Number Systems
Number Systems
Number Systems
Systems
CSE 115
1
Introduction
to
Numbering
Systems
2
Characteristics
of
Numbering
Systems
000 0 20 1
001 1 21 2
010 2 22 4
011 3 23 8
100 4 24 16
101 5 25 32
110 6 26 64
6
111 7 27 128
Binary
Addition
Step
2:
33
/
2
=
16
R
1
Again
divide
by
2;
record
quoDent
in
next
row
• Mul@ply
the
binary
digits
by
increasing
powers
of
two,
star@ng
from
the
right
10
Multiplication
Algorithm
Convert
(10101101)2
to
its
decimal
equivalent:
Binary
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
x x x x x x x x
Posi@onal
Values
27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
Products
128 + 32 + 8 + 4 + 1
17310
11
Octal
Number
System
• Also
known
as
the
Base
8
System
• Uses
digits
0
-‐
7
• Readily
converts
to
binary
• Groups
of
three
(binary)
digits
can
be
used
to
represent
each
octal
digit
• Also
uses
mul@plica@on
and
division
algorithms
for
conversion
to
and
from
base
10
12
Decimal
to
Octal
Conversion
6538
13
Octal
to
Decimal
Conversion
42710 14
Octal
to
Binary
Conversion
6 5 3
15
Hexadecimal
Number
System
• Base
16
system
leeers A,B,C,D,E,F
16
Decimal
to
Hexadecimal
Conversion
33E16
17
Hexadecimal
to
Decimal
Conversion
15,18310 18
Binary
to
Hexadecimal
Conversion
19
Substitution
Code
Convert
0101011010101110011010102
to
hex
using
the
4-‐bit
subs@tu@on
code
:
5 6 A E 6 A
0101
0110
1010
1110
0110
1010
56AE6A16
20
Substitution
Code
Subs@tu@on
code
can
also
be
used
to
convert
binary
to
octal
by
using
3-‐bit
groupings:
255271528
21
Complement
22
Types
of
Complement
• For
a
number
of
base
r,
two
types
of
complements
can
be
found
§ 1.
r’s
complement
• Defini@on:
§ If
N
is
a
number
of
base
r
having
n
digits
then
23
Example
• Suppose N = (3675)10
• So
we
can
find
two
complements
of
this
number.
The
10’s
complement
and
the
9’s
complement.
Here
n
=
4
= 6325
=
6324
24
Short
cut
way
to
7ind
(r-‐1)’s
complement
25
Example:
• Find
the
(r-‐1)’s
complement
in
short
cut
method.
§ (620143)8
Ans:
157634
26
Short
cut
way
to
7ind
r’s
complement
• From
the
defini@on
we
can
say,
§ r’s
complement
of
(N)
=
(r-‐1)’s
complement
+1
• So,
we
can
first
find
the
(r-‐1)’s
complement
in
short
cut
way
then
add
1
to
get
the
r’s
complement.
• Example:
r’s
complement
of
(620143)8
=157634
+
1
=
157635
This
method
is
a
two
step
process.
But
we
can
find
it
in
one
step
process
also.
27
Short
cut
way
to
7ind
r’s
complement
28
Example
29
Example
for
binary
30
Use
of
Complement
• Complement
is
used
to
perform
subtrac@on
using
addi@on
• So
we
can
get
the
result
of
A-‐B
by
adding
complement
of
B
with
A.
31
Addition
and
Subtraction
• Two's
complement
addi@on
follows
the
same
rules
as
binary
addi@on.
33