
Right of pursuit, i.e. the creditor's right to pursue a debt that runs
persequ followin
with the land into the hands of a bona fide purchaser
endi g
ius right of
Priority right or preferential right, i.e. a creditor's right to rank
praefer preferri
higher relative to another
endi ng
ius right to
quaesit third- Right of a third-party beneficiary to sue in order to enforce a third-
um party party contract, i.e. the opposite of privity of contract.
tertio relief
ius right of
retentio retainin Lien (possessory)
nis g
Lesion beyond moiety, i.e. excessive loss or injury used as
laesio unusual
grounds for setting aside a contract; sold for less than half its
enormis injury
value or purchased for more than double
Forfeiture clause for nonperformance of a contract, especially (1)
lex a provision that a pledge shall be forfeited if a loan is defaulted,
cancelli
commis or (2) a condition that money paid on a contract of sale shall be
ng law
soria forfeited and the sale rescinded if outstanding payments are
defaulted. Also known as a pactum commissorium.
As in ‘prescription liberandi causa’, i.e. liberative prescription
liberand liberatin
(aka extinctive prescription), which is the civilian equivalent of a
i causa g cause
statutory limitation period.
Hire or rental. Types:

locatio leasing  locatio conductio operarum - employment, indentured

conduct (and) servitude, and master/slave relationship 
io hiring  locatio conductio operis - hire of service provider or
independent contractor
 locatio conductio rei - rental or letting of property
lucrum
ceasing Prospective damages or loss of profits that would, because of the
cessan
profit contractual breach, have been made in the future
s
mandat mandat Bilateral agreement for direct representation between a principal 
um e and agent. Compare procuratio. Parties:
 Liter
Term
al Engli
or
trans Definition and use sh
phra
latio pron
se
n

 mandatarius ‘agent’
 mandator ‘principal’
monstru
monster Child born with severe deformities. Plural monstra.
m
delay of
mora
the one Delay in payment or performance in the part of the creditor or
accipie
receivin obligor. Also known as mora creditoris.
ndi
g
Delay in payment or performance in the part of the debtor or the
obligee. Also known as mora debitoris. 2 forms:
mora delay of
solvend the one 
 mora solvendi ex re - delay in giving or delivering a thing;
i paying
 mora solvendi ex personae - delay in obligations to do or
perform personal service.
naturali busines Express or implied contractual terms that go to the root of a
a s contract's subject matter. One of three types of contractual terms,
negotii naturals the others being accidentialia negotii and essentalia negotii.
Without
force,
nec vi,
without
nec
secrecy Peacefully, openly, and with the intention to acquire ownership;
clam,
, applies to acquisitive prescription
nec
without
precario
permiss
ion
Quasi-contractual obligation arising from good works affecting
negotior manage
other people, obliging the benefited party (dominus negotii) to
um ment of
reimburse the gestor for the cost that was used in doing good
gestio affairs
works.
not
[nɔnbi
non bis twice in Prohibition against double jeopardy. A legal action cannot be
sinidɛ
in idem the brought twice for the same act or offense.
m]
same
novum new Appeal by way of hearing de novo, i.e. the case is retried with no
iudiciu judgme restrictions of scope: errors of law are reviewed and new findings
m nt of fact are made. (vs. revisio prioris instantiae)
If a testator places a prohibition on a testamentary gift but fails to
nudum say what should happen to the gift if the prohibition is
naked
praecep contravened, the prohibition is said to be ‘nude’, i.e. a nudum
precept
tum praeceptum. In other words, the prohibition is of no effect, and
the beneficiary will take the gift free from any restrictions.
pactum agreem Prior contract aimed at concluding another contract, known as the
de ent to parent or principal contract. Includes binders (in real estate
 Liter
Term
al Engli
or
trans Definition and use sh
phra
latio pron
se
n

contrah
contract sales), such as a purchase offer or an option to sell.
endo
pactum agreem
de non ent to
Anti-assignment clause
cedend not
o yield
pactum
de non
agreem
petendo
ent to Agreement in which one party agrees not to sue the other.
(in
not sue
anticipa
ndo)
pactum agreem
de ent to
Contract of sale with right of repurchase
retrove sell
ndendo back
Bilateral contract concerning succession, usually made between
a potential testator (future decedent) and his/her heir.
Plural pacta successoria. The most common forms are:
inherita
pactum  pactum renunciativum (aka pactum de non succedendo)
nce
success - disclaimer of interest 
agreem
orium
ent  pactum acquisitivum (aka pactum conservandae
successionis) - deed of variation
 pactum de hereditate tertii viventis - family settlement
agreement.
The three major rights in the bundle of rights making up
pars owners
ownership, i.e. usus (aka ius utendi), fructus (aka ius fruendi),
dominii hip part
and abusus (aka ius abutendi).
The head of household, for purposes of considering the rights
and responsibilities thereof. (Civil law) bonus paterfamilias: a
standard of care equivalent to the common law
father of ordinary reasonable man. Other degrees of care are:
paterfa
the 
milias
family  diligens paterfamilias - higher standard of care, greater
diligence;
 diligentissimus paterfamilias - highest standard of care,
utmost diligence.
penitus
outside Incidental beneficiary or any outside party to a third-party contract
extrane
penitent (see stipulatio alteri). Plural penitus extranei.
us
per by (1) description, whereby the surrounding property is used to
aversio turning provide the legal description of the boundaries of the property; (2)
nem away sale per aversionem = bulk sale (a flock of sheep for $100 - the
 Liter
Term
al Engli
or
trans Definition and use sh
phra
latio pron
se
n

number of sheep are uncounted) (vs. ad quantitatum)

per Hearsay; used for secondhand, indirect evidence, e.g.
by
relation testimony per relationem ‘hearsay testimony’ (vs. ex propriis
relation
em sensibus). Also called de auditu.
pignus pledge Pledge, i.e. a possessory security interest
pleno by full Self-executing, without need of a court order or judicial
iure right proceedings; with full right or authority. Ex: null pleno iure.
plus more
quam than Excessive, beyond tolerable; in reference to a nuisance or some
tolerabil tolerabl other violation of neighbor law.
e e
Landed property, tenement of land, especially with respect to an
easement (servitude). 2 types:

praediu
estate  praedium dominans - dominant estate (aka dominant 
m
tenement)
 praedium serviens - servient estate (aka servient
tenement)
previou
praeem s
Right of first refusal
ptio purchas
e
Legal presumption. Types:

praesu presum
 praesumptio iuris tantum - rebuttable presumption 
mptio ption
 praesumptio iuris et de iure - irrebuttable or conclusive
presumption
praesu
mptio
Presumption of innocence
innocen
tiae
praesu presum
mptio ption of
veritatis truth Presumption of regularity, which attaches to public instruments
et and admissible to prove the truth of their contents.
solemni solemni
tatis ty
pretium
pro price for
Solatium.
doloribu pain
s
prior earlier (Scots law, civil law), usually translated as "prior in time, superior
tempor in time, in right", the principle that someone who registers (a security
 Liter
Term
al Engli
or
trans Definition and use sh
phra
latio pron
se
n

e potior stronger
interest) earlier therefore ranks higher than other creditors.
iure in law
Evidence (admissible in a court of law), especially documentary
evidence. Types:

 adminiculum (probationis) ‘adminicular evidence’ -

evidence adduced in aid or support of other evidence, which
without it is imperfect
 semiplena probatio, probatio semiplena ‘half proof,
probatio imperfect proof’ - executed in presence of 1 or no witnesses; 
includes private instruments
 plena probatio, probatio plena ‘full proof, perfect proof’ -
executed in presence of 2 witnesses; includes public
instruments
 probatio probatissima - the highest evidence, referring to
testimony under oath (received into common law but not civil
law)
procura manage Power of attorney, i.e. a unilateral grant of indirect representation
tio ment by a principal to an attorney-in-fact. Compare mandatum.
Agent, attorney-in-fact. Types:

 procurator ad causas - attorney employed to assist a

procura litigant in the conduct of his lawsuit

tor  procurator ad negotia - attorney assisting his client in
transacting other business
 procurator in rem suam - holder of an irrevocable power
of attorney
quaestu
s
Liberal profession
liberale
s
restituti (1) Restoration of something, such as a building or damaged
total
o in property, to its original condition.
reinstat
integru (2) In contract law, when considering breach of contract and
ement
m remedies, to restore a party to an original position. [3]
revisio review Appeal by way of re-hearing or pure appeal (aka appeal stricto
prioris of the sensu); the scope is limited to errors of law and no new factual
instanti court findings are possible; the case is traditionally remitted to the
ae below originating court below for re-judgment. (vs. novum iudicium)
the
salva Limitation on how a fiduciary can use the fideicommissary assets;
thing's
rei ultimately they must maintain their essential quality until
substan
substan transferred to the fideicommissary.[4] Plural salva rerum
ce
tia substantia. See fideicommissum.
intact
 Liter
Term
al Engli
or
trans Definition and use sh
phra
latio pron
se
n

Servitude, i.e. an easement. Plural servitutes.

Types:

servitud  servitus personarum ‘personal servitude’ (= easement in gross)

e,
servitus  servitus praediorum ‘praedial servitude’ (= easement appertunant
subjuga
tion

if (he) Certain type of clause in a will creating a fideicommissum by

si sine
should imposing a condition on the will beneficiary that if (s)he dies
liberis
depart childless, the testamentary gift will transfer to a third party. Ex: If
decess
without A dies childless after my death, the farm must go to B.
erit
children [4]
 See fideicommissum.
perform
ance of Undue performance or payment, obliging the enrichee (accipiens)
solutio
somethi to return the undue payment or compensate the impoverishee
indebiti
ng not (solvens) for the undue performance
due
Specification, i.e. mode of acquisition by creation wherein
something new is made by adding labor (manufacturing) to
specific
property, and the non-reducible parts used for its fabrication lose
atio
their identity (vs. accessio, commixtio). The new thing is
called nova species.
stante
matrimo During the marriage
nio

another’ Third-party contract. Also known as pactum in favorem

s tertii (Scots law). The parties are:
stipulati (contrac
 promittens ‘promisor’ 
o alteri tual)
provisio  stipulans ‘promisee’
n  alteri ‘third-party beneficiary’
Surface right, surface estate. Parties:
superfic
surface 
ies  dominus soli ‘subsurface owner, mineral owner’
 superficiarius ‘surface owner’
thus
tantum (Scots law) "as is", to disclaim implied warranties, as in to
and
et tale purchase or convey something tantum et tale.
such
transact transact
Out-of-court settlement
io ion
 Liter
Term
al Engli
or
trans Definition and use sh
phra
latio pron
se
n

Tutorship, i.e. legal guardianship under which the ward is only

partially or temporarily incapable. Compare cura. Parties are
guardia
tutela 
nship
 pupillus - ward
 tutor - guardian
Contemporaneously; when the phases of something are done
uno single
without interruption or any intervening action; specifically,
context joining
executed in one single execution ceremony (vs. ex intervalo
u together
temporis)
usucapi seizure Acquisitive prescription, i.e. the civilian version of adverse
o of use possession. Also called ‘prescription acquirendi causa’.
Civilian equivalent of a life estate. Parties:

usufruct
use-fruit  nudus dominus ‘bare owner’ (= remainderman, 
us
reversioner)
 usufructuarius ‘usufructuary’ (= life tenant)
via Non-judicial foreclosure under a power of sale clause in a
executo
executo mortgage; more broadly, any non-judicial remedy empowered
rial way
ria under a contractual clause or some other instrument
way of
via iure Using the courts and the justice system (opposite of self-help)
law
the
vinculu A legal bond, especially the bond tying obligor and obligee in a
chain of
m iuris legal obligation
the law
Force majeure arising from an act of God, i.e. events over which
vis superior
no humans have control, and so cannot be held responsible.
maior force
Compare casus fortuitus (see above).
vitium
vice in
in Vitiating factor in the formation of a contract,
contract
contrah e.g. mistake, misrepresentation, and duress.
ing
endo
voluntat
is
Declaration of will
declarat
io

A compilation of important legal maxims and foreign words to assist you in

attain a tight grasp over this niche aspect of Legal Aptitude. You can further
visit THIS PAGE to supplement what you take from the following list.
Actionable per se  – The very act is punishable and no proof of damage is
required.

Ad hoc – For the particular end or case at hand.

Alibi – At another place, elsewhere.
Audi alteram partem – No man shall be condemned unheard.
Amicus Curiae – A friend of court or member of the Bar who is appointed to
assist the Court.

Assentio mentium – The meeting of minds, i.e mutual assents.

Bona fide – In good faith.
Caveat – A caution registered with the public court to indicate to the officials
that they are not to act in the matter mentioned in the caveat without first
giving notice to the caveator.

Caveat actor – Let the doer beware.

Caveat emptor – Let the buyer beware.
Caveat venditor -Let the seller beware.
Certiorari – A writ by which orders passed by an inferior court is quashed.
Corpus – Body

Damnum sine injuria – Damage without injury.

De facto – In fact.
De jure – By law.
De novo – To make something anew.
Dictum – Statement of law made by judge in the course of the decision but
not necessary to the decision itself.

Doli incapax – Incapable of crime

Detinue  – Tort of wrongfully holding goods which belong to someone else.
Denatio mortis causa – Gift because of death.
Estoppel – Prevented from denying.
Ex parte – Proceedings in the absence of the other party.
Ex gratia – As a favour.
Ex officio – Because of an office held.
Fatum – Beyond human foresight.
Factum probans – Relevant fact.
Fraus est celare fraudem – It is a fraud to conceal a fraud
Functus officio – No longer having power or jurisdiction.
Habeas corpus  – A writ to have the body of a person to be brought in before
the judge.

Injuria sine damno – Injury without damage.

Ipso facto – By the mere fact.
In promptu – In readiness.
In lieu of – Instead of.
In personam  – A proceeding in which relief I sought against a specific person.
Innuendo – Spoken words which are defamatory because they have a double
meaning.

In status quo – In the present state.

Jus in personam – Right against a specific person.
Jus in rem – Right against the world at large.
Jus non scriptum – Customary law.
Jus scriptum – Written law.
Jus – Law or right.
Justitia nemini neganda est – Justice is to be denied to nobody
Lex non a rege est violanda – The law must not be violated even by the king
Locus standi – Right of a party to an action to appear and be heard by the
court.

Mala fide – In bad faith.

Mandamus – We command. A writ of command issued by a Higher Court to
Government/Public Authority, to compel the performance of a public duty.

Mens rea – Guilty mind.

Misnomer – A wrong or inaccurate name or term.
Modus operandi – Way of working.
Modus Vivendi – Way of living.
Nemo bis punitur pro eodem delicto – Nobody can be twice punished for the
same offence

Nemo debet esse judex in propria causa – Nobody can be judge in his own
case

Novation – Transaction in which a new contact is agreed by all parties to

replace an existing contract.

Onus probandi – Burden of proof.

Per se – By itself
Prima facie – At first sight.
Palimony – Money which the court orders a man to pay regularly to a woman
with whom he has been living and from whom he is separated.

Per curiam – By a court.

Per incuriam – Because of lack of care.
Prima facie – On the face of it
Qui facit per alium, facit per se – He who acts through another acts himself
Quid pro quo – Something for something
Quo warranto  – By what authority. A writ calling upon one to show under
what authority he holds or claims a public office.

Ratio decidendi – Principle or reason underlying a court judgement.

Res ipsa loquitor – The thing speaks for itself.
Rex non protest peccare – The king can do no wrong
Salus populi est suprema lex – The welfare of the is the supreme law
Status quo – State of things as they are now.
Sine die – “with no day”(indefinitely)
Ubi jus ibi remedium – Where there is a right, there is a remedy
Vis major – Act of God.
Volenti non fit injuria – Damage suffered by consent gives no cause of action.
Veto – Ban or order not to allow something to become law,even if it has been
passed by a parliament.

Vice versa – Reverse position.

Waiver – Voluntarily giving up or removing the conditions.

181 Ernest Hemingway For whom the Bell Tolls

182 Faustina Bama Kurukku

183 Firdausi Shah Nama

184 Franz Kalka The Castle

185 G. B. Shaw Apple Cart

186 G. B. Shaw Man and Superman

187 G. V. Desani All About H. Hatterr

188 G.B.Shaw Arms and the Man

189 Geofray Chosar Kanterbary Tells

190 George Eliot Silas Marner

191 George Orwell Animal Farm

192 George Orwell Nineteen Eighty-four

193 Girish Karnad Tughlaq

194 Goethe Faust

195 Gopinath Mohanty Paraja

196 Gunjan Jain She Walk, She Leads

197 Gunnar Myrdal Asian Drama

198 Guy de Maupassaut A Woman’s Life

199 H.G. Wells Time Machine

200 H.G.Wells Invisible Man

201 H.G.Wells Shape of things to come

202 Habib Tanvir Charandas Chor

203 Han Kang The Vegetarian

204 Harisen Allahabad Prasasti

205 Harivansh Rai Bachchan Madhushala

206 Harold T.Laski Grammar of Politics

207 Heinrich Boll The Clown

208 Herbert Spencer Principles of Sociology

209 Herodotus Historica

210 Hindol Sengupta Recasting India

211 Homer Illiad

212 Homer Odyssey

213 Huxlay End and Means

214 Indira Gandhi My Truth

215 Indira Goswami Ahiron

Budhosagor Dhukhor Geisha Aru Mohammed

216 Indira Goswami
Musa

217 Indira Goswami Chinavar Srota

218 Indira Goswami Dashorothir Khuj

219 Indira Goswami Datal Hatir Une Khowa Howda

220 Indira Goswami Mamore Dhora Tarowal aru Dukhon Uponyas

221 Indira Goswami Neelkanthi Braha

222 Indira Goswami Nikanthi Broja

223 Indira Goswami Tej Aru Dhulire Dhusarita Prishtha

224 Indira Goswami Udaybhanur Choritro

225 Indra Das The Devourers

Grand Delusions : A Short of Biography of

226 Indrajit Hazare
Kolkata
227 Ismat Chugtai Terhi Lakeer

228 Issac Newton Principia

229 J. K. Rowling The Harry Potter Series

230 J. P. Narayan To all fighters of freedom, Why Socialism?

231 Jacqueline Susann Valley of Dolls

232 Jairam Ramesh Green Signals

233 James Joyce Ulysses

234 Janardan Thakur All the Prime Minister’s Men

235 Jane Austen Pride and Prejudice

236 Jaswant Singh Jinnah- India, Partition, Independence

237 Javed Ashraf A Day in the Life of Kathmandu

238 Jawahar Lal Nehru The Discovery of India

239 Jawaharlal Nehru Glimpses of World History

240 Jay Prakash Narayan Prison Diary

241 Jaya Dev Geet Govind

242 Jayaprakash Narayan Why Socialism

243 Jean Baptiste Lamarck Philosophic Zoologique

244 Jean Jacques Rousseau Confessions

245 Jean Jacques Rousseau Le Contract Social

246 Jean Paul Sartre Age of Reason

247 Jhumpa Lahiri In Other Words

248 Jhumpa Lahiri Interpreter of Maldives

249 Jhumpa Lahiri The Lowland

250 Jibanananda Das Bela Obela Kalbela

251 Jibanananda Das Jhara Palak

Pilgrim’s Progress from this world to that which is

252 John Bunyan
to come

253 John Galsworthy Forsyte Saga

254 John Kenneth Galbraith China Passage

255 John Milton Paradise lost

256 John Ruskin Unto The Last

257 Jonathan Swift Gulliver’s Travels

258 Jules Verne Around the World in eighty days

259 Julian Barnes The Sense of an Ending

260 Jyotiba Phule Ghulam Giri

261 K. M. Munshi I follow the Mahatma

262 K. P. Mathur The Unseen Indira Gandhi

263 Kalhan Rajtarangini

264 Kalidas Avigyan Sakuntalam

265 Kalidas Kumar Sambhav

266 Kalidas Meghdut

267 Kalidas Raghuvamsa

268 Kalidas Shakuntala

269 Kapil Dev Straight from the Heart

270 Karl Marks Das Capital

271 Karl Marx Communist Manifesto

272 Katharin Mayo Mother India

273 Kautilya Arthashastra

274 Kazi Nasrul Islam Agni Veena

275 Keki N. Daruwalla The Keeper of the Dead

276 Kenjaburo Ue The Silent Cry

277 Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan Pakhtoon

278 Khurshid Mahmud Kasuri Neither A Hawk Nor A Dove

279 Khushwant Singh A History of Sikhs

280 Khushwant Singh I Shall Not Hear the Nightingale

281 Khushwant Singh The Company of Women

282 Khushwant Singh Train to Pakistan

283 Khushwant Singh Truth, Love and A Little Malice

284 Khushwant Singh Why I Supported the Emergency

285 Kiran Desai Inheritance of Loss

286 Kiran Desai The Inheritance of Loss

287 Kota Neelima The Hottest Season

288 Kota SHivaram Karanth Marali Mannige

289 Krishna Deva Raya Amukta Malyad

290 Krishna Sobti ZIndaginama

291 Kuldip Nayar The Judgement

292 Lal Krishna Advani My Country My Life

293 Lala Lajpat Rai Unhappy India

294 Leaders Richard Nixon

295 Leo Tolstoy Anna Karenina

296 Leo Tolstoy War and peace

297 Lewis Carrol Alice in Wonderland

298 Lewis Wallace Ben Hur

299 Lord Curzon Problems of the East

300 Lord Hardinge II My Indian Years

301 Louis Fisher A Week with Gandhi

302 M. K. Gandhi Hind Swaraj

303 M. T. Vasudevan Randamuzham

304 Maciavaly The Prince

305 Mahadevi Verma Dipshikha

306 Mahasweta Devi Agnigarbha

307 Mahasweta Devi Aranyer Adhikar

308 Mahasweta Devi Dust on the Road

309 Mahasweta Devi Hajar Churashir Ma

310 Mahasweta Devi Rudali

311 Mahasweta Devi The Book of the Hunter

312 Mahatma M.K.Gandhi My experiments with Truth

313 Mala Sen The Bandit Queen

314 Manik Bandopadhyay Padma Nadir Majhi

315 Manik Bandopadhyay Putul Nacher Itikatha

316 Manik Bandyopadhyay Chhandapatan

317 Manik Bandyopadhyay Pashapashi

318 Manik Bandyopadhyay Sahar Baser Itikatha

319 Manik Bandyopadhyay Swadhinatar Swad

320 Manju Joseph The Illicit Happiness of Other People

321 Manohar and Sarita Prabhakar Great Indian and Their Landmark Speeches

322 Mario Puzo The Godfather

323 Mark Twain Adventures of Tom Saweyer

324 Mark Twain Tom Sawyer

325 Masanobu Fukuoka One Straw Revolution

326 Mathili Saran Gupta Saket

327 Maxim Gorky Mother

328 Megasthenis Indica

329 Meghnad Desai The Rediscovery of India

330 Michael Crichton Jurassik Park

331 Michel Madhusudan Dutta Captive Lady

332 Michel Madhusudan Dutta Vision of the Past

333 Mihir Bose The Magic of Indian Cricket

334 Mohan Rakesh Adhe Adhure

335 Mohini Kent Black Taj

336 Morarji Bhai Desai A Minister and his Responsibilities

The Miracle of Democracy: India’s Amazing

337 Mr. T. S. Krishnamurthy
Journey

338 Mrs.Harriet Stowe Uncle Tom’s Cabin

339 Mulk Raj Anand Morning Face

340 Mulk Raj Anand The Bubble

341 Mulkraj Anand Coolie

342 Mulkraj Anand Two Leaves and a Bud

343 Munshi Premchand Devasthan Rahasya

344 Munshi Premchand Godaan

345 Munshi Premchand Kaayakalp

346 Munshi Premchand Karmabhoomi

347 Munshi Premchand Kishna

348 Munshi Premchand Nirmala

349 Munshi Premchand Pratigya

350 Munshi Premchand Prema

351 Munshi Premchand Rangbhoomi

352 Munshi Premchand Seva Sadan

353 Munshi Premchand Vardaan

354 N. R. Narayana Murthy A Better India : A Better World

355 Nanda Menon Going for Gold

356 Narendra Jadhav Ambedkar:Awakening India’s Social Conscience

357 Narendra Modi Convenient Action

358 Nayanjot Lahiri Ashoka in Ancient India

359 Nayantara Sahgal A Time to Be Happy

360 Nayantara Sahgal Mistaken Identity