Binomials you must know

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“Black and white,” “rock n’ roll,” “salt and pepper.”

You know these types of phrases, right?

They’re called binomials (or “binomial expressions” or “binomial

pairs”).

Binomials are AWESOME! And here’s why:

 They make you sound more natural in English.

 You can express a lot with only 3 words, like with idioms.
 They can help you stop using the same phrases again and again.
Today, you’re going to learn 29 of the most common binomials in
English.

By the way, there are so many binomials in English — how did I choose which ones to
include?

A lot of coursebooks and websites just list random binomials — many of them are old-
fashioned and out of date.

So I used an online corpus* to find the binomials that you’ll actually need — you know, the
ones that people actually use in real life (not in a coursebook writer’s head).

This will save you time by giving you the most useful binomials in English! (You’re
welcome.)

(*To learn how to use a corpus to improve your English, click here.)

1. Binomials to Describe
Good Things
A lot of binomials are happy little things — like my cat, Freya:

OK, not so relevant, but

isn’t she lovely?
So there are a lot more positive binomials in English than negative
ones.

Safe and sound

What does it mean?
This means “safe and out of danger.”

How can I use it?

We can use this phrase for people:

There he is, safe and sound in his hammock.

Or for things:
The inspectors have checked, and the building
is safe and sound. We can move in tomorrow!

This is often used after some sort of period of danger. So we can use it
with “we got back …” or “it was returned …”

After walking through the red-light district for hours,

we finally got back to our hotel safe and sound.

The family dog had been missing for 5 weeks when

he was returned safe and sound to his owners. A
neighbour had found him enjoying her swimming
pool.

Peace and quiet

What does it mean?
Have you ever needed to escape to the countryside?

To get away from the noise and chaos and stress of the big city?

To just relax and enjoy the peace and quiet?

“Peace and quiet” means “freedom from chaos, stress and noise.”

How can I use it?

OK. I’ve just researched the way this phrase is used, and I’ve found
something interesting.
Most of the verbs that are used with “peace and quiet” are verbs that
either mean “want” or “look for”:

So I guess this means that peace and quiet is something we often

want, but don’t always get.

If you’re a parent, you’ll know exactly what I’m talking about.

Done and dusted

What does it mean?
This is usually for some sort of project, and it simply means “finished
— completely finished. So finished that we can go home now.”

How can I use it?

This is almost always used with “be.”

Now that the accounts are done and dusted for

the year, do you fancy a pint?
And that’s it! The red team win the penalty
shootout! They’ve won the championship! It’s
all done and dusted! Now the football is finally
over, and we can get on with our lives!

Short and sweet

What does it mean?
This means “short but also rather nice.”

Or sometimes “short but relevant to the situation.”

How can I use it?

I can specifically remember the first time I heard this phrase in
context.

I was a kid at a classical music concert in Abu Dhabi. (My childhood

was interesting. I’ll explain another time.)

It was my dad’s job to introduce the musicians. He went up on stage,

said about 5 sentences, then sat down and then the musicians started
the concert.

As he was sitting down, he just said:

“There you go — short and sweet!”

We can also say “short but sweet.”

Neat and tidy

What does it mean?
This means “neat.” And “tidy.” Exactly what you’d expect!

How can I use it?

This one’s often used as an adjective:

Can you deliver my doughnuts in a nice, neat-and-

tidy package, please?

Or with “be”:

Humphrey’s desk is always neat and tidy. Don’t

touch anything — he’ll kill you.

And often with “keep”:

Yeah — he likes to keep the garden neat and tidy.

He’s good at it, but I think he might need to get out
a bit more.

2. Binomials to Describe
Bad Things
Some binomials are used to describe bad situations.

Down and out

What does it mean?
That guy you see begging in the street.

He’s got no money, no home. He’s not doing well at all.

Well, he’s down and out.

How can I use it?
It basically works like an adjective:

Tony? Don’t ask about Tony. He’s basically down

and out these days.

I’ve never seen so many down-and-out people in

one place. I thought this was supposed to be a
wealthy country.

Wear and tear

What does it mean?
So you’ve bought some new clothes!

They’re fresh, crisp and new. It feels great, doesn’t it?

But what about those same clothes a year later?

Although you take good care of them, they still fade, get a little
broken and just don’t look as good.

Well, that’s wear and tear.

How can I use it?

We often use this to show how nice something is:

For sale: Giant, elephant-shaped, leather sofa. No

signs of wear and tear.

Or how not-nice something is:

I love this book. I’ve read it about 7 times.
Yes — it’s certainly showing a lot of wear and tear.

By the way — here’s a good example of wear and tear from my

collection:

High and dry

What does it mean?
This is when you’re in a situation where you feel helpless. You’re stuck
in a situation you don’t want to be in, and it’s usually because you’re
missing something that can get you out of that situation.

How can I use it?

We often use this with the verb “leave”:

You can’t pick me up? I’m in the middle of nowhere

— there’s no bus for 7 hours. Don’t leave me high
and dry like this!
It was too late when I noticed that there was no
toilet paper, leaving me high and dry.

High and Dry is also a fantastic song.

3. Binomials to Describe …
Things
Some binomials don’t describe anything particularly good or bad —
sometimes they just describe … things.

Black and white

What does it mean?
It means the colours: black and white. That’s all!

How can I use it?

Well, you can simply use it to talk about the colours:

Back in the ’80s, we had a black-and-white TV.

Daddy? Was the internet in black and white when

you were a kid?

But we can also use it to talk about how a situation isn’t so simple.

You know those people who look at a complicated situation, and they
think they can just describe it very simply?
Like when they think that all librarians are evil people because they
met a couple of bad librarians once.

That’s when you can accuse them of black-and-white thinking.

Or you could say:

Come on! Don’t look at everything in black and

white.

The world’s a complicated place!

Rock and roll

What does it mean?
We all know what this means.

How can I use it?

I think we all know how to use this, right?

I just wanted to include it because it’s a great example of a binomial in

English we all use — even in other languages.

But let’s have an example anyway:

Rock and roll is a genre that simply refuses to die!

Salt and pepper

What does it mean?
Again — we know what this means. It’s that white stuff and black stuff
you put on your food. We usually use it in little pots like this:
 Sometimes in restaurants,
they put the salt in the pepper pot and the pepper in the salt pot. I
don’t know why they keep doing that.
How can I use it?
In exactly the kinds of ways you’d imagine using it.

Pass the salt and pepper, would you?

If you put salt and pepper on Brussels sprouts,

they still taste horrible.

If you were around in the ‘90s, you’ll remember these guys.

4. Binomials for the Good

and Bad Sides of
Something
There’s something very useful that binomials in English can do.

They can talk about the good side and the bad side of something at
the same time.

So sometimes, they act as a sort of scale when you want to show

balance.

Pros and cons

What does it mean?
This means “the good and bad sides of something.”

How can I use it?

 Well, before we make a decision we should probably:

 Weigh up the pros and cons

 Discuss the pros and cons
 Explore the pros and cons
 Examine the pros and cons

That sort of thing.

You can also ask about them:

What would you say are the pros and cons of

working as a lion tamer?
 Make or break
What does it mean?
This one’s a bit tricky.

I guess a really clear way to explain it is with that terrifyingly popular

show. I think it’s called “X Factor.”

Basically, you have all these people who want to become successful
performers.

Now, the 3 minutes they get on stage (or however long they get) is
possibly the most important 3 minutes they’ll have in their career,
right?

Why?

That’s because this performance will either “make” them (so they’ll
be successful and rich and able to have as much cake as they like) or
“break” them (they’ll look stupid in front of everyone and go back to
working as a waiter. Or lion tamer. Or whatever they were doing
before).

How can I use it?

It’s often used as a verb, and it’s commonly used to talk about love,
money and careers.

Something can:

 Make or break a deal

 Make or break a career
 Make or break the economy
 Make or break your marriage
 Make or break you
Ups and downs
What does it mean?
This one means “both good and bad experiences.”

Although there are bad experiences involved in this one, it’s mostly
positive. There’s the feeling that “yes, we’ve gone through some bad
times, but we’re still here and alive! It’s been good for us!”

That sort of thing.

How can I use it?

We can basically use this in any situation that involves good and bad
experiences together.

It can be something big, like life:

Life is full of ups and downs!

Or something small, like your last trip:

How was your holiday in Alaska?

Well, we had our ups and downs.

And we often use it to describe relationships:

How’s it going with Andy?

Well, we have our ups and downs. But we’re still
going strong!
Live and learn
What does it mean?
It means that we learn from our mistakes. So making mistakes is fine.
Because now we’ve learned something.

Hooray!

How can I use it?

It’s very common to use this phrase just by itself:

I didn’t know you could take your own food and

drink into this cinema! I’ve been buying their
overpriced popcorn for years! Oh, well. Live and
learn.

OK. I mentioned his ex to him, and he went crazy. I

won’t be doing that again. Live and learn.

Rain or shine
What does it mean?
This means “under any circumstances.”

How can I use it?

This one has a feeling of determination.

You’ve got to get to your best friend’s wedding, and NOTHING is going
to stop you!
Or you’re going on your dream holiday camel riding through the
Sahara (because you like weird holidays). Nothing will stop you — it’s
your dream!

We also often use this phrase with “come”:

I’m going to my best friend’s wedding, come rain or

shine.

I’ll be camel riding through the Sahara next week —

come rain or shine.

(Particularly funny because we’re talking about a place without much

rain.)

Dos and don’ts

What does it mean?
Dos and don’ts are basically rules.

They’re usually not formal rules and are often not particularly strict.

How can I use it?

Unless someone asks you to write up a “dos and don’ts” list, then you
probably won’t need to use this phrase much.

But you will see them around in written English — usually as a sign
somewhere public, like a swimming pool, a library, a hostel or a
workplace kitchen — anywhere that might have informal rules.

Dos:
 Wash up after yourself.
 Turn the lights off when you leave the room.
 Label any food you put in the fridge.

Don’ts:

 Leave old food in the fridge.

 Put wet spoons in the sugar.
 Use Humphrey’s mug — he’ll kill you.

5. Binomials in English for

Amounts, Duration,
Direction, Etc.
These binomials describe how you do something, how something
happens or how something is.

They deal with the “hows”: how much, how big, how often, how soon,
how carefully, etc.

By and large
What does it mean?
“By and large” basically means “after considering everything…”

We have a similar phrase for this: “on the whole.”

How can I use it?

This means “mostly.” We can use it to describe anything that’s almost
100%.

Anything that is measurable and not just black and white.

He said he’d work hard this year and, by and large,
he has.

We need all the help we can get from the

government but, by and large, they haven’t been
helpful.

How’s the new job? Well, by and large, it’s OK.

Shame about all the paperwork.

On and off
What does it mean?
You can use this for anything that happens, then stops happening,
then starts again, then stops again, and so on.

How can I use it?

You can say that you’ve been writing your first novel on and
off recently.

Or that they’ve been arguing on and off for most of their relationship.

Or that he took all the money he earned from lion taming and lived in
a hotel in Gibraltar on and off for about 10 years.

Notice that we can put this after the verb or after the object.

We can also use it with “for” and “since”:

He’s been working for the circus on and off since
he was a kid.

Far and wide

What does it mean?
This phrase means “over a large area,” or “a lot of places in a large
area.”

How can I use it?

Of course, we can use this one to talk about physical areas, so we
often use it with verbs like “search,” “reach” and “travel”:

They searched far and wide for the missing dog. In

the end, they found him hiding in the garden.

He travelled far and wide looking for the answer to

the universe. He gave up and opened a café in
Ipswich.

People came from far and wide to see the pig-

monkey.

We can also talk about how things like rumours, information and
discussion can spread far and wide.

Loud and clear

What does it mean?
This doesn’t mean “loud,” but it means “clear.”

In fact, it means “very clear.”

How can I use it?

This phrase is usually used to talk about an instruction, a message or
a signal.

He’s letting us know, loud and clear, that he

doesn’t want to go back in the cupboard.

It can also be used as an adjective:

He’s given us a loud and clear signal — no more

ice cream in the swimming pool.

Sooner or later
What does it mean?
The meaning of this one’s pretty logical. It literally means “sooner or
later.”

But there’s an extra layer of meaning attached to it …

How can I use it?

You can use this phrase when you want to tell someone, “For sure,
something is happening, but I just don’t know when.”

Sometimes there’s a feeling of “it’s happening — and there’s nothing

we can do about it!”
Here are some examples:

Well, he’s doing well — but sooner or later his

luck’s going to run out.

OK — that’s very impressive. But you’re going to

have to let go sooner or later.
 Ken Being an Idiot by Ken
Lund | CC BY 2.0

More or less
What does it mean?
This means “approximately” but doesn’t sound as scientific.

(By the way, I’d recommend avoiding using approximately in most

situations — it sounds a little too scientific for most situations.)

How can I use it?

You can use this in any of the situations that you’d use the word
“about” (meaning “approximately”).

There were more or less 300 people at the

wedding. They must’ve spent a fortune!

We were more or less a mile from the house when

it started raining.

It can also be quite funny if you use it with something less about
numbers and more about opinions:

He’s more or less a complete idiot. I have no idea

how he won.

Give or take
What does it mean?
Good news! This is more or less the same as “more or less.”

How can I use it?

You can use this one for the same types of situations as “more or
less,” but it usually goes at the end of the sentence:

There were about 200 people at the wedding, give

or take.

That’s because it’s often used more as an afterthought:

My YouTube channel’s exploded! I’ve got 10,000

subscribers, give or take.

You can also make it a little more accurate by adding how much
you’re giving or taking:

I had about 8 cups of tea last night — give or

take 2.
= “I had somewhere between 6 and 10 cups of tea last night.”

Little by little
What does it mean?
You can probably guess the meaning of this one.

It means “gradually” — the opposite of “suddenly.”

How can I use it?

Because it’s a long(ish) phrase, it really works best at the end of a
clause:
We watched his music writing get better and
better, little by little.

Or at the beginning:

Little by little, he lost his enthusiasm for Sandra

Bullock films. Especially the romantic comedies.

Step by step
What does it mean?
This is a combination of “gradually,” “carefully” and “regularly.”

How can I use it?

Have you ever tried to construct something from Ikea?

Nightmare, isn’t it?

You try to follow the instructions step by step, but your cupboard still
ends up looking like a broken chair.

You should’ve read the step-by-step instructions

more carefully. That’s why your cupboard looks like
a chair.
Yeah, thanks for that.

Although it’s most common to use this phrase with instructions, we

can also use it for any sort of process:
He plans to take over the world, step by step. He’s
starting with Norway.

Back to front
What does it mean?
Simply: “The back part’s in the front, and the front part’s in the back!”

How can I use it?

The publisher put the book covers on back to

front.

My uncle can’t stand teenagers who wear their

caps back to front.
Now and then
What does it mean?
“Sometimes.”

Yep — this just means “sometimes.”

How can I use it?

We can use this before or after SVO (usually after).

What’s SVO? Click here.

He’s not a big drinker, but he enjoys a cocktail now

and then.

Football? No — I’m not a big fan. I might watch a

match now and then, though. If it’s on.

All in all
What does it mean?
This one means “looking at everything about a situation all together.”

How can I use it?

Let’s look at some examples!

How was your trip?

 All in all, It was all right. But there were a few
problems with the sharks.

Yep — learning a language can be a challenge,

but all in all, it’s a rewarding experience.

So there we are — 29 common and useful binomials in English to

make you sound more natural and express yourself better in English.

Meanwhile, here’s a lovely song that includes some binomials. It’s by

some band called Pink Floyd. I think they’re a bit famous.
Now let’s practise what we’ve learned:

1. How often do you get to enjoy some peace and quiet?

2. What’s the last thing that you had to throw away because
of wear and tear?
3. Do you know anyone who’s down and out?
4. Have you ever been left high and dry? What happened?
5. Is there anything that you’ve been doing on and off over the
last year?

Answer in the comments!