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Chemistry
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Unit Test 4
1
Tuesday 20 January 2009 – Morning 2
Time: 1 hour 30 minutes 3
4
5
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6

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Instructions to Candidates
In the boxes above, write your centre number, candidate number, your surname, initial(s) and
signature.
Check that you have the correct question paper. The paper reference is shown above.
Answer ALL the questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided in this question paper.
Do not use pencil. Use blue or black ink.
Show all the steps in any calculations and state the units.

Information for Candidates

The marks for individual questions and parts of questions are shown in round brackets: e.g. (2).
The total mark for this paper is 75. There are 20 pages in this question paper. Any blank pages are
indicated.
A Periodic Table is printed on the back cover of this question paper.

Advice to Candidates
You are reminded of the importance of clear English and careful presentation in your answers.

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W850/R6244/57570 7/7/7/3/7800
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Answer ALL the questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided.

1. The table below shows the structure of six compounds with the molecular formula
C4H8O2.

OH H OH
CH3—–C—–CH2—–C CH3—–CH2—–CH2—–C
H O O
A B

O OH O
HO—–CH2—–CH2—–C CH3—–C—–C
CH3 H CH3

C D

O CH3 O
HO—–CH2—–CH2—–CH2—–C CH3—–C—–C
H H OH

E F

(a) Complete the following table, using letters A–F, to show which of the compounds
have the properties described:

Property Compounds

(i) react with Fehling’s solution

cannot be oxidised by acidified

(ii)
potassium dichromate(VI) solution

give a yellow precipitate when mixed

(iii) with a solution of sodium hydroxide and
iodine

(iv) are chiral

(9)

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(b) There are other compounds with the same molecular formula, C4H8O2, which show
geometric (cis-trans) isomerism.

Draw the cis and trans structures of an isomer of C4H8O2.

(2) Q1

(Total 11 marks)

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2. Vinegar is a dilute solution of the weak acid, ethanoic acid, CH3COOH.

(a) Explain the meaning of the terms dilute and weak as applied to ethanoic acid
solutions.

Dilute .............................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

Weak..............................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................
(2)

(b) (i) Write an expression for the acid dissociation constant, Ka, for ethanoic acid.

(1)

(ii) A solution of ethanoic acid of concentration 0.0250 mol dm–3 has a pH of 3.20.

Calculate the value of Ka for ethanoic acid. Include a unit in your answer.

(4)

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(iii) Justify any assumptions that you made in your calculation.

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................................................................................................................................
(2)

QUESTION 2 CONTINUES ON THE NEXT PAGE

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(c) The graph below shows the variation of pH during the titration of 20.00 cm3 of
0.0250 mol dm–3 ethanoic acid with 0.0250 mol dm–3 sodium hydroxide solution.

12 ±

10 ±

8±
pH
6±

4±

2±
±

±
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
3
volume of base / cm

(i) Explain, in detail, why the pH of the mixture of ethanoic acid and sodium
ethanoate, produced during the titration, does not change very much between the
addition of 5 and 15 cm3 of the sodium hydroxide solution.

...............................................................................................................................

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(4)

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(ii) The pKInd value for methyl orange is 3.7 and for phenolphthalein is 9.3.

Mark on the graph the pH range over which methyl orange and phenolphthalein
change colour.

Use this information, and the colours of the indicators at different pH values, to
explain why methyl orange cannot be used to find the end-point of this titration
whereas phenolphthalein can.

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(4)

(d) Fizzy drinks are an aqueous solution of carbon dioxide dissolved under pressure. The
equilibrium involved is:

CO2(aq) + H2O(l) U HCO3−(aq) + H+(aq)

Use this equilibrium to explain what happens to the pH of the fizzy drink when the
pressure is released and carbon dioxide gas escapes.

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

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(2) Q2

(Total 19 marks)

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3. In the synthesis of ammonia, the equilibrium involved is:

N2(g) + 3H2(g) U 2NH3(g)

The equilibrium mixture, at a pressure of 160 atm and a temperature of 770 K, contained
0.900 mol of nitrogen, 2.70 mol of hydrogen and 0.200 mol of ammonia.

(a) (i) Write the expression for the equilibrium constant, Kp, for this equilibrium.

(1)

(ii) Calculate the partial pressures of nitrogen, hydrogen and ammonia in the
equilibrium mixture.

(3)

(iii) Calculate the value of Kp at 770 K.

(1)

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(b) The value for Kp at 500 K for this equilibrium is 3.55 × 10–2 atm–2. Use your answer
from (a)(iii) to state whether the reaction is exothermic or endothermic. Give a reason
for your answer.

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................
(1)

(c) State the effect, if any, on the rate of attainment of the equilibrium when

(i) the temperature of the system is increased

...............................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii) a catalyst is added.

...............................................................................................................................
(1)

(d) Doubling the partial pressure of either hydrogen or nitrogen in the system (at constant
temperature) increases the equilibrium yield of ammonia. Doubling the partial
pressure of hydrogen has the greater effect.

Explain this using your equilibrium expression from (a)(i).

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(3) Q3

(Total 11 marks)

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4. Serine is a naturally-occurring amino acid found in silk protein. It has the following
structure

HOCH2—–C—–COOH

NH2

(a) Give the systematic name for serine.

.......................................................................................................................................
(1)

(b) Draw the structural formulae of the organic compounds produced when serine reacts
with the following reagents.

(i) Lithium aluminium hydride, LiAlH4

(1)

(ii) Dilute hydrochloric acid, HCl(aq)

(1)

(iii) Ethanoyl chloride, CH3COCl

(1)

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(c) Naturally-occurring serine is one of a pair of optical isomers.

(i) Draw diagrams to show the three-dimensional structures of the two isomers.

(2)

(ii) What physical property could be measured to distinguish between solutions of

the two isomers?

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii) How would the measurements differ for the two isomers?

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................
(1)

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(d) Under certain conditions serine can be polymerised to produce two different polymers,
one a polyamide and the other a polyester.

Draw the repeating unit of each polymer showing the double bond in the unit.

(i) Polyamide

(2)

(ii) Polyester

(2) Q4

(Total 12 marks)

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5. (a) Define the term lattice energy.

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................
(2)

(b) Use the energy cycle and the data to calculate the lattice energy of barium chloride.

Ba2+(g) + 2Cl(g) + 2e- Ba2+(g) + 2Cl−(g)

Ba(g) + 2Cl(g)

Ba(g) + Cl2(g)

Ba(s) + Cl2(g) BaCl2(s)

Value
/ kJ mol–1
Enthalpy of formation of BaCl2(s) - 859
Enthalpy of atomisation of barium + 180
Enthalpy of atomisation of chlorine + 122
1st + 2nd ionisation energy of barium + 1468
Electron affinity of chlorine - 349

Calculation

(3)

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(c) (i) Explain how comparison of lattice energies from the Born-Haber cycle with
theoretical lattice energies provides evidence for the nature of the bonding in the
chlorides of the Group 2 metals.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii) Explain the difference in bonding between beryllium and chlorine and that
between barium and chlorine.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

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................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................
(2) Q5

(Total 9 marks)

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6. (a) Lead(II) oxide, PbO, is amphoteric. Write equations to show this property.

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

(3)

(b) Lead(IV) oxide, PbO2, reacts with concentrated hydrochloric acid to produce a white
crystalline solid, lead(II) chloride, PbCl2, and chlorine.

Tin(IV) oxide, SnO2, reacts with concentrated hydrochloric acid to give a colourless
liquid, tin(IV) chloride, SnCl4.

(i) Suggest the type of bonding in lead(II) chloride and tin(IV) chloride.

PbCl2 ......................................................................................................................

SnCl4 ......................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii) Explain, in terms of the relative stability of the oxidation states of lead and tin,
why lead(IV) oxide and tin(IV) oxide react in different ways with concentrated
hydrochloric acid.

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(2)

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(c) (i) Write equations to show the reactions of phosphorus(III) chloride, PCl3, and
phosphorus(V) chloride, PCl5, with water.

phosphorus(III) chloride

................................................................................................................................

phosphorus(V) chloride

...............................................................................................................................
(3)

(ii) When sodium chloride and phosphorus(III) chloride are separately added to
water, solutions of different pH are produced. Suggest the likely pH for each
solution and explain the difference.

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(3) Q6

(Total 13 marks)

TOTAL FOR PAPER: 75 MARKS

END

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