November 2019

Vision of
microfinance
in India
Message from SIDBI
The microfinance sector plays an important role in promoting initiatives such as data localisation, a cap on multiple lending, a
inclusive growth by providing credit to borrowers at the bottom regulatory sandbox and public credit registry, the microfinance
of the economic pyramid. This sector has been instrumental in sector is yet to develop robust risk management frameworks as it
creating opportunities for low-income households by providing matures.
credit access to 64 million1 unique live borrowers who were
previously beyond the reach of traditional financial services. Government initiatives play a significant role in channelling the
credit flow to underserved sectors through priority sector lending,
Currently, this sector has a total loan portfolio worth USD 1.785 Micro Units Development and Refinance Agency Ltd. (MUDRA)
trillion and loan disbursal is growing at a rate of 20% in terms of Yojana, loan co-origination and private sector investments. To
volume.2 This growth can be attributed to the rapid evolution of supplement these initiatives, steps are being taken to empower
regulatory reforms, mass adaptation of UPI-based payments, women by providing them easy access to credit, assistance in
developments in small finance banks and several initiatives by the starting their own business and financial literacy programmes.
government and regulatory authorities. Schemes like Pradhan Mantri Mahila Shakti Kendra are expected
This sector has been providing huge impetus to the unorganised to create a conducive environment for women to realise their
sector, driving businesses, creating jobs and transforming the lives full potential. SIDBI’s Prayaas focuses on supporting small
of millions of beneficiaries. As consumer demand evolves, there entrepreneurs excluded from traditional financial services. Further,
has been a transition towards customer-centric products bolstered an INR 10 billion fund has been released by SIDBI to boost the
by robust customer profiling based on lifestyles, personalities, microfinance sector. SIDBI has tied up with non-profit organisations
occupations and behaviours for higher adoption. This development and social ventures to channel funds at below market rates to
has been attained through technology enablement, which has facilitate affordable borrowing.
reduced overall turnaround times, operational costs for lenders and Against this backdrop, SIDBI, in association with PwC India,
credit access costs for the borrower. has prepared this knowledge report with the aim of highlighting
Additionally, the microfinance sector has its own set of challenges, the current status of the microfinance sector and charting its
ranging from lack of formal credit history, absence of collateral, way forward. We hope the issues covered in this report will be
laborious customer acquisition process, and low digital and discussed and deliberated upon at length during SIDBI’s 2nd
financial literacy. There are also risks around customer data National Microfinance Congress and that the recommendations
protection and data privacy, along with strategic and credit provided will enhance the functioning of the microfinance sector
risks, which pose a significant challenge for institutions striving in India. I extend my best wishes for the success of the event.
to become sustainable. While the RBI has launched multiple

Mohammad Mustafa
Chairman and Managing Director
SIDBI

1 SIDBI Microfinance pulse report, June 2019

2 SIDBI Microfinance pulse report, June 2019

2 | Vision of microfinance in India

Foreword
In the last couple of years, the microfinance sector has seen Through this report, we have attempted to understand the evolving
promising growth on the back of the rapidly growing Indian needs of the microfinance sector and envision the future of
economy. The sector has been instrumental in offering formal microfinance in India by:
credit to underserved low-income households and micro, small
and medium enterprises (MSMEs), thereby increasing the • exploring new investment channels to reduce the overall cost
contribution of these segments to India’s overall GDP. In FY19, of funds for MFIs through the development of partnerships with
the microfinance sector displayed 40%3 growth in terms of corporates, impact investing and other platforms
loan portfolio. With advancements in technology, development • developing customer-centric products by analysing shifting
of regulatory policies, new partnerships and launch of diverse consumer demand
products, the sector is expected to maintain the existing level
of growth in the near future. • boosting FinTech innovation through controlled testing in
a regulatory sandbox, and developing analytics-based
In recent years, the microfinance sector has faced new challenges underwriting and collection models
such as limited access to low-cost funding for microfinance
institutions (MFIs), low financial and digital literacy among targeted • bolstering governance and risk management through revised
borrowers, over-borrowing, and the demand for more innovative regulations and technology-enabled solutions
and customer-centric products. Interventions by the government • empowering and assisting women in business and skill
and the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) have played a significant development through new products and partnerships.
role in enabling the microfinance sector to reach out to new
geographies. The Public Credit Registry (PCR) initiated by the RBI Microfinance is essential for driving the growth of a large section of
is a step in this direction, aimed at formalising credit and helping the underserved population and bringing an entire array of financial
the sector conceptualise an optimised underwriting process and services within the reach of borrowers. Mobilising these new-to-
make decisions based on critical data points. credit borrowers will play a significant role in achieving India’s
vision of becoming a USD 5 trillion economy by 2025.
Recently, the Government of India has also increased the
microlending limit of borrowers to INR 1.25 lakh with the aim of We would like to thank SIDBI for bringing this engaging topic into
expanding the reach of the microfinance sector. RBI initiatives focus and initiating discussions around it. We are also grateful
like co-origination of loans by banks and non-banking financial to SIDBI for selecting PwC as its trusted knowledge partner for
companies (NBFCs)/MFIs are also expected to mitigate the risk of SIDBI’s 2nd National Microfinance Congress.
lending to NBFCs with a major portion of the credit risk borne by
the participating institutions.

Asim Parashar
Partner, Financial
Services PwC India

3 SIDBI Microfinance pulse report – June 2019

Contents

06 12
Overview of India’s Emerging needs of the
microfinance industry microfinance ecosystem

18 24
Way forward for Key considerations for the
microfinance in India microfinance growth journey

25
Road ahead
 Overview of India’s
microfinance industry

Microfinance started as a global movement in the early 1980s to The second survey was designed to understand customer
provide credit to low-income households with constrained access sentiments towards the microfinance industry. There were
to traditional banking. The uncertain regulatory landscape, over- 200 respondents from various small-scale businesses in the
indebtedness of borrowers and lack of an institutional framework transportation, logistics, agriculture, textile and other sectors.
have been some of the key concerns for the microfinance industry
globally. However, in recent years, the microfinance industry
has undergone significant transformation with the creation of
Microfinance providers in the Indian
self-regulatory organisations (SROs), formulation of structured lending landscape
guidelines, digital interventions and adoption of a redefined
Different players like banks, SFBs, MFIs, NBFCs and not-for-profit
customer servicing approach. This has led to a significant boost in
MFIs enable microlending in India. MFIs hold the largest share of
the loan portfolio and, hence, the number of borrowers.
the loan portfolio, which stands at INR 681 billion and accounting
Today, the global microfinance industry is worth over INR 8.90 for 38% of the total industry portfolio.7 This suggests that
trillion with the loan disbursed amount growing at an average borrowers are more inclined to take loans from MFIs.
annual rate of 11.5% over the last 5 years 4. The industry has
impacted the lives of 139.9 million borrowers worldwide, 80% of Figure 1: Market share of financial institutions in
whom are women and 65%, from a rural background. 5 outstanding portfolio8

South Asia is one of the leading markets in the global microfinance

industry. It had the largest number of borrowers in 2018 (85.6 1%
million), growing at a rate of 13.8%, which is much higher than
that of other geographies. A notable portion of these borrowers
are in India. In FY19, the loan portfolio of the Indian microfinance 10%
industry has grown at a rate of 40% YoY, with an outstanding Banks SFBs MFIs NBFCs
loan portfolio worth INR 1.785 trillion and 64.1 million unique live Not-for-profit MFIs 34%
borrowers.6 This growth has been fuelled by a landscape of diverse
microfinance providers and varied microlending models.
As part of our research on the microfinance industry in India, we 38%
conducted two surveys during September–October 2019, designed
to understand the issues and challenges faced by the microfinance 17%
industry and gain insights into the expectations of the industry. One
survey was administered to microlenders such as microfinance
institutions (MFIs), non-banking financial companies (NBFCs),
banks and non-governmental organisations (NGOs). A total of
85 responses were obtained from senior management (including
CEOs, CFOs and managing directors) of 20 organisations (banks,
MFIs, NBFCs and NGOs).

4 Microfinance Barometer report 2019

5 Microfinance Barometer report 2019
6 SIDBI & Equifax Microfinance Pulse report, June 2019
7 SIDBI & Equifax Microfinance Pulse report, June 2019
8 SIDBI & Equifax Microfinance Pulse report, June 2019
Figure 2: Snapshot of players in the Indian microfinance industry 9

80,000 3.00%
70,000
2.50%
60,000

50,000 2.00%

40,000 1.50%

30,000
1.00%
20,000
0.50%
10,000

0 0.00%
Banks SFBs NBFC-MFIs NBFCs Not-for-profit
MFIs

Unique live borrowers (in thousands) Active loans (in thousands)

Portfolio outstanding (in crores) Average ticket size
30+ delinquency 90+ delinquency

Among the players in the microfinance landscape, banks have seen stable
growth, supported by ease of access
Presencetooffunds, higher
stronger loan ticket
and more sizerisk
effective andmanagement procedures is our competitive advantage over the smaller ones” – 25%
low delinquency ratios. On the other hand, though MFIs hold the largest
share of the loan portfolio, their growth is adversely affected due to limited

35%
fund availability and high customer acquisition and servicing costs arising
of executives from financial institutions have recognised high operating
from operations in remote geographies. As a result, the rates offered by the
MFIs may range from 24% for larger NBFC-MFIs in
costs as a roadblock toworking
35–45% towards
10 financial inclusion.
for smaller
MFIs, resulting in a structural problem of unaffordability for end customers
and large NPAs for microfinance providers.
PwC’s Microfinance Lenders Survey 2019

9 SIDBI & Equifax Microfinance Pulse report, June

10 https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/why-Micro-finance-and-women-empowerment-go-hand-in-hand/1452759/
 Besides banks and MFIs, a key emerging player in the current microfinance
space are SFBs, which provide high-ticket loans and thus have an edge
over NBFCs and MFIs. In FY19, the average ticket size disbursed per client
by NBFC and MFIs was INR 25,850, while that disbursed by SFBs was INR
30,780.11 SFBs are not constrained by MFI guidelines, which allows them to
offer higher ticket size loans. As the market share of SFBs increases from
the current 17%,12 they are expected to penetrate further and provide
competitive products to borrowers.
The presence of multiple players with their distinctive strengths and
weaknesses has led to a need for a more collaborative approach for higher On-tap licensing for SFBs
growth. Taking this into consideration, the RBI issued a circular on co- In September 2019, the RBI
origination of loans by banks and NBFCs/MFIs in September 2018, 13 which
required a joint arrangement between banks and NBFC/MFIs for credit and
released draft norms for ‘on-tap’
risk sharing. Co-lending is expected to mitigate the risk of lending for NBFCs, licensing for the creation of SFBs.
with a major portion of the credit risk borne by the participating bank. The bank This will allow existing NBFCs,
is also expected to benefit from the widespread network of the NBFC/MFIs MFIs, payment banks and urban
responsible for the sourcing and servicing of loans under this arrangement.
co-operative banks to apply for an
SFB license if they meet certain
Prevalent microfinance disbursement models
conditions and have a minimum
A majority of the microfinance players in the Indian market disburse loans paid-up capital INR 2 billion.
either through the joint Liability Group (JLG) or Self-help Group (SHG) model.

Parameters SHGs JLGs

Greater focus on savings generation
Underlying strategy Greater focus on credit generation
SHGs are less scalable when compared to JLGs
Scalability JLGs have a faster turnaround and are more scalable

10–20 members per group

Average group size 3–10 members per group
Associated non- performing assets (NPAs)
NPAs vary from 7–8%
NPAsfor
are
SHGs
less than 1%, which is quite low compared to SHGs

NBFC-MFIs prefer the JLG model as it is more commercially viable and scalable
Future landscape
Capacity building for partner institutions
11 MSME Pulse report, June 2019
12 MSME Pulse report, June 2019
13 https://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?Id=18715
SHG model vs JLG model
The choice of disbursement model depends entirely on the viability
of the model and organisation strategy of the institution. With
limited funding access, NBFC-MFIs prefer the JLG model which is
more scalable – faster turnaround, lower NPAs (<1% compared to
7–8% for SHGs), and joint liability which reduces default risks, thus
making it commercially viable to service the increasing customer
base. Overall, there has been a 46% increase in the number of
JLGs from FY18 to FY19,14 with SFBs and commercial banks
promoting JLGs through MoUs with NABARD. In future too, the
SHG share is expected to decline compared to that of JLGs as
NBFC-MFIs transition to adopt the JLG model. This is evident from
the historical trend of SHG contribution to the total MFI portfolio in
select states.15

NABARD entered into 7 MoUs with State

Bank of India during FY19 which will assist
banks in capacity building, training and skill
development for financing and nurturing new
JLGs through Joint Liability Groups Promoting
Institutions (JLGPIs).
Source: NABARD - Status of Microfinance in India, 2018-19

14 NABARD Microfinance report 2018-19

15 NABARD Microfinance report 2018-19
Figure 3: Overall segmentation of MFIs into SHG and JLG (INR billion)

CAGR
(FY14-18)
29%

271

CAGR
13% 15% 37% 14% 25% 0% 29%
(FY14 -18)
159
29% 34%
JLG
98
SHG
138
109
86
71 90 80
59 63 69
37 50 61
41
111 41 26 58 29 57 25 24
49 20 20 19
49 66 59 14 28 7 6 18
39 17 7
22 32 15 23 20 17 37 14 13
9 13 7 7 23 5 13 34 4 16

FY14 FY18 FY14 FY18 FY14 FY18 FY14 FY18 FY14 FY18 FY14 FY18 FY14 FY18 FY14 FY18 FY14 FY18 FY14 FY18

KA TN WB BR OD MH KL AS CG JH

Source: NABARD, Sa-Dhan, PwC analysis

Potential for growth of microfinance in India
Despite the presence of multiple players in the microfinance landscape and
mature models of microlending, with a significant portion of its population in
the low-income band, India represents a huge opportunity for the microfinance
sector. Though government schemes and established financial institutions
have enhanced access to microcredit for nearly 67% of the Indian population
living in rural areas,16 the significant geographic concentration of MFIs within
a few districts of the country (34% of the districts with microfinance presence
contribute 80% of the portfolio17) indicates the potential for achieving higher
microfinance penetration.

71%
Additionally, a significant portion of the Indian population still lacks access to of the financial institutions
credit from the formal sector and consequently borrows from informal channelsbelieve that Eastern India offers the
like moneylenders or relatives, indicating the scope of microlending in achieving
maximum potential for growth in future due to relative saturation in the southern ma
financial inclusion and overall industry growth.
However, to realise this growth opportunity, it is essential for the sector to
identify and assess the emerging needs within the sector and address the same PwC’s Microfinance Lenders Survey 2019
through relevant initiatives for optimised growth.

Microcredit should be able to transform the borrower’s journey from that of a job seeker to a job creator. As the sector evolves
through better regulation and investment flows, there is a need to leverage funds in order to create a sustainable and profitable
ecosystem for borrowers. The craftsman should have access to supplies to develop handicrafts along with access to offline and
digital platforms to sell products.

16 India Population. (2019-08-28). Retrieved 2019-09-16, from http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/india/

17 SIDBI & Equifax Microfinance Pulse report, June 2019
 Emerging needs of the
microfinance ecosystem

Sustainable growth of the microfinance industry is dependent on the bridging

of the inherent ecosystem gaps and identification of prospective needs to
create a robust microlending landscape.

Availability of alternative capital funding channels

In FY19, NBFC-MFIs received a total of INR 357.59 billion 18 in debt funding
from banks and other financial institutions. This is a 63% increase from debt
funding of INR 219.67 billion in FY18. While large MFIs source around 69%
of their debt from banks, medium and small-sized MFIs source a majority of
their debt funding from other financial institutions. As the microlending
market grows, the need for venturing into new investment channels
increases, especially for smaller MFIs with lower credibility and a smaller
53%
product portfolio. Additionally, high dependence on debtofcapital
of the executives exposes
financial
smaller players to risks arising from external
institution’s believefactors, affecting
that access to the overall
market liquidity and emphasising the funding
affordable need towill
explore
enablenew
them and
to reliable
move towards a sustainable business model.
business models for capital26%generation.
of the executives believe that in addition to other factors, adopting a different business model like the business correspondent m
This funding gap paved the path for peer-to-peer lending, which has been
heavily regulated by the RBI to prevent any systemic risk to the economy.
High risk of subprime borrowers, high default risk and a poor network of
borrowers and lenders have played a major role in impeding the growth of
peer-to-peer lending.

Alternative investment channels and new business models can provide

microlenders with access to cheaper capital, thus creating opportunities for a
better gross loan portfolio, increased customer reach and enhanced products PwC’s Microfinance Lenders Survey 2019
and service offerings.

18 Microfinance Institutions Network (MFIN) Annual report FY18-19

Customer centricity
The central theme for microfinance has always been uplifting the lives of low-
income households in rural and semi-urban markets. Currently, the microfinance
industry has a presence in 619 out of 72219 districts in India. Loan disbursal
has increased by 20%20 in terms of volume in FY19 compared to FY18, with
an average ticket size (ATS) of INR 31,623, which is a 13% increase on Y-O-Y
60%
basis.21 Thisofgrowth in microfinance
borrowers have indicated has impacted more
a preference
households through 10 million SHGs and 5.07 million JLGs.22
thanmicroloans
for taking 120 millionfrom
MFIs compared to banks and other financial institutions.
Approximately
Tapping 30% of the and
this opportunity borrowers claimfinancial
achieving that theirinclusion
preference
callfor
forMFIs
the and NBFCs was due to instant access to credit. Though interest rates play a
evolution
significant
of role in theindustry
the microfinance choice ofina financial
terms ofinstitution, around 20%
tailoring products andofservices
MFI andto
NBFC
the borrowers also cite flexible repayment schedules as a major decision paramete
changing needs and repayment capacity of customers. As the consumption
patterns and living standards of borrowers change, credit demand will soon
encompass consumption-based needs such as children’s education fees,
marriage funds, and medicine and hospital fees. Staying relevant by addressing
these customer needs requires data-based analysis of customer economics and
personas with a focus on tracking credit utilisation in order to develop hyper-
personalised service and product offerings.
Further, overall financial inclusion can only be achieved by increasing ease of
access and financial literacy.

Microfinance players must analyse the overhead costs associated with accessing
financial services, such as those related to obtaining information about the
services, applying for loans, transportation costs for loan repayments and tracking
debt, and ensure that their product and service offerings are able to create
sufficient returns for the borrowers on the incurred costs and efforts.

19 http://www.goidirectory.gov.in/district.php (last updated on 26 September 2019)

20 SIDBI Equifax Microfinance Pulse report, June 2019
21 SIDBI Equifax Microfinance Pulse report, June 2019
22 NABARD Microfinance report 2018-19
 Figure 4: Challenges in accessing credit from the formal sector

8% Among the respondents taking credit from informal channels, a high percentage (>50%) have cited lack of financial literacy an
27% sources Lack of financial
as challenges literacy credit, emphasising the opportunity for microfinance growth through relevant awareness in
in accessing
18% Limited awareness
of sources
PwC’s Microfinance Borrowers Survey 2019
Lack of collateral
High interest rates
23% 24% Any other

Mature risk and regulatory landscape

The microfinance industry is currently in a growth phase, with a high dependency on macroeconomic factors and shifting consumer
demand. As the industry grows, associated risks will manifest itself in the form of fraud, credit risk, security, asset and liability risks and
inefficiency, which will demand efficient portfolio management and fraud management by lenders.

This underlines the importance of RBI regulations to empower the industry and create a healthy and competitive environment and provide
the momentum to push the industry towards a stable and sustainable position.

Figure 5: Risks in the microfinance landscape

IT and operational risk

Income inconsistencies

External interferences

Multiple regulatory changes

(budgetary changes, new policies, etc.)

Weak governance

Risk of over-leveraging and over-borrowing

0.00% 10.00% 20.00% 30.00% 40.00% 50.00% 60.00%

5 (Most Important) 4 3 2 1 (Least Important)

changes (41%) and income inconsistencies among borrowers (44%) as the most important emerging risks in the financial landscape, emphasising the need for a mature regula
Figure 6: Over-borrowing pattern in microloans24

One of the major risks in microlending has been the issue of overborrowing, with nearly 35% of the borrowers having access to
two or more lenders.23 With the increase in borrowing and the advent of new-to-credit borrowers, the concern around maintaining
a stable NPA ratio is natural.

80.0%
74.8% 72.7%
70.0% 64.8%
60.0%

50.0%

40.0%

30.0%
20.2% 20.9% 22.9%
20.0%
9.3%
10.0% 4.3% 5.4%
0.6%0.9% 2.3% 0.1%0.1%0.6%
0.0%
1 lender 2 lenders 3 lenders 4 lenders 4+ lenders

Mar-17 Mar-18 Mar-19

Consequently, achieving a sustainable NPA ratio has been the In order to address the need of a stronger regulatory framework,
top priority for regulators, the government and financial the RBI has also formulated regulations for priority sector lending to
institutions, with various guidelines being launched in recent years boost microcredit access to sectors like agriculture and MSMEs. 26
to control NPA=-related issues like overborrowing and aggressive The impetus provided by the regulation has resulted in financial
lending. An RBI notification published in Feb 2018 played an institutions lending beyond the prescribed limit of 40% of the
important role in stabilising the NPA ratio for individual microcredit adjusted net bank credit in the priority sectors.27
borrowers at around 2–2.3% compared to 8–14% for loans to
commercial entities in Sep 2018.25 As per the notification, MSME
entities were to be tagged as NPAs 180 days from the date of the
first default, instead of 90+ days.

Figure 7: Achievement of priority sector lending targets 28

End March Public sector banks Private sector banks Foreign banks

2018 20723 8046 1402

(39.90%) (40.80%) (38.30%)

2019 23060 10190 1543

(42.55%) (42.49%) (43.41%)

23 CRIF High Mark

24 CRIF High Mark
25 MSME Pulse report, December 2018
26 https://www.business-standard.com/article/finance/banks-fail-to-meet-priority-sector-lending-targets-overall-rbi-data-119010300054_1.html
27 RBI annual report 2018-19
28 RBI annual report 2018-19
Streamlined operations of customer-facing personnel

52.4%
Customer-facing personnel like loan officers play a critical role in acquiring
new customers, selling products and providing training to borrowers. of the executives
However, of financial institutions believe that
absence of a robust technology infrastructure, loan lack officers
of properaretraining
the mostand high influencer in the customer journey, thus emphasising the need for empowe
important
operational costs hinder the earning potential of the personnel in remote areas,
resulting in higher attrition. Additionally, lack ofPwC’s
a robust operational
Microfinance framework
Lenders Survey 2019
results in limited transparency in the personnel’s operations, consequently
affecting customer service. Such a scenario emphasises the need for
streamlining the operations of customer-facing personnel through extensive use
of technology to ensure customer acquisition backed by relevant data insights.

Shared Agent Banking System (SABS), Uganda

SABS has been created as a joint venture between Uganda Bankers’ Association & Eclectics International to enable centralised
connectivity among financial institutions in order to provide easy access to customers at any bank.

Source: https://agentbanking.co.ug/

Robust credit risk assessment mechanisms

Given that a majority of borrowers are from low-income households, they often
do not have a credit history which creates challenges in developing efficient
underwriting processes and collection models. Lack of comprehensive data on
customers, decentralised information sources and dependency on borrowers
for data disclosure hinders the development of customer credit profiles.
37% of the executives of financial institutions highlight limited access
customer information as a hindrance
Further, lack of standardised data also impedes functioning of fraud in serving the unserved, thus underlining the need for a comprehensive
management and customer profile.
the NPA monitoring systems with direct implications on compliance costs and the
credibility of the organisation. PwC’s Microfinance Lenders Survey 2019
Extensive collaboration is needed between credit rating agencies, government
bodies and microlenders to create holistic customer credit profiles for better
analysis of current trends and understanding customers’ borrowing behaviour.

Risk management in Accion Microfinance, Nigeria

Accion Microfinance (MfB), along with its advisory team, has built credit scoring algorithms using behavioural data and
sociodemographic data. This has helped in reducing the portfolio at risk to half and doubling the number of renewed loans per loan
officer. They have also developed separate scoring systems for new and existing clients and developed business ranking tools to
segment clients based on their industry and financial health.
Source: https://www.accion.org/accion-microfinance-bank-adopts-risk-management-systems-in-nigeria?utm_source
Technology enablement for the ‘high-touch’ industry
While there is a transition towards use of technology for improvement of
transactional processes, the need of the hour is to leverage technological
solutions to build stronger customer relationships and empower existing
customers. Technology interventions should be able to provide doorstep services
to customers while bringing down the overall turnaround times, operational costs
for lenders and credit access costs for borrowers. The same should be enabled
by having a robust customer data protection programme in place and strict
privacy norms for maintaining the organisation’s transparency on customer data
usage and process credibility.

Women empowerment and the emergence of

an entrepreneurship-driven landscape

32%
With approximately 85% of the microfinance borrowers being women, there
of the executives of financial institutions believe that FinTech
is a pressing need to provide them access to credit, access to information,
rights to financial decision-making and assistance in varied partnerships
entrepreneurial
can provide financial institutions the required technology innovations for higher valu
pursuits. Women-driven entrepreneurial enterprises will not only ensure regular
repayments for microfinance lenders, but will also establish PwC’s
a strong influencerLenders Survey 2019
Microfinance
channel in the form of women entrepreneurs for higher credit penetration.
Additionally, financial empowerment of women will also enable them to make
financial choices for other consumption-based needs of their households, thus
resulting in overall business growth for microfinance players.
 Way forward for
microfinance in
India

Amidst the emergence of diverse needs of the microfinance funds to micro-borrowers through well-regulated intermediaries,
ecosystem, sustainable growth of the industry is dependent on like the Prayaas initiative by SIDBI. Additionally, alternative
transformation initiatives centred around effectively improving investments are expected to develop strong network effects to
the stakeholders’ experience and managing overall operational channel more private/public investors, thus providing the much-
efficiency. needed impetus for the microlending industry to grow.

New business models: The need to conserve capital for lowering

Affordable borrowing for one and all: Easy dependence on external funding has led to the emergence of new
access to microcredit business models for smaller MFIs. These smaller MFIs, while
Availability of credit is of paramount importance to retain and lending on their own books, are aggressively evaluating business
service microfinance customers. To encourage more borrowing correspondent (BC) models to source on behalf of larger banks
among customers and stimulate the slowing Indian economy, RBI and NBFCs, which would limit the risks of raising capital for them.
has increased the lending limit for low-income borrowers from INR These institutions generate fee-based revenue through sourcing of
1 lakh to INR 1.25 lakh29 and also increased eligible income limit loans for larger banks. In return, they forgo interest-based revenue
from the current level of INR 1 lakh per annum for rural areas and that could have been generated by sourcing their own loan, which
INR 1.60 lakh per annum for urban/semi-urban areas to INR 1.25 comes with its own risk of overborrowing and NPAs. Microlenders
lakh and INR 2 lakh, respectively. This increase in lending limits, needs to evaluate their risk appetite and need for funds and
supported with new investment channels and changing business wisely choose the business model that would help in ensuring
models, will support holistic growth of the microfinance sector. sustainability.

New investment channels: Microlenders are majorly dependent

on commercial banks for debt and equity funding. The sector must
develop partnerships with private donors like foundations, NGOs,
development agencies, venture capital and social impact investing
through corporate social responsibility (CSR) funds, global trust
funds and other financial sources. In FY18, INR 17.17 billion
of the CSR funds of NSE-listed companies were left unspent.30
The microfinance industry can develop partnerships with private
corporations to channel unused CSR funds for enablement of the
industry. Regulated platforms for these partnerships will help in
improved channelling of funds. The retail bond market can also be
leveraged by microfinance players for long-term benefits. Funds
from the retail bond market can be utilised for setting up financial
training institutes and creating kiosks for women’s development to
help assist the microfinance industry. Creation of funds in line with
India Microfinance Equity Fund (IMEF) will create an investment
corpus for microlenders to access. Microlenders can easily access
the funds and encourage the onset of an entrepreneurial mindset
and culture and upskilling of existing labour, thereby contributing
to the country’s overall economic growth. Additionally, alternative
investments are expected to develop strong network effects to
channel more private/public investors in the microlending industry,
thus providing the much-needed impetus for growth.
Microlenders could explore new-generation fundraising options
like social impact bonds (SIBs), to access low-cost funds.
Institutions with access to low-cost funds may consider
channelling these
 This (working as a business correspondent) is the best way to optimise capital and the only option for smaller MFIs that l
turns difficult, it’s better to grow your off-balance sheet exposure through a banking partnership and survive.

A leading Indian MFI

29 https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/sme-sector/rbi-increases-income-loan-limits-for-nbfc-mfi/articleshow/71436171.cms
30 https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/no-takers-for-rs-1717-cr-of-csr-funds-in-fy18-report-3226411.html
Figure 8: Number of BCs in villages31

700,000

600,000 541,129
515,317
500,000

400000

300,000

200,000

100,000 34,174
0
2010 2018 2019

Reaching the doorstep of every unbanked

Last-mile access: Multiple government schemes, private and trust
customer fund initiatives have been promoted to provide and measure the
Awareness on microcredit generation, access to income access of financial services to needy individuals. In September
generation and facility to benefit from government schemes define 2018, the Ministry of Finance, Government of India, launched
the true reach of financial services. As microcredit disbursement the Financial Inclusion Index to measure access to, usage and
evolves, it strives to reach the underserved segment not only quality of financial services.32 Additionally, Jan Dhan Darshak, a
through direct access to credit but also through access to mobile app, has been launched by the Department of Financial
innovative products that would improve the unbanked population’s Services (DFS) to help people locate relevant financial services in
standard of living. The National Strategy for Financial Inclusion their vicinity. In order to provide last-mile services in unpenetrated
(NSFI) for 2019-24 has been prepared by the RBI to ensure safe geographies, microfinance players can look to leverage
and transparent access to financial services for all the citizens. government initiatives and enter into new partnerships to drive
This is expected to expedite financial inclusion and tackle the financial inclusion efforts.
issues of low literacy rates, lack Additionally, BCs can play a pivotal role in providing customers
of awareness, high interest rates and poor access to technology access to financial services and enablement through self-regulatory
infrastructure. organisations. They can help in streamlining their functioning
Customer-focused product and service offerings: Financial by providing standard operational guidelines. In addition to
inclusion is not limited to merely individuals having access to this, interoperability of agents among microfinance players and
bank accounts. It is their ability to access a myriad of relevant leveraging the pre-existing distribution infrastructure through
financial products and services that are aligned to the changing corporate partnerships with FMCGs, logistics and manufacturing
dynamics of the target market. microfinance players should look companies can further help in expanding the customer reach.
to provide curated financial products which are focused towards A two-tier ‘Train the Trainers’ programme33 was designed and
individual needs like crop insurance and equipment leasing rolled out in March 2019, as part of the RBI’s initiative to build
facilities with repayment terms catered to specific agricultural the capacity and skills of BCs for effectively delivering financial
growth and output cycles. services at the grass-roots level. The programme on financial
literacy will sensitise the counsellors of Financial Literacy Centres
Microinsurance, for instance, is expected to cover a multitude of
(FLCs) and rural banks’ branch managers, enabling them to deliver
risks, including natural risk and calamities, credit risk, market risk
basic financial literacy at the ground level.
and health risks. Similarly, customised health financing products
can include micro health insurance, access to subsidised medical
products, and awareness of service providers’ network.

The transition towards customer-centric products and services

should be enabled by robust customer profiling based on lifestyles,
personalities, occupations and behaviours for higher adoption. The
resultant access to diversified products can enable borrowers to
expand their income capabilities and avert risks of over-borrowing.

31 RBI Annual report 2018-19

32 https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=183683
33 RBI Annual report 2018-19
 Further, private institutions can partner with local government
CA-mobile partnership, Tanzania
bodies or government-sponsored institutes like Rural Self-
A International partnered with Vodafone, Airtel and Tigo to leverage their large agent networks to
de FINCA’s Employment Training
low-income clients withInstitutes (RSETI)
convenient to provide
and affordable financial
access to various financial services. FINCA was able to reduce its operational cost to INR 35.89 per transaction v
literacy. Trained personnel from these institutions can assist
borrowers in creating accounts, accessing government savings and
insurance schemes.
ce: AFI special report on ‘Digital transformation of microfinance and digitization of microfinance services to deepen financial inclusion in Africa’, August 2018
The knowledge sharing among borrowers can be further driven by
field agents who can be trained to enhance their analytical skills,
technology skillset, and awareness of regulatory mandates and
latest product offerings. The field agents should have access to
robust technology and extensive data to advise borrowers on the
best-suited financial products and any credit-related issues that
they encounter.
Higher approachability of field agents should be ensured to
overcome the reluctance of borrowers. A key initiative in this
direction could be leveraging of SHGs as agents. Eighty-five
percent34 of the SHGs are made up exclusively of women.
Members from such previously existing groups can be employed
43%
as part-time or full-time field agents, as per the business needs.
of the executives of financial institutions have recognised that people known to borrowers through
These influencers canorenable
family and friends higher
community lead generation
influencers by reaching
are the most influential people in a customer’s borrowing journey.
out to women borrowers who earlier could not be reached due to
lack More
of awareness
than 70% and sociocultural
of the barriers.
executives have acknowledged the high importance of providing easy access to financial services and creating financial awareness in en

PwC’s Microfinance Lenders Survey 2019

34 NABARD Microfinance report 2018-19

 Figure 9: Role of influencers in microfinance business growth

Agent
Microfinance
(Part-time/full- Sourcing
player
time members)
Spread Higher business
awareness growth
and acquire
members

Chosen members
from groups who have Group size: 10–20
completed loan cycle(s) members
with all due diligence

Leveraging the agency banking model: Agency banking model step towards creating a robust microfinance ecosystem. The
utilises BCs and other external stakeholders like mobile operators RBI has taken steps in this direction by initiating the set-up of
to provide seamless access to financial services. Agents should a nationwide digital PCR35 in 2018, which will help democratise
be involved with the borrowers beyond the handover of the credit and formalise credit and capture customer data, including wilful
and assist the individual borrowers and the entrepreneurs in the defaulters and pending legal suits to monitor financial delinquency.
optimised utilisation of the credit to ensure customer retention Technology firms have been shortlisted to build the platform and
so that additional working capital requirements of the financial the RBI has initiated the steps to develop the PCR. Microlenders
organisation are met. will be mandated to provide records of loans disbursed and
perform extensive data reporting of their borrowers through BCs.
Road ahead for digital microfinance The extensive data, along with a secondary information base, will
support the development of the PCR. Availability of centralised
Technology integration is inevitable for sustainable functioning of
credit information will enable microfinance players to prevent
microlenders, increasing the accessibility of products and services
defaults through a more robust underwriting process and data-
to borrowers and gaining differentiation in a competitive landscape.
based decision-making.
Customer-centric digital intervention: Customer-centric digital
development, backed by data, will help in improving the entire
lending journey from acquisition to servicing by enabling customer
profile-based offerings and a transition towards paperless lending
procedures. Considering the high penetration of mobile phones
reduce investment in new branches and reduce congestion in branches. Its agency banking model uses a combination of a secure web- based agency banking platform and a
and affordable cost of internet services, microlenders can adopt
a mobility-based approach for regular interactions, monitoring
repayments and offering value-added services to individual
n Africa’, 2018
customers, specifically the ones with lower literacy rates. However,
key design considerations should be taken into account to make
technology easily accessible across all microfinance customer
segments.
Additionally, effective monitoring of loan utilisation should be done
by digitally powered third-party partnerships for direct payments to
beneficiary accounts, corresponding to regular household needs.
Lastly, players should extensively leverage analytics models to
predict the changing needs of customers and design customer-
centric borrowing solutions.
Singular point of access through a Public Credit Registry
(PCR): Formalising credit for underserved borrowers is a major

35 https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/BS_SpeechesView.aspx?Id=1061
 Predictive collection model: A majority of microfinance
China’s social credit scoring
borrowers are dependent on seasonal incomes for their livelihood.
According to a government document, the detailed planning outline for the construction of a social credit system (2014-2020) and the social credit scores for its
The
1.4 billion cyclical
citizens willchanges in available
be publicly their incomes andThis
by 2020. overall
creditincome
rating isvariance
expected to determine portfolio at risk, regulate the loan disbursement and help in customising int
can be analysed to develop collection models and repayment
of loans. While the social credit score is yet to be implemented, private sector companies like Ant Financial have launched the Sesame Credit System which determines cre
schedules customised according to the borrower’s repayment
propensity, thus reducing the number of defaults. The model can
be further augmented to incorporate external factors like prediction
Source: score-system/
of natural calamities and regulatory changes to maintain the
lender’s overall collection efficiency. Such a model would help in
reducing the overall NPAs for microlending products and increase
the overall profitability of the microfinance player.
Fintech innovation through regulatory sandbox: Besides
credit assessment-related regulations, there is a need to develop
innovative FinTech products in a controlled and well-regulated
environment to enable large-scale adoption of microfinance. In this
direction, the RBI has proposed a regulatory sandbox framework in
2019,36 which aimed to provide a regulatory environment to fintech
companies and financial institutions for creation of innovative
solutions backed by data analytics. Such innovation should be
aimed at developing robust credit assessment models, providing
services as per customer needs and devising solutions for moving
families out of poverty. As of October 2018, 10 countries (Bahrain,
Indonesia, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Mauritius, Mozambique,
4 to allow banks to use agents, followed by its sandbox policy in 2016, under which FinTech start-ups valued at INR 5.25 million (USD 75,000) can register and test their produ
Rwanda, Sierra Leone and Thailand) have introduced regulatory
sandbox policies for MFIs to encourage more innovation and
experimentation in the microfinance space using technology. 37
aic future outlook’
Implementation of robust regulatory sandbox policies in India,
following in the footsteps of these frontrunners, could result in
advanced fintech innovation that would propel the microfinance
industry to produce curated products with well-controlled and
regulated complexities.

36 https://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/PublicationReportDetails.aspx?UrlPage=&ID=920
37 https://blog.mondato.com/regulatory-sandboxes-worthwhile-developing-countries/
 Leveraging women empowerment and
mobilising the entrepreneurial landscape
Holistic transformation of the microfinance sector can only be
achieved by financially empowering women, who form a major
portion of microfinance borrowers, and promoting a culture of
entrepreneurship among them and enabling them to set up viable
businesses.

Women-specific credit assessment mechanisms: Women

entrepreneurs lack access to traditional collateral and knowledge
regarding the financial feasibility of a business, which increases
their dependency on male members of the family. Besides, an
unconscious socio-cultural bias often hinders women’s access to
financial services. This can be overcome through disaggregation of
women-specific data for efficient analysis, leading to strengthened
loan appraisal and disbursal processes.
Skill development and business enablement: India currently
73% of executives of financial institutions have acknowledged skill development as a key f
encouraging borrowers to approach formal channels of microfinance.
ranks 70th out of the 77 countries covered in the Female
Entrepreneurship Index and demonstrates the third-highest
PwC’s Microfinance Lenders Survey 2019
gender gap in entrepreneurship across the world. 38 Success of
microlenders depends largely on financially supporting women
entrepreneurs who are major contributors to the sectoral and
overall economic growth. Business
New partnerships can be developed
enablement through withCertified Credit Counsellors
government or private institutions to conduct
Certified Credit educational
Counsellors sessions
is an initiative by the RBI that aims to provide handholding services and facilitate business enablement for e
on enterprise, personal finance and business management to aid
women in effectively using credit. Additionally, microlenders
should leverage partnerships with ecommerce start-ups and
Source: counsellor-programme
handicrafts associations to provide a platform for rural
entrepreneurs to sell their products.
Wherever possible, training should be provided to both genders
to create awareness on the autonomy of women in household
decision-making, domestic conflicts and gender-based violence.
These training will help in creating a conducive household
environment for women to run their businesses.

Focussed training for micro-enterprises can be provided by making

economic activity clusters and training producers by aggregating
act Cambodia in March 2019, to empower young women in Cambodia’s urban centres and support their business ventures. 60% of Cambodian businesses are owned by wom
small businesses.

Additionally, skill development training programmes can also

provide practical training to women, helping them to find become
employment in fields such as technology, beauty parlour services,
tailoring, farming and animal husbandry. Further, women
can be educated on leveraging partnerships with equipment
manufacturers and B2B marketplaces for directly sourcing products
from suppliers through the microcredit received.
Women should be empowered to not only source jobs for
themselves but also create jobs for the community. CSR could be
leveraged to provide additional skills through the large network
of skilled professionals. A part of CSR funds consolidated across
various corporations can be allocated towards development of
micro-entrepreneurs. This drive towards empowerment will help not
only the borrower’s family but also microlenders in creating high-
quality credit borrowers.

38 Financial Inclusion of women owned MSME, July 2019 report

 Key considerations
for the
microfinance
growth journey

It is imperative that microfinance players weigh the different

datory lending and case of human rights abuse in Cambodia
considerations encompassing customer data protection, data
e are 2 million micro-borrowers in Cambodia, and over-indebted borrowers are facing coercive action by collection agents. Clients are often forced to sell their land, their chil
e is a need privacy and
for better strategic
policies and amarket
to create risksenvironment
conducive while moving
for on the high- of borrowers, lenders and the industry.
development
growth path.

Macroeconomic considerations: In order to prevent any adverse

impact of the global economic scenario, microlenders
ce: cambodia-report-shows-that-poor-farmers-experience- should
land-loss-and-human-rights-abuse-in-cambodias-micro- finance-sector
index themselves to the right mix of leading and lagging industry
indicators.
They need to perform a detailed pattern analysis of parameters
like outstanding loans per year, waterfall effect from one reporting
period to another, client dropout rates, liquidity ratio and inflation
rate to predict future disturbances and take pre-emptive measures
such as changing their lending or collection mechanisms to prevent
loss in business.
IT and operational considerations: A high number of technology
partnerships have led to the creation of digital infrastructure, which
has increased technological and operational concerns. With the
government’s guidelines for data localisation and the proposed
Data Protection Bill, it is expected that critical customer data will
be stored in India for protection. Additionally, microlenders should
nt operations through technology in Uganda
devise mitigation mechanisms for control of fraudulent activities in
Corporation (IFC) partnered with the Agent Banking Company in Uganda in developing an Agent Quality Management (AQM) framework to monitor quality of agents through
the lending process. Such activities should be monitored through
ugh collaboration between financial institutions and the government to limit the risks of fraud for lenders.
demographic analysis, with mechanisms for detecting red flags at
different touchpoints of the lending value chain.

king.co.ug/Over-borrowing considerations: As credit needs of borrowers

grow, the risk of over-borrowing from multiple lenders becomes
unavoidable. Though the RBI has set guidelines to prevent over-
borrowing, borrowers may still depend on local moneylenders,
co-operatives, peers and relatives, and other informal financing
channels to meet growing consumption needs. Microfinance
players should be able to perform robust analysis on existing
loans of borrowers to strike a balance between giving credit for
sustainable business growth and mitigating the risks that may arise
due to over-borrowing.
 Road ahead

India aims to become a USD 5 trillion economy by 2025 and

the microfinance industry will play a leading role in uplifting the
lives of millions of low-income households and enabling them to
contribute to the country’s economic growth. As the microfinance
industry tackles the current set of challenges, it is imperative for the
industry to establish strong governance and regulatory practices.
The future course of the industry will be determined by the ability
of players to forge new partnerships, develop new products, create
new investment channels and leverage technology to meet the
demands of consumers.
 About SIDBI
Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI) set up on 2nd April 1990 under an Act of Indian
Parliament, acts as the Principal Financial Institution for Promotion, Financing and Development of
the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprise (MSME) sector as well as for co-ordination of functions of
institutions engaged in similar activities. SIDBI’s mission is to facilitate and strengthen credit flow to
MSMEs and address both financial and developmental gaps in the MSME eco-system.
Vision of SIDBI is to emerge as a single window for meeting the financial and developmental needs of
the MSME sector to make it strong, vibrant and globally competitive, to position SIDBI Brand as the
preferred and customer - friendly institution and for enhancement of share - holder wealth and highest
corporate values through modern technology platform.
SIDBI is organizing the 2nd National Microfinance Congress 2019 to envisage the Vision of the
Microfinance Sector in India. The primary objective of the Congress is to deliberate on the Vision
of Microfinance in India and means to achieve the same in the backdrop of an evolving regulatory,
political and economic landscape. Formulation of the vision will entail analyzing the emerging industry
challenges and suggesting policy recommendations for a sustainable growth path.

About PwC
At PwC, our purpose is to build trust in society and solve important problems. We’re a network of
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In India, PwC has offices in these cities: Ahmedabad, Bengaluru, Bhopal, Chennai, Delhi NCR,
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© 2019 PwC. All rights reserved.

26 | Vision of microfinance in India

Contact us
PwC India SIDBI
Asim Parashar Kailash Chandra Bhanoo
Partner, Financial Services Chief General Manager
asim.parashar@pwc.com bhanoo@sidbi.in
Ph: +91 98331 41065

Y. Munni Kumari
Mohit Bansal General Manager
Associate Director, Financial Services kumari@sidbi.in
mohit.bansal@pwc.com
Ph: +91 98339 33769

Acknowledgements
PwC team members SIDBI
Richa Shenvi Ved Prokash
Yatharth Bhuwalka Soham Nag
Bhumika Vishnoi
Madhusmita Sahoo

27 | Vision of microfinance in India

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