ANTENNA

DESIGN
140-150 MHz
VHF TRANSCEIVERS
THIRD EDITION This page is intentionally blank
ANTENNA DESIGN
140-150 MHz
VHF TRANSCEIVERS
THIRD EDITION
ELPIDIO LATORILLA

TECHNOLOGY PUBLISHING DIVISION - USA www.intellin.org

Published by

Intellin Organization, LLC

Technology Publishing Division - USA www.intellin.org
COPYRIGHT 2006 by Elpidio Latorilla
First Year of Publication, 2006 Published in the USA
All rights reserved.
No part of this book may be
reproduced in any form or by any means, except brief quotations for a review without
permission in writing from the author.
ISBN 1-4196-5170-6

DEDICATION

This book is dedicated to

Rene, Rick &
Roel
v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Many thanks to:
Bernd Hohl, for the computer and laser printer
that were used in making the first drafts of this book,
and Le Van Tam, for the DTP program.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………… 8
1 GROUNDPLANE ANTENNA Model FA2…………………….. 11
2 GROUNDPLANE ANTENNA Model FQ-2……………………. 19
3 GROUNDPLANE ANTENNA Model FC-2…………………….. 30
4 J-FED HALFWAVE ANTENNA Model JF-2………………….. 40
5 COAXIAL DIPOLE Model Cd-2…………………………………… 52
6 DIPOLE ANTENNA (gamma fed) Model DP-2F……………. 64
7 QUAD LOOP ANTENNA Model QA-2F……………………….. 79
8 DISCONE ANTENNA Model CD-2W…………………………… 89
9 DISCONE ANTENNA Model CD-2P……………………………. 103
10 DISCONE ANTENNA Model CD-2T……………………………. 109
11 5/8 WAVE ANTENNA Model WA-2…………………………….. 120
12 5/8 WAVE ANTENNA Model WD-2…………………………….. 135
13 5/8 WAVE ANTENNA Model PF-2C……………………………. 143
14 COLLINEAR ANTENNA Model SD-22…………………………. 155
15 STACKED DIPOLE ARRAY Model SD-24…………………… 162
16 YAGI-UDA ANTENNA Model YG-23……………………………. 166
17 MULTI-ELEMENT YAGI-UDA ANTENNA ARRAY…………. 173
18 STACKING YAGI ANTENNAS……………………………………. 176
19 FORMULAS FOR CONVERTING ANTENNA DESIGNS FOR OTHER
FREQUENCY BANDS…………………………. 179 ANSWERS TO REVIEW
QUESTIONS……………………….. 190
APPENDIX……………………………………………………………… 198
CONVERSION TABLES …………………………………………… 200 GLOSSARY OF
ANTENNA TERMS…………………………… 204
BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………………. 208 INDEX
…………………………………………………………………….. 209
vii This page is intentionally blank

INTRODUCTION

This book is one in a series designed to help anyone who wants to construct antennas for
radio transceivers, but who has only a basic knowledge of radio-communications
technology. The approach applied in this book is similar to the do-it-yourself methods of
trade books. Theories are kept to a minimum. Detailed illustrations are extensively used
throughout the whole process of antenna construction, to simplify the otherwise difficult-
to-comprehend technical jargon.
The antenna designs presented here are specifically cut to the dimensions necessary for
proper operation in the 140-150 MHz VHF band. Each chapter deals with a particular
design, and an extra chapter at the end is added to help the individual assembling the
antenna in converting the given antenna dimensions for other frequencies. However, the
formulas for conversion give only generalized information, and much of the fine-tuning of
the new dimensions is left to the actual experimentation of the constructor. A highly
detailed set of no-guesswork antenna dimensions for other frequency bands are described
in other books in this series, also written by the author.
The choice of a certain design for a particular application is left to the decision of the
constructor. In selecting a design, certain factors like portability, ruggedness, compactness,
signal gain versus size, weight, wind loading, and availability of materials must be taken
into account, in order to obtain an optimum performance from a particular antenna.
The author assumes that the constructor has already some experience in basic construction
techniques related to radio communications equipment installation, like soldering VHF
connectors to coaxial cables, making a pig tail, cutting aluminum tubes, and using an
SWR meter. Obviously, knowledge in operating a VHF transceiver is the most important.
Here is one rule of thumb in installing VHF antennas: If you use an RG-58/U coaxial
cable to feed the antenna, do not use more than 20 meters or 60 feet. More than this length
results in much of the signal (almost half) being lost in the cable, and will substantially
degrade your antenna’s performance. If it is unavoidable to extend to this length, use the
larger RG-8/U cable instead. Although this cable is about four times more expensive than
RG-58/U cable, this is the only way you can avoid signal loss in the cable.
It is the author’s hope that this book will provide adequate information to anyone wishing
to build their own antennas for VHF transceivers.
This page is intentionally blank

1GROUND PLANE ANTENNA

Model FA-2

Reliable communication in radio systems depends upon the overall effectiveness of both
the base station and the mobile unit antennas. The radiation pattern of the transmitted
signal is extremely important, since it must be transmitted and received in densely
populated areas as well as over long distances.
If you are situated in the center of a town or a city, an omnidirectional pattern is best
suited. Omnipattern is also the best choice when you do not know the exact direction or
location of the station you are communicating with. Directive pattern is practical only if
you know exactly which direction must the signal be beamed to, in order to maximize the
transfer of RF energy. However, antennas with directive patterns are more complex in
design, and will be discussed in later chapters.
Generally, antennas for VHF bands are mounted as high off the ground as practical to
overcome the limitations of line-of-sight transmission and reception. An artificial ground
must then be used, since the antenna is well above the ground in this case. This is not a
problem in automobiles, since this artificial ground is provided by either the metal roof or
body of the car. For tower installations, however, some means must be provided to
simulate this artificial ground. This is accomplished by the ground plane radials, which are
usually made of thin metal rods or tubes each cut to quarter wavelength long and mounted
at the base of the antenna. The rods sometimes bend downward at an angle of about 45
degrees below the horizontal. This angle is important to maintain the correct impedance
match of the system.
The ease of construction and low cost of a ground plane antenna makes it an ideal choice
for VHF operators. The unit described in this chapter uses bronze rods for the radiating
element because of their availability, and because a bronze rod is the easiest to connect to
the center pin of the coaxial connector.
The ground plane radials are made of cheaper aluminum tubes. Obviously, the antenna is
not easy to disassemble once completed, so its use is commonly confined to fixed
installations requiring little maintenance.
The operational frequency bandwidth of FA-2 is from 140 MHz up to 150 MHz,
exhibiting an SWR response of less than 1.5:1 over the entire bandwidth. It has a gain of 1
dB (unity gain) compared to a real dipole. Its signal pattern is omnidirectional.
SCALED DOWN IMAGE
radiator element
SO-239
mounting bracket
ground plane radials Figure 1.1 Ground plane antenna Model FA-2
Materials List

Quantity Specification/Description Dimensions

4 Aluminum Tubes 3/8 id x 20’’ each
1 Brass Rod - the brass rod for 1/8’’ diameter acetylene welding is recommended
1 SO-239 VHF female connector
without flange
8 Stove bolts - brass or stainless 1/8’’ x 3/4’’
8 Lockwashers - brass,stainless or GI 1/8’’ id
8 Hex nuts - brass, stainless or GI 1/8’’ id
1 Aluminum plate gauge 14 or 16 2’’ x 6’’
2 U-bolts with accompanying hex nuts
and lockwashers
*id - inside diameter
Construction
First of all, construct the antenna mount. It is made from a 1/8” thick aluminum plate cut
to 2” x 6”. Drill a hole in the plate big enough for the SO-239 VHF connector to insert
into (about 5/8” or 15.8 mm). Drill the hole at the point about 1” away from one end (see
Figure 1.2).
1“ 1“ 5/8“ slightly oversized

2“
6“
Figure 1.2 Antenna mount and hole dimensions. Next drill four holes at the other end of
the plate, following Figure 1.3 for the proper dimensions. Make sure that the distance
between one pair of holes perpendicular to the length of the metal sheet must be the same
with the distance of both ends of the U-bolt that will be inserted into it.
2“ 3/4“ 3/16“
Figure 1.3 Hole dimensions for the U-bolts.
Next, drill eight holes (1/8” diameter) around the large hole, following Figure 1.4 for the
proper dimensions.
1-3/4“
1-1/2“
1/2“ 1/8“
1/4“
1/2“1/4“

Figure 1.4 Hole dimensions for the radial elements around large hole. Bend the aluminum
plate down to a 90° angle (see Figure 1.5). Follow the illustration for the exact point to
bend.
2“
90°
Figure 1.5 Bending the aluminum mounting plate.
Insert the SO-239 VHF connector facing downwards into the mounting plate and fix it
permanently with its nut (see Figure 1.6). Discard the grounding ring/lug.
Figure 1.6 Mounting the SO-239 into the plate.
Cut the brass rod to a length of 19” (48.26 cm) and insert one of its end into the center pin
of the SO-239 connector (see Figure 1.7). The brass rod may or may not fit into the center
pin immediately, so you may need to file away a small portion at the end of the rod to
reduce it to a smaller diameter.
solder
reduce to
smaller diameter
Figure 1.7 Preparing one end of the brass rod to fit inside the SO-239.
Cut four aluminum tubes to a length of 20” each, and drill two holes (1/8“ diameter) at
one end (see Figure 1.8).
20“
1/8“ through & through 1/8“1“

Figure 1.8 Preparing the tubes.

Bend the aluminum tubes to a 45 degree angle at the point 1 inch away from the end with
two holes. The direction of the bend must be parallel with the axis of the drilled hole
(see Figure 1.9).
2“
direction of bend
45°
Figure 1.9 Bending the tubes.
Mount the four aluminum tubes into the angled plate by bolting each element with 1/8” x
3/4” stove bolts (see Figure 1.10). The stove bolts must be made of rust-resistant material,
such as stainless steel, brass, or GI.
1/8“ x 3/4“
stove bolt
Figure 1.10 Mounting the tubes on the metal plate.
Finally, you can mount the antenna to the mast using the two U-bolts.
U-bolts
Figure 1.11 Mounting the antenna to the mast.
REVIEW QUESTIONS
?
1. Why is the radiation pattern of an antenna important in radio communication?
2. What is the advantage of an omnidirectional pattern over a directive pattern?
3. When is a directive pattern practical?
4. Why are VHF antennas installed as high off the ground as possible?
5. Why must the ground plane radials bend downward below the horizontal?
6. What is the function of the ground plane radials.
2GROUND PLANE ANTENNA
Model FQ-2

The antenna model FQ-2 is an extension from the basic configuration of a ground plane.
This unit features quick-detach elements to facilitate easy and fast disassembly of the
antenna. The total size of the antenna is much reduced when disassembled, and becomes
convenient to carry and transport. It is also a lot easier and faster to construct compared to
the FA-2 design.
This particular version of the ground plane was evolved in an emergency situation where
there were very few tools available. The place was aboard a fishing boat, and there was no
drilling tool around, so a ground plane design was created which did not require any
drilling of holes.
If you plan to use a ground plane in mobile operations, then this design is recommended.
It can be easily inserted inside your backpack while you are travelling. Assembly or
disassembly takes only a couple of minutes. The antenna elements are made of durable
bronze materials, so they can survive the stresses caused by the regular mounting and
dismounting of the antenna. If you have accidentally bent an element, just straighten it,
and it is again functional. A slight bend or kink in the elements has no negative effects on
the performance of the antenna. It is so durable that you have to intentionally cut it to
pieces to destroy it. Experience has proven its reliability in the rugged life of mobile
operations.
The electrical characteristics of this antenna are the same as those of the model FA-2. The
only difference between the two models is the mechanical construction and type of
materials used.
SCALED DOWN IMAGE
radiator element
PL-259
washer
mounting bracket
ground plane radial
Figure 2.1 Quick detach ground plane model FQ-2
Groundplane Antenna Model FA-2

Materials List

Quantity Specification/Description Dimensions

5 Brass rods - the brass rod used 1/8” diameter for acetylene welding is recommended
2 PL-259 VHF male connectors
1 PL-258 VHF straight connector
1 Aluminum plate gauge 14 or 16 2” x 6”
2 U-bolts with accompanying hex nuts
and lockwashers
1 Plain washer GI or stainless steel
1 short length of coaxial cable 2” long

Construction

Reduce one end of a brass rod to a smaller diameter enough to be inserted into the center
pin of the PL-259 connector. Also file a notch at its end, as shown in Figure 2.2A. Insert
the rod into the PL-259, and solder it to the center pin (see Figure 2.2B). File away any
excess solder that is bulging out of the center pin.
reduce PL-259
diameter
file a notch
solder here
Figure A Figure B
Figure 2.2 Preparing the end of a brass rod, and soldering it to the PL-259. After soldering
the rod into the PL-259, cut it to a length of 19” (48.26 cm), following Figure 2.3.
19 inches

brass rod cut here

Figure 2.3 Trimming the rod to its proper length.
Cut a small piece of coaxial cable (about 2 inches), and remove its inner conductor and
braid (shield). You will only need the vinyl outer jacket. Insert the vinyl jacket into the rod
all the way inside the PL-259 (see Figure 2.4). Cut any protruding portion of the jacket.
The vinyl jacket serves as an insulator between the brass radiator rod and the body of the
PL-259.
insert vinyl jacket
vinyl outer jacket of
RG-58 coaxial cable
PL-259
Figure 2.4 Inserting the vinyl insulator into the PL-259. Prepare a small amount of epoxy
glue and place it over the protruding portion of the vinyl insulator. The epoxy glue must
cover the gap between the rod and the PL-259 to prevent the seepage of rainwater or other
moisture inside the connector (Figure 2.5).
epoxy
Figure 2.5 Sealing the gap with epoxy glue.
Next, prepare the radial elements. Bend one end of each brass rod to an eyehook shape as
shown in the following illustration (Figure 2.6). The diameter of the eyehook formed must
be dimensioned in such a way that the straight connector can be easily inserted into or
pulled out of it.
bend

straight connector
Figure 2.6 Shaping one end of the brass rods to an eyehook form.
After bending one end of all four brass rods into the necessary shape, measure 19 inches
from the point where the rod starts to bend into the eyehook form. Mark the measured
point at the other end, and cut the brass rod at this point (see Figure 2.7).
19 inches cut here
Figure 2.7 Trimming the radial rod to its proper length.
Next, bend the brass rods to a 45 degree angle (see Figure 2.8). Bend the rods at the point
1-1/4 inches away from the center of the eyehook form. The direction of the bend must be
perpendicular to the plane of the eyehook end.
1-1/4
45°
Figure 2.8 Bending a brass radial rod.
Solder the RG-58/U coaxial cable to the remaining PL-259 following the illustrated steps
(see Figures 2.9 and Figure 2.10).
outer sleeve adaptorcoax braid
solder braid to adaptor
Figure 2.9 Connecting the coaxial cable to the PL-259.
IMPORTANT:
Check the coaxial cable for a possible short after soldering it to the PL-259 connector.
insert
solder
Figure 2.10 Assembling the PL-259.
The mounting bracket for the Model FQ-2 is similar to that used for the Model FA-2. The
only difference between the two is that the eight small holes around the 5/8” size hole are
absent in the bracket for the Model FQ-2 (see Figure 2.11). 1“
1“ 2“
6“
Figure 2.11 Mounting bracket for the Model FQ-2.

Assembly

PL-259 Attach the radiator element into the straight connector. Next, attach the plain
washer (5/8” diameter) into the straight connector (see Figure 2.12).
straight
connector
5/8“
washer
Figure 2.12
Assembling the radiator portion.
Insert the straight connector into the eyehook ends of the brass radial elements. The other
ends of the elements must be sloping downwards (see Figure 2.13).
radial elements
Figure 2.13 Assembling the radial elements into the antenna base portion.
Insert the remaining portion of the straight connector into the mounting bracket you made
earlier, sandwiching the radial elements between the bracket and the plain washer (see
Figure 2.14). Secure the whole assembly by connecting the other PL-259 connector into
the protruding part of the straight connector.
mounting bracket
Figure 2.14 Assembling the antenna into the mounting bracket.
INSTALLATION
Figure 2.16 Mounting the ground plane antenna Model FQ-2. Spread the radial elements
around with equal spaces between them, and tighten the PL-259 to fix the assemby firmly
(see Figure 2.17).
radial elements
ANTENNA VIEWED
FROM THE TOP
Figure 2.17 Spreading the radials.
REVIEW QUESTIONS
?
1. What are the advantages of using a ground plane antenna with detachable elements?
2. What is the function of the vinyl insulator that is inserted between the radiator rod and
the PL-259?
3. Why must the measurement of radiator length start from the point where it emerges
from the PL-259, and not from the end of the center pin? 4. Why was the eyehook form of
the radials’ ends used?

3GROUND PLANE ANTENNA

Model FC- 2

The antenna is a vital link in the chain of radio communications and numerous designs
have come off the drafting boards in a never-ending search for improved performance.
Experience shows that one major factor influencing the overall design of antennas is the
particulars of the situation where it will be used. For example, the situation around fixed
installations allows the antenna to be constructed with durable and heavy materials to
make it mechanically strong.
High power gain can also be easily attained by stacking a number of identical antenna.
However, in mobile operation, the situation drastically changes and using antennas
designed primarily for fixed installations becomes impractical. Mobile operation imposes
limitations on the design of an antenna regarding its weight, size, ruggedness, ease of
assembly and disassembly, and power gain. The mobile operator has to choose a type of
antenna which is highly portable and at the same time functionally efficient in mobile
operations.
The ground plane antenna described in this chapter is another development from the FQ-2
model. It is actually the same antenna but “compacted” further to make its total size
smaller and more portable when disassembled. This antenna was designed by a mobile
radio operator several months after constructing his first ground plane antenna similar to
Model FQ-2. Perhaps being unhappy about the bronze rods protruding out of his small
knapsack, he cut each rod in half and devised an ingenious way of connecting the
elements together during assembly. That is how the FC-2 antenna was developed.
The electrical characteristics of this antenna are similar to those of the Model FQ-2. It also
retains the mechanical durability of the earlier full-length version. Being more compact, it
has become very popular among mobile radio operators.
SCALED DOWN IMAGE
connector rod
radiator element
PL259
washer
connector rod
mounting bracket
ground plane radial Figure 3.1 Highly portable ground plane antenna model FC-2.

Materials needed

The materials needed for the Model FC-2 are the same as those needed for the Model FQ-
2. Refer to the preceding chapter for the exact description of materials. The only
difference between the two is the additional 3/16 inch diameter brass rod, which is used to
interconnect the detachable elements of the Model FC-2.
The compact detachable elements of the Model FC-2 permit it to be carried inside a pack
or bag for mobile operations.

Construction
Fabricate a complete Model FQ-2 antenna following the construction methods described
in the preceding chapter. After you have constructed the Model FQ-2, disassemble it and
cut the radiator and each radial element into two equal lengths (see Figure 3.2).
radiator element
cut at middle length
radial element
(one of four)
Figure 3.2 Cutting the elements into two equal lengths. Next, take the 3/16” diameter
brass rod and cut five 3/4 inch pieces from it. These short pieces of brass rod will be used
to connect the two equal lengths of each element (see Figure 3.3).
3/16“ brass rod
3/4“

Figure 3.3 Preparing the connecting rods.

Drill a hole with about 1/8 inches diameter at one end of each connector rod. The hole
must be about half the length of the connector rod depth (see Figure 3.4).
portable drill
1/8“ 3/8“
Figure 3.4 Drilling holes in the connector rods. Next, drill another hole with about 3/32
inches diameter at the other end of each connector rod, with the same depth as the first
hole (see Figure 3.5). Repeat the procedure for all five connector rods.
3/32“3/8“
Figure 3.5 Drilling a 3/32” hole in the other end of the connector rods.
Next, secure the connector rod in a table vise, and make a thread inside the smaller hole
(the 3/32-inch hole to be sure) with a 1/8” gauge NF hand tap (see Figure 3.6). Repeat the
same procedure for the remaining connector rods.
tap wrench
1/8“ NF tap

Figure 3.6 Making a thread in the smaller hole.

Insert the inner half rod of the radial element (the half part with the eyehook end) into the
larger hole of the connector rod (with a 1/8“ diameter hole unthreaded) and solder the two
parts together. Do the same with the other radial elements (see Figure 3.7).
connector rod
insert solder connector rod
to the radial element radial element
Figure 3.7 Coupling the connector rods to the radial elements.
Insert and solder the top half of the radiator element into the larger half of the remaining
connector rod (see Figure 3.8). Note: The purpose of this arrangement is to avoid the
mistake of connecting the top half of the radiator to any of the radial elements.
insert & solder
top half of
radiator element

Figure 3.8 Coupling the top half of the radiator element to a connector rod. The next step
is to make a thread around one end of the outer half of the radial element. Use a manual
threading die to make the thread. Secure the rod firmly in a table vise while threading. The
thread must be at least 3/8 inches long. See Figure 3.9.
outer half of radial element
threading die

Figure 3.9 Making a thread at one end of the outer radial element.
After you have succesfully made the threads, screw each outer half into its respective
connector rod (see Figure 3.10).
outer half rod
threaded end
Assembling the radial elements. Figure 3.10
Next, make a thread at the end of the lower half of the radiator element similar to what
you have done to the radial elements (see Figure 3.11). Join the two halves of the radiator
element together.

top half rod

connector rod
lower half rod
Figure 3.11 Assembling the radiator element together.
The final assembly of the Model FC-2 is similar to the Model FQ-2.
U-bolts
pipe mast
Figure 3.12 Final assembly and mounting of FC-2.

Mobile Installation

In mobile installations, the aluminum mounting bracket is not necessary and may be
discarded and substituted with a 5/8” id* plain washer to hold the radial elements
assembly. The antenna is then mounted by tying a rope at its base and hanging it under a
tree or a makeshift post (see Figure 3.13a). An alternative method of hanging the FC-2 is
to bend the tip of the radiator element into a small hook, allowing a nylon rope to be tied
to this hook to hang the antenna (See Figure 3.13b).
string eye hook
string
washer
Figure a Figure b
Figure 3.13 Mobile operation installation techniques.
REVIEW QUESTIONS
?
1. Why do different operating situations need different antenna designs?
2. What are the important characteristics that must be considered in designing an antenna
for mobile applications?
3. Is it good to hang the antenna with a metal wire?
4. What is the reason for cutting each antenna element in half?
Table 3.1 Conversion table - english foot to meter
engl. foot(‘) 0” 1“ 2” 3” 4” 5” 6” 7” 8” 9” 10” 11”
0 0.000 0.0254 0.0508 0.0762 0.1016 0.1270 0.1524 0.1778 0.2032 0.2286 0.2540 0.2794m
1’ (= 12”) 0.305 0.330 0.356 0.381 0.406 0.432 0.457 0.483 0.508 0.533 0.559 0.584m
2’(= 24”) 0.610 0.635 0.660 0.686 0.711 0.737 0.762 0.787 0.813 0.838 0.864 0.889m
3’(= 36”) 0.914 0.940 0.965 0.991 1.016 1.041 1.067 1.092 1.118 1.143 1.168 1.194m
4’(= 48”) 1.219 1.245 1.270 1.295 1.321 1.346 1.372 1.397 l.422 1.448 1.473 1.499m
5’(= 60”) 1.524 1.549 1.575 1.600 1.626 1.651 1.676 1.702 1.727 1.753 1.778 1.803m
6’(= 72”) 1.829 1.854 1.880 1.905 1.930 1.956 1.981 2.007 2.032 2.057 2.083 2.108m
7(= 84”) 2.134 2.159 2.184 2.210 2.235 2.261 2.286 2.311 2.337 2.362 2.388 2.413m
8’(= 96”) 2.438 2.464 2.489 2.515 2.540 2.565 2.591 2.616 2.642 2.667 2.692 2.717m
9’ (= 108”) 2.743 2.769 2.794 2.819 2.845 2.870 2.896 2.921 2.946 2.972 2.997 3.023m
10’ (= 120”) 3.048 3.073 3.099 3.124 3150 3.175 3.200 3.226 3.251 3.277 3.302 3.327m
11’ (= 132”) 3.353 3.378 3.404 3.429 3.454 3.480 3.505 3.531 3.556 3.581 3.607 3.632m
12’ (= 144”) 3.658 3.683 3.708 3.734 3.759 3.785 3.810 3.835 3.861 3.886 3.912 3.937m
13’ (= 156”) 3.962 3.988 4.013 4.039 4.064 4.089 4.115 4.140 4.166 4.191 4.216 4.242m
14’ (= 168”) 4.267 4.293 4.318 4.343 4.369 4.394 4.420 4.445 4.470 4.496 4.521 4.547m
15’(= 180”) 4.572 4.597 4.623 4.648 4.674 4.699 4.724 4.750 4.775 4.801 4.826 4.851m
16’(= 192”) 4.877 4.902 4.928 4.953 4.978 5.004 5.029 5.055 5.080 5.105 5.131 5.156m
17(=204”) 5.182 5.207 5.232 5.258 5.283 5.309 5.334 5.359 5.385 5.410 5.436 5.461m
18’(=216”) 5.486 5.512 5.537 5.563 5.588 5.613 5.639 5.664 5.690 5.715. 5.740 5.766m
19’ (= 228”) 5.791 5.817 5.842 5.867 5.893 5.918 5.944 5.969 5.994 6.020 6.045 6.071m
20’ (= 240”) 6.096 6.121 6.147 6.172 6198 6.223 6.248 6.274 6.299 6.325 6.350 6.375m
21’ (= 252”) 6.401 6.426 6.452 6.477 6.502 6.528 6.553 6.579 6.604 6.629 6.655 6.680m
22’ (= 264”) 6.706 6.731 6.756 6.782 6.807 6.833 6.858 6.883 6.909 6.934 6.960 6.985m
23’ (= 276”) 7.010 7.036 7.061 7.087 7.112 7.137 7.163 7.188 7.214 7.239 7.264 7.290m
24’ (= 288”) 7.315. 7.341 7.366 7.391 7.417 7.442 7.468 7.493 7.518 7.544 7.569 7.595m
25; (= 300”) 7.620 7.645 7.671 7.696 7.722 7.747 7.722 7.798 7.823 7.849 7.874 7.899m
26’ (= 312”) 7.925 7.950 7.976 8.001 8.026 8.052 8.077 8.103 8.128 8.153 8.179 8.204m
27 (= 324”) 8.230 8.255 8.280 8.306 8.331 8.357 8.382 8.407 8.433 8.458 8.484 8.509m
28’ (= 336”) 8.534 8.560 8.585 8.611 8.636 8.661 8.687 8.712 8.738 8.763 8.788 8.814m
29’ (= 348”) 8.839 8.865 8.890 8.915 8.941 8.966 8.992 9.017 9.042 9.068 9.093 9.119m
30’ (= 360”) 9.144 9.169 9.195 9.220 9.246 9.271 9.296 9.322 9.347 9.373 9.398 9.423m
1’ = 0.3048 m; 1“ = 0.0254 m; 1’ = 12”

4J-FED HALF WAVE ANTENNA

Model JF-2

This antenna is specifically designed to satisfy the need for a simple but effective vertical
antenna that does not require any grounding system. It is one version of a monopole
antenna that carries its ‘ground’ along with it. The unit is composed of a half wave
radiating element and a quarter wave length matching section. The combination of these
two elements provides the transformer action that matches the impedance.
Although it is actually a quarter wave antenna, its radiation pattern and characteristics are
very similar to those of a half wave vertical antenna. It also exhibits a slight gain
compared to a quarter wave ground plane antenna.
This antenna radiates its signal in an omnidirectional pattern like most vertical antennas
do. Its operational bandwidth is 140 - 150 MHz, and exhibits an SWR response of less
than 1.5:1 over the entire band.
The unit described in this chapter is designed for fixed installation. If you intend to use it
for mobile operation, then it would be better if you were to modify the design to adapt it to
the rugged environment it may encounter. Aluminum tubes in general are thin and soft,
and thus will easily crack if handled roughly; so you must substitute it with brass, bronze,
or copper tubing. These materials are more expensive, but they are more durable. They are
also more resistant to corrosion.
The elements must be cut in two or three sections, and some means must be provided to
join the pieces of tubing together in assembly (similar to the FC-2 technique). You must
also devise a method of mounting the antenna in a much simpler fashion than the one
described here. Hanging the antenna under a tree or post will do, but there might be some
other way that you can think of. One word of caution though: Never use any metallic
material to mount the antenna. All points in the antenna element are electrically active, so
it must be insulated from ground.
SCALED DOWN IMAGE
half wave radiator arm
quarter wave matching arm
feed point clamps Figure 4.1 J-fed monopole half wave antenna Model JF-2

Materials List

Quantity Specification/Description Dimensions

1 Aluminum or Brass tube 3/8” od* 1” long
2 Aluminum strips - see text to make 1/2” x 1-1/2” a strip out of a short length of
aluminum tube
1 Plastic plate 1/2” thick see text 3” x 12” for details
1 U-bolt with accompanying hex nuts and lockwashers
4 Stove bolts - brass or GI with 1/8” x 1” accompanying hex nuts and lock washers
2 Stove bolts - brass or GI 1/8” x 3/8”
2 Eye terminals - vinyl insulated
4 Plain washers - 1/8” id**
1 Hose clamp - enough to hold 1” diameter tube
Miscellaneous: Epoxy glue
* od- outside diameter ** id- inside diameter

Construction

Cut the tube to a length of 81 inches using a suitable tube cutter. Next, starting from one
end, measure about 55 inches. Starting at this point, bend the tube to a U-shape. The two
‘arms’ of the bent tube must be spaced 2-1/8” apart from each other (see Figure 4.2 on the
next page).
81 inches

56 inches
2-1/8“
start bending here
Figure 4.2 Bending one end of the tube. Preparing the end of a brass rod, and soldering it
to PL-259.
Trim each arm of the tube to its proper length, measuring from the extreme edge of the
bend (see Figure 4.3). This method is employed to give an allowance for possible errors in
bending the tube.
55-3/4“

17-3/4“
Figure 4.3 Trimming the tube to its exact length. Drill four holes near the bend of the tube
(see Figure 4.4). Each hole must be 1/8” in diameter.

9“ 2“ 1/8“
Figure 4.4 Drilling holes in the tube.
After drilling the holes, seal off both ends of the tube with an epoxy glue to prevent
rainwater from seeping inside (see Figure 4.5). First, insert a substantial volume of cotton
inside, to act as a stopper for the epoxy. Then, follow it up with epoxy glue, leveling it to
the edge of the tube. Let the epoxy set and dry before proceeding.
epoxy
cotton
Figure 4.5 Sealing off the open ends of the tube with epoxy glue.
While you are waiting for the epoxy glue to dry, prepare the plastic plate for the antenna
mount. Drill holes in the plastic plate following the dimensions shown in Figure 4.6. The
larger hole (3/16“ diameter) is intended for the U-bolts, so their dimensions must coincide
with the actual U-bolt used.

3“
1-1/2“
3/4“ 2“ 3/16“ A1“ 12“
Distance A must conform to the size of the U-bolt used.
Figure 4.6 Preparing the plastic mounting plate.
Fabricate a metal strip out of a short length of aluminum tube (about 5 inches long) by
pressing it in a table vise until the tube is flattened (see Figure 4.7).
aluminum tube
Figure 4.7 Fabricating a metal strip out of a short aluminum tube. Out of this strip cut two
short pieces (about 1-1/2” long). Bend the two strips into a form of a clamp to fit tightly
around the antenna tubing (see Figure 4.8). These clamps serve as the feed point terminals
of the antenna.
flatten the tubebend it
finished
feed point clamp
Figure 4.8 Fabricating the clamps.
Next, drill a hole about 1/8” diameter through the flattened end of each feed point clamp
(see Figure 4.9).
1/8“

Figure 4.9 A feedpoint clamp with a drilled 1/8” diameter hole.

Assembly
First, attach the J-shaped tube to the plastic mounting plate with 1/8“ x 3/4” stove bolts
made of corrosion-proof materials such as brass or stainless steel. Do not forget to include
the necessary lock washers in the attachment (see Figure 4.10). Be careful in tightening
the nut, because the tube is hollow inside, and it might collapse damaging the tube. Apply
torque to the nuts just enough to hold the tube rigid.

Figure 4.10 Securing the J-shaped tube to the mounting plate.

Attach the feed point clamps into both arms of the tube. Attach one clamp on the shorter
arm of the tube and attach the other clamp on the longer arm (see Figure 4.11).
feed point clamp
Figure 4.11 Feed point clamps attached to the antenna.
Attach a plain washer and an eye terminal into a stove bolt (1/8” x 3/16”), and then insert
the bolt into the hole in the feed point clamp, sandwiching the eye terminal inbetween (see
Figure 4.12). Place a lock washer and a hex nut at the other end of the bolt, and then
tighten the clamp lightly. Repeat the same procedure for the other clamp.
washer
stove bolt
eye terminal
Figure 4.12 Assembling the feed point terminals.
The next step is to connect the coaxial cable to the feed point terminals. Prepare one end
of the coaxial cable by separating the braid/shield from the inner conductor (see Figure
4.13).
coaxial cable

braid
Figure 4.13 Making a pig tail.
Insert and solder the two conductors (braid and inner conductor) to the eye terminals
attached in the feed point clamps. The braid must be connected to the shorter arm of the
tube and the inner conductor must be connected to the longer arm (see Figure 4.14).
shorter arm longer arm
braid
Figure 4.14 Connecting the coaxial cable to the feed point clamps.
Mount the antenna to the mast you intend to use. It is best to tune the antenna to resonance
right at the mast where it will be installed permanently. Connect the coax cable to an SWR
meter. The coaxial cable must be furnished with the right connectors for the particular type
of SWR meter that you intend to use. Connect a transceiver to the input connector of the
SWR meter (usually marked ‘transmitter’). Set the transceiver to 145.00 MHz, and key the
PTT to transmit. Note the SWR reading on the meter. While the transceiver is on standby ,
move both feed point clamps higher or lower than the initial setting until you get a low
SWR response over the entire frequency range (140.00 MHz to 150.00 MHz specifically).
Move the clamps about 1/4” at a time (see Figure 4.15 on the next page)
IMPORTANT:
Do not move the clamps while the rig is transmitting, and do not touch any part of the
antenna when reading the SWR response. The position of the clamps must be moved
always at the same level at the same time.
Figure 4.15 Adjusting the position of the clamps to tune the antenna.
After you have tuned the antenna to resonance, tighten the nuts holding the feed point
clamps permanently, and fix the coaxial cable to the mounting plate with plastic clamps
(see Figure 4.16).
Figure 4.16 Final mounting of the J-fed antenna.
REVIEW QUESTIONS
?
1. How is a J-fed vertical antenna able to function without a grounding system?
2. What is the function of the shorter arm of the tube?
3. How is the antenna tuned to resonance?
4. What does ‘tuning to resonance’ mean?
5. By studying the design of this antenna, is it good to use a metallic plate to mount it?
Why?
6. What does feed point mean?
Table 4.1 Conversion Table: fraction and decimal of an inch to millimeter
in inch in mm in inch in mm in inch in mm
1/64 = 0.0150.396 23/64 = 0.359 9.127 45/64 = 0.703 17.858
1/32 = 0.0310.793 3/8 = 0.375 9.525 23/32 = 0.719 18.255
3/64 = 0.0471.190 25/64 = 0.391 9.921 47/64 = 0.734 18.652
1/16 = 0.0631.587 13/32 = 0.406 10.318 3/4 = 0.750 19.050
5/64 = 0.0781.984 27/64 = 0.422 10.715 49/64 = 0.766 19.446
3/32 = 0.0942.381 7/16 = 0.438 11.112 25/32 = 0.781 19.842
7/64 = 0.1092.778 29/64 = 0.453 11.508 51/64 = 0.797 20.239
1/8 = 0.1253.175 15/32 = 0.469 11.905 13/16 = 0.813 20.637
9/64 = 0.1413.571 31/64 = 0.484 12.302 53/64 = 0.828 21.033
5/32 = 0.1563.968 1/2 = 0.500 12.700 27/32 = 0.844 21.429
11/64 = 0.1724.365 33/64 = 0.516 13.096 55/64 = 0.859 21.827
3/16 = 0.1884.762 17/32 = 0.531 13.492 7/8 = 0.875 22.225
13/64 = 0.2035.159 35/64 = 0.547 13.890 57/64 = 0.891 22.621
7/32 = 0.2195.556 9/16 = 0.563 14.287 29/32 = 0.906 23.017
15/64 = 0.2345.952 37/64 = 0.578 14.683 59/64 = 0.922 23.414
1/4 = 0.2506.350 19/32 = 0.594 15.080 15/16 = 0.938 23.812
17/64 = 0.2666.746 39/64 = 0.609 15.477 61/64 = 0.953 24.208
9/32 = 0.2817.143 5/8 = 0.625 15.875 31/32 = 0.969 24.604
19/64 = 0.2977.540 41/64 = 0.641 16.271 63/64 = 0.984 25.002
5/15 = 0.3137.937 21/32 = 0.656 16.667 1 = 1.000 25.400
21/64 = 0.3288.334 43/64 = 0.672 17.064
11/32 = 0.3448.730 11/16 = 0.688 17.462

5COAXIAL DIPOLE
Model CD-2
The coaxial dipole described here has the advantage of having lower resistance to wind
compared to the ground plane designs. It also has a narrow form that some radio operators
find beautiful. The following illustrations in Figure 5.1 show how the coaxial dipole was
developed from a basic dipole antenna.

Figure 5.1 Development of the coaxial dipole from a basic dipole antenna.
As shown in the illustration, one of the elements is enlarged to form a tube. The coaxial
transmission cable is then inserted through this tube, with the inner conductor of the
coaxial cable connected to the radiating element, and the shield connected to the tube. The
tube functions as a ground plane.
The CD-2 coaxial dipole has an operational bandwidth of 140-150 MHz. It exhibits an
SWR response of less than 1.5:1 over the entire band. It has a power gain of 1 dB (unity
gain) compared to a standard dipole reference. The RF signal radiates from the antenna in
an omnidirectional pattern. Likewise, it receives signal equally well from all directions.
This unit is designed to be installed primarily in base stations, but it could be used for
mobile applications, too. The radiating element must be detached when transporting the
antenna.
SCALED DOWN IMAGE
radiator
coaxial sleeve
mounting tube
Figure 5.2 Coaxial Dipole Model CD-2

Materials List

Quantity Specification/Description Dimensions

1
1
1
2
1
2
4
1
9
1
Aluminum tube 3” x 18” Aluminum tube 1” x 36” PL-259 VHF male connector
SO-239 VHF female connector
Brass rod 1/8” od* - the brass rod for
acetylene welding is recommended
Aluminum bushing - see main text for
exact dimensions
U-bolts - with accompanying hex nuts
and lock washers
Aluminum Plate or GI 3” x 6” Self-tapping metal screws 1/8” x 1/2” Short length of
coaxial cable RG-58/U 37” long
*od- outside diameter

Construction

First prepare the two aluminum tubes of different diameters. Cut the tubes to their proper
lengths as shown in Figure 5.3
18“
3“ tube
Note: 36“
Drawing not to scale
1“ tube
Figure 5.3 Cutting the tubes to their proper lengths. Next, drill three holes (1/8“ diameter)
at both ends of the longer tube. The holes must be equally spaced from each other (see
Figure 5.4).
3/16“ 3/16“
1/8“
120° 120°
120°
Figure 5.4 Drilling three holes at both ends of the long tube.
Drill three holes (1/8” diameter) at one end of the shorter tube. The holes must be 1/4”
away from the edge, and equally spaced from each other (Figure 5.5).
1/4“ away from the tube’s end

1/8“ equally spaced from each other

Figure 5.5 Drilling a hole at one end of the short tube. Machine the smaller bushing from
a thick aluminum slab or rod to its proper size. Follow the dimensions in Figure 5.6.
Figure 5.6 Smaller bushing dimensions.
Next, machine the larger bushing from similar material. Follow the dimensions shown in
Figure 5.7.
Figure 5.7 Dimensions of the larger bushing.
File away a small portion at one end of the brass rod, reducing it to smaller diameter
enough to fit inside the center pin of the PL-259 connector. Solder the brass rod into the
center pin of the PL-259 connector (see Figure 5.8).
PL-259
reduced diameter
solder here
Figure 5.8 Soldering the radiator element to the PL-259.
Cut a small length of coaxial cable (about 2 inches) and remove its inner conductor and
braid/shield. You need only the vinyl outer jacket. Insert it into the brass rod all the way
inside the PL-259 connector. Cut away any protruding vinyl portion. The jacket serves as
an insulator between the brass rod and the body of PL-259 (see Figure 5.9).
insert vinyl jacket
vinyl outer jacket of
RG-58 coaxial cable
PL-259
Figure 5.9 Inserting the insulating jacket into the PL-259.Page 57 Mix equal amount of
epoxy glue, and place it over and around the protruding part of the vinyl jacket (see Figure
5.10). The epoxy serves as a sealant to avoid the seepage of rainwater and other moisture
inside the PL-259 connector. Let the epoxy set and dry.
Figure 5.10 Sealing the PL-259 with epoxy glue.

Assembly
First attach the two SO-239 connectors into the two aluminum bushings as shown in
Figure 5.11. Don’t forget to include its grounding ring or solder lug.
SO-239 SO-239

larger bushing smaller bushing

Figure 5.11 Mounting the SO-239 into the larger bushing.

Cut a 36 inch long coaxial cable (RG-58/U), and solder its conductors at one end to the
SO-239 connector attached to the larger bushing (see Figure 5.12).
36“

larger bushing
Figure 5.12 Soldering the coaxial cable to the SO-239.
Lay the coaxial cable and the longer tube side by side as they would be when they are
finally assembled together. Trim the free end of the coaxial cable at the point 3/8” away
from the end of the longer tube (see Figure 5.13).

3/8“
longer tube
Figure 5.13 Trimming the coaxial cable to the proper length. Solder the free end of the
coax cable into the remaining SO-239 connector attached to the smaller bushing (see
Figure 5.14).
smaller bushing
Figure 5.14 Soldering the other end of coaxial cable to the other SO-239.
Insert the smaller bushing, coaxial cable, and the large bushing all the way inside the
longer tube until the holes in the two bushings are aligned to the holes in the tube itself. If
in your first try you do not manage to align the holes, then maybe a slight re-trimming of
the coax cable is needed, or the SO-239 connector must be repositioned or re-soldered.
After a few trials you should have it right (see Figure 5.15).

longer tube
Figure 5.15 Inserting the feeder coaxial cable into the long tube. Secure the two bushings
permanently into the tube using self-tapping metal screws (see Figure 5.16).

Figure 5.16 Securing the bushings and the tube together.

Insert the longer tube and the large bushing inside the shorter tube (see Figure 5.17). Align
the holes in the large bushing to the holes in the shorter tube and place self-tapping screws
through the holes to fix the bushing firmly inside the short tube.
insert

short tube long tube

Figure 5.17 Assembling the two tubes together. Attach the radiator element to the SO-239
connector in the upper larger bushing (see Figure 5.18).
radiator element
coaxial sleeve
Figure 5.18 Installing the radiator element into the antenna base.
REVIEW QUESTIONS
?
1. What is the advantage of using a coaxial dipole?
2. What is the function of the outer tube?
3. What is the function of the inner tube?
Installation of the coaxial dipole Model CD-2
U-bolt
adaptor plate
Figure 5.19 Installation of Model CD-2Page 63

6
DIPOLE ANTENNA
(gamma fed)
Model DP-2F

This particular design of a dipole antenna is very popular in VHF applications because of
its capability to be fine-tuned during tuning procedures. Tuning is accomplished by a so-
called gamma matching system connected near the center of the dipole element. Gamma
matching is based on the principle of the delta match system, whereby the transmission
line can be directly connected near the center of a continuous half wave conductor, and
fanned out and tapped at the point of most efficient power transfer.
The middle of a half wave dipole is electrically neutral, which means that there is no RF
voltage present. Thus, the outer conductor of the coax cable can be connected directly to
the element at this point. The inner conductor of the coaxial cable carries an RF current, so
it is tapped into the dipole element at the matching point.
Careful observation of this design reveals that the center conductor of the coax cable is not
directly connected to the dipole element, but is instead coupled via a short tube called the
“gamma tube”. The combination of the short tube and the coaxial cable inside it provides
the capacitance needed to cancel the inductance of the dipole element to attain an
electrical balance. The gamma match therefore achieves two functions at the same time: to
match the impedance of the transmission line to the impedance of the antenna; and to
couple the unbalanced coaxial cable to the symmetrical dipole element. This method
makes it unnecessary to use a separate balancing transformer. Fine tuning of the antenna
can be done by adjusting the shorting bar that connects the gamma tube to the dipole
element until the lowest SWR response is achieved.
The Model DP-2F is also used as a basic driven element for high gain Yagi and collinear
antenna designs. Because the middle of the dipole element is electrically inactive, it is not
required to be insulated from its mounting boom, thereby simplifying the mechanical
construction. Lightning protection for this antenna system is also improved, because all
the metallic parts of the antenna are grounded via its mast or tower.
are grounded via its mast or tower.
150 MHz. If properly tuned, it exhibits an SWR of less than 1.4:1 over the entire band. It
radiates its signal in an omnidirectional pattern. It has a gain of 1 dB (unity gain)
compared to a standard dipole reference.
This antenna is intended primarily for fixed installations. However, some radio operators
are able to use it successfully in mobile operations by modifying its mechanical
construction.
Some antenna constructors choose to build this antenna because it offers them deeper
understanding of the electrical principles of antennas, compared to other simpler designs
like ground planes or coaxial dipoles. If you are the experimenter type of radio operator,
then this design is for you.
SCALED DOWN IMAGE
radiator element
gamma match
mounting channel Figure 6.1 Gamma fed dipole antenna Model DP-2F

Materials List

Quantity Specification/Description Dimensions

1 Aluminum tube 3/8” id* 38” long
1 Aluminum tube 3/8” id* 6” long
1 Aluminum square channel 1” x 1” x 12”
1 Aluminum strip - see text for 1/2” x 4” fabrication
1 Coax cable RG-58/U 6”
1 BNC female connector
2 Stove bolts - brass or GI 1/8” x 3/8”
2 Hex nuts - brass or GI 1/8” id
1 U-bolt with accompanying hex
nuts and washers
3 Self-tapping metal screws 1/8” x 1/2”
Miscellaneous: Epoxy glue *id- inside diameter

Construction

The radiator element is made from 3/8 od* aluminum tube cut to a length of 38 inches.
Drill a hole (1/16” diameter) through and through at the middle of its length (see Figure
6.2).
38“
19“

1/16“
Figure 6.2 Drilling a hole through the middle point of the radiator element. Next prepare
the mounting channel by drilling a hole at one end (see Figure 6.3). The diameter of the
hole must accommodate the aluminum tube that will be inserted into it. The hole is 3/8”
and slightly oversized, so that the tube will not be scratched upon insertion, but not too
loose as to sacrifice rigidity.
3/4“
3/8“
Figure 6.3 Preparing the mounting channel.
Next, drill two small holes (1/16” diameter) at one side of the channel perpendicular to the
axis of the bigger hole (see Figure 6.4).
3/4“
3/4“
3/4“
1/4“
Figure 6.4 Drilling holes for the gamma mounting bracket. 1/16“
Drill another pair of holes (3/16” diameter) at the same side, but at the opposite end of the
channel (see Figure 6.5). Drill the hole through and through. The size of the holes and the
distance between them must conform to the dimensions of the U-bolt used.

Y
1/2
Figure 6.5 Drilling holes for the U-bolt at the opposite end .
Drill a single 1/8” diameter hole at the other side opposite to the two small holes (1/16”
diameter). See the dimensions in the following illustration.
1/8“
3/4“
Figure 6.6 Drilling a single hole.
Insert the aluminum tube through the large hole, and align the hole at its middle part to the
1/8” diameter hole at the side of the channel (see Figure 6.7 on the next page).
align both holes
Figure 6.7 Inserting the aluminum tube into the mounting channel.
Insert a self-tapping screw through the side hole, and forcibly screw it into the smaller
hole of the tube inside (see Figure 6.8). Tighten the screw until the aluminum tube is
rigidly held in the aluminum channel.
self-tapping screw
Figure 6.8 Locking the tube with a self-tapping screw.
Prepare the feed point angle bracket. The bracket is cut from a small strip of aluminum
and bent into a right angle. An alternative method is to saw off a portion of a 1” x 3”
rectangular aluminum channel. This will give you a more durable bracket with a near
perfect angle.
1“
2-1/2“
Figure 6.9 Preparing the feed point bracket (gamma mounting bracket).
Drill two small holes (1/8” diameter) at one side of the angle bracket. Drill another hole at
the other side of the bracket. This lone hole must be large enough to accomodate the BNC
female connector (see Figure 6.10).
Hole diameter must be large enough to accomodate a BNC socket

Figure 6.10 Drilling mounting holes in the bracket.

Attach the bracket into the mounting channel by screwing it with small self-tapping
screws (see Figure 6.11 on the next page).
Figure 6.11 Fixing the feed point bracket on the mounting channel.
Insert the BNC female connector in an upside down position into the large hole of the feed
point bracket, and secure it with its nut (see Figure 6.12).
Figure 6.12 Installing the BNC connector into the feed point bracket.
The next step is to prepare the tuning clamp and the gamma matching tube. First, fabricate
a flat strip from a scrap tube (about 4 inches long) by pressing it in a table vise until it is
completely flattened. Cut about 4 inches of the flat strip, and form both ends into a ring
clamp by bending it around an aluminum tube. The ends must be formed to fit around the
tube (see Figure 6.13).
Figure 6.13 Preparing the tuning clamp.
Drill two holes (1/8” diameter) in the tuning clamp (see Figure 6.14).

Figure 6.14 Drilling holes in the tuning clamp.

Insert the 6-inch long tube into one loop of the clamp, and secure the clamp with a 1/8” x
3/8” stove bolt. Attach a nut to the bolt and tighten it lightly (see Figure 6.15).
Don’t tighten this bolt too much at this time!
Figure 6.15 Inserting the 6-inch long gamma tube into the tuning clamp.
Waterproof the top end of the 6-inch gamma tube by inserting a substantial volume of
cotton wad inside the open end. The cotton wad serves as a stopper for the epoxy. Place
epoxy glue over the cotton wad inside. Let the epoxy set and dry (see Figure 6.16).
Figure 6.16 Sealing the top end of the gamma tube.
While the epoxy is drying, prepare the gamma match from a short length of RG-8/U
coaxial cable. Cut a piece 6 inches long, and remove its vinyl outer jacket and its braid.
Cut away a small portion of the PE inner insulator, exposing the copper conductor inside
(see Figure 6.17).

Figure 6.17 Preparing the gamma match from a short length of RG-8/U.
Solder the exposed copper conductor of the gamma match directly into the center pin of
the BNC connector attached to the mounting channel.
Figure 6.18 Soldering the gamma match into the BNC connector.
Next, carefully insert the free end of the tuning clamp into the radiator element (long
tube), starting at the top end. As the tuning clamp is lowered down along with the gamma
tube attached to it, insert the gamma match into the gamma tube (see Figure 6.19).
Stop the gamma tube just about 1/2 inches above the plane of the angle bracket, or just
enough for the gamma tube to cover the whole PE insulator. Insert a bolt into the tuning
clamp attached around the radiator element, and tighten it lightly enough to hold the
gamma matching assembly in place. The antenna is already mechanically ready at this
point; it only needs to be tuned to resonance for proper operation.
Figure 6.19 Assembling the gamma tube into the gamma match.
In tuning the antenna to resonance, install it to the mast or tower as in Figure 6.1. Connect
the coaxial cable to the BNC connector in the angle bracket and connect the other end to a
suitable SWR meter. Connect a VHF transceiver to the SWR meter (usually marked
‘transmitter’) and set its frequency to either the center or extreme frequencies of the band.
Key the PTT to transmit and read the SWR response.
To tune the antenna: move the tuning clamp and find the position where you can get the
lowest SWR response for the center frequency and a relatively flat response curve over the
entire band. Move the tuning clamp either lower or higher about 1/4 inch at a time (see
Figure 6.20).
Figure 6.20 Raising or lowering the tuning clamp to find the best match. If you have
finally found the right position (after several trials) then you have succesfully tuned the
antenna to resonance. Tighten the nuts at the tuning clamp permanently and place a
moderate amout of silicone sealant (RTV compound) around the open lower end of the
gamma matching tube to seal it off from moisture and rainwater (see Figure 6.21).
Figure 6.21 Sealing off the lower end of gamma tube with silicone.
IMPORTANT:
Do not touch any part of the antenna while keying the rig or reading the SWR response.
Do not move the tuning clamp while the transceiver is still transmitting.
REVIEW QUESTIONS
?
1. What is the advantage of using a gamma-fed dipole antenna?
2. What is a gamma match?
3. What is the function of the coaxial cable inside the short tube?
4. Why is it not necessary to use a balancing tranformer for this particular antenna design?
5. In a mechanical point of view, what are the advantages of this antenna?
6. What is the function of the shorting bar?
7. How is this dipole tuned to resonance?
7QUAD LOOP ANTENNA
Model QA-2F

In preceding chapters all of the various antenna designs presented are assemblies of linear
half wave (or approximately half wave) dipole elements. On the other hand other element
forms may also be used to effectively function as an antenna. One example is the quad
antenna described in this chapter. This is the type of antenna with a radiating element
made of a loop having a perimeter of one wavelength and used in much the same way as a
dipole.
The quad antenna was originally designed in the late 1940’s. Since then it has been the
subject of controversy whether it performs better than a dipole. The debate continues but
after some years several facts have become apparent. It was found out that the quad has a
slight gain of approximately 2 dB over a dipole. It is also said to cover a wider area in the
vertical plane and exhibits broadband characteristics.
The quad antenna model QA-2F is specifically designed to operate in the frequency band
of 140-150 MHz. It displays a bi-directional radiation pattern with maximum radiation in
the direction perpendicular to the plane of the loop. By carefully following the instruction
for constructing this antenna you should be able to get an SWR response of less than 1.5:1
over the entire band.
SCALED DOWN IMAGE
Full wave loop radiator Figure 7.1 A quad loop antenna model QA-2F.

Materials List

Quantity Specification/Description Dimensions

1 Aluminum tube 3/8” id* 82 „ long
1 Plastic plate 1/2 „ thick 32“ long
2 Stove bolts - brass or GI 1/8” x 3/8”
3 Stove bolts - brass or GI 1/8” x 1”
4 Stove bolts - brass or GI 3/16” x 1”
2 U-bolts with accompanying hex nuts and lockwashers
1 Plastic C-clamp - enough to hold a 3/8” cable
1 Self tapping metal screw 1/8” x 3/8”
2 Eye terminals - vinyl insulated
4 Plain washers - 1/8” id*
1 Hose clamp - enough to hold a 1-1/2” tube
*id- inside diameter
Construction

First, prepare the plastic mount with dimensions shown in Figure 7.2 on the next page.
a = 3/16“

1/2“ thick plastic plate b = 1/8“

drawing not to scale
Figure 7.2 Plastic mount dimensions.
Next, prepare the metallic mast adaptor. As shown in the following illustration, the
distance between one pair of 3/16” holes at the extreme ends is equal to the distance
between the threaded ends of the U-bolt used (see Figure 7.3).
a = 3/16“
b = 1/8“
d = see text
Figure 7.3 Mast adaptor dimensions.
Join the two plates together using four 3/16” x 1” stove bolts made of rust resistant
materials (e.g. brass or stainless steel). Do not forget to include a lock washer in each bolt
(see Figure 7.4).

Note: Drawing not to scale

Figure 7.4 Joining the two plates together with stove bolts.
Bend the aluminum tube into a square loop with equal sides using a suitable tube bender
(see Figure 7.5). Cut away the excess tube.
20-1/2“
20-1/2“

20-1/2“
1/2“ gap 20-1/2“
Figure 7.5 Forming the tube into a square loop.
Flatten a small portion at both ends of the tube and drill a hole (1/8” diameter) in each
flattened end (see Figure 7.6).
1/8“
Figure 7.6 Flattening and drilling the ends of the tube.
Drill additional holes (1/8” diameter) in the tube as shown in the following illustration
(Figure 7.7). The holes must be drilled through and through. Be careful in drilling the
holes to avoid deforming the tube.
10-1/4“
10-1/4“
1/8“
1/8“ 1/2“
1/8“

Figure 7.7 Drilling additional holes in the tube.

Insert two stove bolts (1/8” x 3/8”) through the holes at both ends of the loop and attach
the necessary hardware as shown in Figure 7.8.
Figure 7.8 Installing the necessary hardware at both ends of the tube.
Attach the prepared loop into the plastic mounting plate by bolting it through the 1/8”
diameter holes as shown in the following illustration. Use 1/8” x 1” stove bolts (brass or
stainless steel). See Figure 7.9.

Note: Drawing not to scale

Figure 7.9 Fixing the loop on the plastic mount.
Prepare one end of the coax cable by separating the inner conductor from the copper braid.
Solder the two conductors to the two eye terminals in the loop. The braid is costumarily
connected to the lower terminal (see Figure 7.10).

Figure 7.10 Connecting the coaxial cable to the loop element.

Clamp the coaxial cable to the plastic mounting plate (see Figure 7.11).

Figure 7.11 Clamping the coaxial cable to the plastic mount.

Installation of QA-2F
Figure 7.12 Installing the QA-2F to the mast.
REVIEW QUESTIONS
?
1. What is the advantage of using a quad antenna?
2. What is the radiation pattern of a quad?
3. By studying the design presented here, is it possible to replace the mounting plane with
a metallic one?
4. Which end of the loop is the shield of the coax cable attached to?
5. What is the direction of the antenna’s maximum radiation?
Table 7.1 American and English Wire gauges, diameter in inches and millimeter The
american standard wire gauge is based on the standards of the Brown & Sharpe company
which uses numbers in identifying the wire size. In general, the abbreviation AWG (=
American Wire Gauge) is used. In Great Britain, there are two standard wire gauges: BWG
(= Birmingham Wire Gauge) and ISWG (= Imperial Standard Wire Gauge) or SWG (=
Standard Wire Gauge). Both these standards also use numbers to identify the size of the
wire.
Wire AWG
gauge diameter
Nr. in inches in mm BWG
diameter in inches ISWG(SWG)
diameter
in mm. in inches in mm.
0000(4/0) 0.460 11.68 000(3/0) 0.409 10.41 00 (210) 0.365 9.27 0(110) 0.325 8.25
1 0.289 7.35
2 0.258 6.54
3 0.229 5.83
4 0.204 5.19
5 0.182 4.62
6 0.162 4.11
7 0.144 3.66
8 0.128 3.26
9 0.114 2.90
10 0.102 2.59
11 0.091 2.30
12 0.081 2.05
13 0.072 1.83
14 0.064 1.63
15 0.057 1.45
16 0.051 1.29
17 0.045 1.15
18 0.040 1.02
19 0.036 0.91
20 0.032 0.81
0.454 0.425 0.380 0.340 0.300 0.283 0.259 0.238 0.220 0.203 0.179 0.164 0.147 0.134
0.120 0.109 0.195 0.083 0.072 0.065 0.058 0.049 0.042 0.035 11.53 0.40 10.16 10.80
0.372 9.45 9.65 0.348 8.84 8.64 0.324 8.23 7.62 0.300 7.62 7.21 0.276 7.01 6.58 0.252
6.40 6.05 0.232 5.89 5.59 0.212 5.38 5.16 0.192 4.88 4.57 0.176 4.47 4.19 0.160 4.06 3.76
0.144 3.66 3.40 0.128 3.25 3.05 0.116 2.95 2.77 0.104 2.64 2.41 0.092 2.34 2.11 0.081
2.03 1.83 0.072 1.83 1.65 0.064 1.63 1.47 0.056 1.42 1.24 0.048 1.22 1.07 0.040 1.02 0.89
0.036 0.92
NOTE: Values in millimeter were rounded off. AWG 21 to 40 see Table 10.1 in page 119.

8DISCONE ANTENNA
Model CD-2W

Most of the antenna designs described in the preceding chapters are all suitable for VHF
work requiring omnidirectional pattern of radiation. Also in the mechanical viewpoint,
these designs are simple and easy to construct which makes them very popular among
radio operators. However all of them have a limited bandwidth of 140-150 MHz.
If one attempts to operate his transceiver outside these frequency limits (assuming he has a
wideband transceiver) the signal response becomes weaker as the operating frequency of
the transceiver is moved farther away from the operational bandwidth of the antenna. At
the same time the SWR in the transmission line increases and can reach an intolerable
point which may cause damage to the transceiver. Although this handicap can be avoided
by using a different antenna tuned to a different frequency band, the process of changing
antennas every time the operator changes his operating band becomes time-consuming and
cumbersome. This problem can be solved by using a discone antenna described in this
chapter.
The discone antenna is a broadband antenna. Meaning it can operate over a wide range of
frequencies. Theoretically, a properly designed discone antenna can operate up to a
frequency 10 times the value of its lowest operational frequency. Specifically speaking, if
a discone antenna is designed to operate with a lowest operational frequency of 140 MHz,
then it can be conveniently used up to 1.4 gigahertz! The lowest operational frequency is
called cut-off frequency. Below this frequency the SWR will increase rapidly.
Amazing! Well, a discone antenna can achieve that because it functions more like a
transformer than a conventional antenna. It couples the low impedance transmission line
to the higher impedance of free space. Its signal pattern is similar to that of a quarter wave
ground plane antenna. Radio waves from the transmission line emerge at the feed point
(cone apex) and travel along the antenna surface to the edges of the cone and disc. In
designing the discone, the dimensions of the antenna are carefully computed so as to make
the impedance at its edges similar to that of free space. Naturally the discone radiates a
signal because there is a maximum transfer of energy when the impedances are matched.
The discone antenna described in this chapter is made of wire screen mesh. This material
is purposely used to minimize the effect of wind to the antenna. The thin metal strips used
to clamp the two overlapping edges of the cone are for mechanical reasons only — the RF
waves travel down to the cone edge and not around it, so an electrical connection is not
important. This unit has an operational frequency bandwidth of 140 MHz up to 1.4
Gigahertz, although best results can be obtained if its use is limited up to 1 Gigahertz only.
SWR is measured to be less than 2:1 over the entire bandwidth. Power gain is 1 dB (unity
gain), and its installation is fixed. The discone antenna does not need tuning after
construction. It is also popular for use in automatic scanning wideband monitors.
SCALED DOWN IMAGE
Figure 8.1 Discone Antenna CD-2W
top disc element
cone element
mounting tube connectors

Materials List
Quantity Specification/Description Dimensions
1 Aluminum or GI wire screenmesh medium gauge - enough to support itself without
reinforcement
1 Aluminum tube 1” id* 25” long
1 PL-259 VHF male connector
1 PL-258 VHF straight connector
1 Coaxial cable RG-58/U 30” long
2 Eye terminals 1/8”
1 Washer - aluminum (customized dimensions see text)
1 Plastic bushing (customized dimensions see text)
1 Stove bolt - brass or GI 1/8” x 1-3/4”
1 Hex nut 1/8” id*
1 Hose clamp - stainless steel 1-1/2” diameter
1 Metal plate 1/8” thick 3” x 6”
2 Aluminum strip gauge 14 or 16 1/2” x 22”
4 U-bolt with hex nuts and lock washers
*id- inside diameter

Construction

First, prepare the customized aluminum washer to be used as a disc holder. Machine it
from a thick aluminum plate or rod, following the dimensions shown in Figure 8.2.
1“
1/8“1/4
Figure 8.2 Customized aluminum washer dimensions.
Next, prepare the plastic bushing from a small piece of engineering plastic rod with the
required diameter. Machine it according to the dimensions shown in Figure 8.3.
Diameter must fit inside the diameter of
the aluminum mounting tube (see Fig. 8.4)

Figure 8.3 Plastic bushing dimensions.

Next, prepare the aluminum mounting tube. The tube must be 1” in diameter and 25
inches long. Drill three holes (1/8” diameter) around one end of the tube, with the holes
equally spaced between each other (see Figure 8.4).
25“
1/4 1/8“
120° 120°
120°
Figure 8.4 Drilling holes at one end of the mounting tube.
Drill a single hole (1/8” diameter) at the same end, but slightly lower than the first three
holes (see Figure 8.5). This hole will accomodate the screw to hold the coaxial braid
inside the tube as described later in the final steps.
1/4 1/2 1/8“

Figure 8.5 Drilling the hole which accomodates the coaxial braid lock screw.

Preparing the disc and cone

Cut the disc element from the aluminum screen mesh using a suitable tin snip (see Figure
8.6).
wire mesh
Figure 8.6 Disc element dimension.
Next, prepare the cone element from a similar material. Follow the dimensions shown in
Figure 8.7.
24“
1/2
22-9/16“1-7/16“
overlap the edges
Figure 8.7 Cone element dimensions. Prepare the aluminum strips according to the
dimensions shown in Figure 8.8. These two strips will be used to clamp the two
overlapping edges of the cone permanently.
1/2
22’’

Figure 8.8 Preparing the clamping strips.

Place one strip along the overlapping edges under the cone, and place the other strip over
the overlap outside the cone. Align the holes in both strips, and rivet the two pieces
together. The rivet must pierce through the two overlapping edges (see Figure 8.9). The
riveted strips must sandwich the screen mesh and hold the cone form rigidly.
riveter
cone element

Figure 8.9 Riveting the clamping strips.

By using a tin snip, make crosscuts on the apex of the cone to make a hole large enough
for the mounting tube to go through. Follow the illustration in Figure 8.10 carefully . The
cuts must result in an opening equal to the diameter of the tube — around 1 inch.
Crosscuts must create a
crosscuts
1“ diameter opening when
bent upward.
Figure 8.10 Making crosscuts at the apex of the cone.
Assemble the top disc elements following the illustrated steps in Figure 8.11.
Figure 8.11 Assembling the top disc hardware.
Cut a 30-inch long RG-58/U coaxial cable, and solder the inner conductor at one of its
ends into the eye terminal held by the bolt below the plastic spacer. Attach an eye terminal
into its braid (see Figure 8.12).
eye terminal
Figure 8.12 Connecting the coaxial cable to the top disc element.
Insert the free end of the coaxial cable into the mounting tube starting from the tube’s end
with side holes (see Figure 8.13).
mounting tube coaxial cable
disc
Figure 8.13 Inserting the coaxial cable into the mounting tube.
Insert the plastic spacer/bushing holding the top disc element inside the tube and align its
hole to the tube’s side holes. Fix the bushing to the tube permanently using metal screws
(see Figure 8.14).
self-tapping screws

Figure 8.14 Securing the top disc element to the tube.

Align the lower hole to the eye terminal of the braid inside the tube. If it is not aligned yet,
insert a slender stick inside the tube, and remotely move the eye terminal until you can see
it through the hole outside. Insert a metal screw into the hole, and turn it until it catches
the eye terminal inside. Tighten the screw to hold the terminal firmly (see Figure 8.15).
This procedure is the main reason why you should use an eye terminal with a 1/16”
diameter eye.
self tapping screw

!
NOTE: The disc element is purposely omitted in this drawing for clarity.
Figure 8.15 Securing the braid inside the mounting tube. Solder a PL-259 to the free end
of the coax cable, and connect a straight connector (PL-258) into it prior to the final
installation of the antenna (see Figure 8.16).
PL-259
PL-258

Figure 8.16 Connecting the PL-259 and PL-258 to the coaxial cable.
Finally, insert the PL-259, coaxial cable, and the mounting tube into the cone, starting
from the top until the apex of the cone reaches just a tiny fraction of an inch below the
plastic bushing holding the top disc element (see Figure 8.17).
insert
Figure 8.17 Inserting the mounting tube into the cone element. Attach the stainless clamp
around the upturned portion of the wire mesh just under the disc. Tighten the clamp to
hold the cone in place. Trim the excess wire mesh protruding above the edge of the tube
clamp (see Figure 8.18).
hose clamp
cone element Figure 8.18 Clamping the apex of the cone element to the mounting tube.

Installation of CD-2W

U-bolt
Mast adaptor plate
similar to the one
described in the
preceding chapters
Figure 8.19 Mounting the CD-2W to the mast.
REVIEW QUESTIONS
?
1. How is the discone antenna able to operate over a very wide frequency band?
2. Why is it not good to use an antenna outside of its operational bandwidth?
3. What is the most important thing to consider in designing a discone antenna?
4. What is a cut-off frequency?
5. What is the most significant function of a discone antenna?
6. In this particular model, what is the reason for using a wire screen mesh?
7. Other than the use for wide band transceivers, what is the other popular use of the
discone antenna?
8. In this particular model, what is the purpose of the aluminum tube under the cone
element?
Table 8.1 Two-wire cable with plastic dielectric. Amphenol standard types.
Impedance Velocity Wire Attenuation in dB pro 1000 m long in Ω factor diameter cable
at:
in mm 7 MHz 30 MHz 150MHz 400MHz
14-080 75 0.68 7 x 0.32 68.62 137.24 311.82 467.30
14-023 75 0.71 7 x 0.7 16.50 49.50 160.70
14-079 150 0.77 7 x 0.32 21.72 49.50 111.19 180.70
14-056 300 0.82 7 x 0.32 9.55 19.97 51.25 88.60
14-100 300 0.82 7 x 0.32 9.55 19.97 51.25 88.60
14-271 300 0.82 7 x 0.32 9.55 19.97 51.25 88.60
14-185 300 0.82 7 x 0.4 6.95 17.37 44.30 81.65
14-076 300 0.82 7 x 0.4 6.95 16.50 41.70 72.00
14-022 300 0.82 1.3 6.21 12.16 33.00 59.00

9DISCONE ANTENNA
Model CD-2P

The discone antenna model CD-2P described in this chapter is functionally similar in most
respects to the discone antenna in chapter 8. The only and obvious difference between the
two models is the utilization of a metal plate for the disc and cone elements of CD-2P (‘P’
for plate).
The choice of using a metal plate becomes evident when the antenna is intended to be
installed in areas with less than excellent weather conditions. For instance, if your region
regularly experiences heavy rainfall or strong winds, then you should opt to construct and
install this more robust model instead of the wire-screen version. Metal plate is more
durable than wirescreen. The only trade-off is the total cost of the antenna, because metal
plate is more expensive. In most occasions, a GI metal plate is satisfactory, but you can
also use a more expensive aluminum plate if you desire. Aluminum is less susceptible to
corrosion; so it is highly recommended if you plan to use the antenna near seashores or in
places where there is a high level of salt present in the airborne moisture.
Paint has a negligible effect on the RF signal; so if you decide to paint the antenna to make
it look attractive, just do it. But don’t paint the aluminum mounting tube under the cone
element, to ensure adequate grounding connection of the antenna to the mast or tower.
This is a precautionary measure to avoid lightning striking your antenna and possibly
causing damage to your transceiver or to you.
SCALED DOWN IMAGE
top disc plate
cone element
mounting tube
PL-259 Figure 9.1 A discone antenna using metal plates.
Materials needed

The materials necessary for the antenna Model CD-2P are the same with those needed for
the CD-2W, except for the wire mesh used for the cone and disc, which is replaced with a
thin metal sheet in the CD-2P. Also, the two thin metal strips are not needed. However,
you have to retain the blind rivets for the same purpose.

Construction

In constructing most of the parts of CD-2P, follow the instructions for the Model CD-2W,
except those for the disc and cone elements. Cut the cone and disc elements out of the thin
metal sheet following the dimensions shown in Figures 9.2 and 9.3.
top disc plate
1/8“
15“
Figure 9.2 Disc element dimension. 24“
1/2
22-9/16“1-7/16“
overlap edges,
drill holes, and rivet
Figure 9.3 Cone plate dimensions.
Unlike the wire mesh cone of the CD-2W, the cone for the CD-2P must have a metal
sleeve soldered to the opening at the apex. Cut a metal sheet and shape it to form a ring as
shown in Figure 9.4.

Figure 9.4 Preparing the sleeve.

Solder this sleeve to the rim of the apex opening, leaving a small gap between their ends
(see Figure 9.5). If you are using an aluminum plate for the cone and sleeve, you need to
electrically weld the two pieces together using a special technique for welding aluminum
with protective gas.
Figure 9.5 Soldering or welding the sleeve to the apex opening of the cone.
The assembly of CD-2P is similar to the steps for assembling the CD-2W (see Figure 9.6).
Figure 9.7 Assembled CD-2P.
REVIEW QUESTIONS
?
1. What is the advantage of using a metal plate for a discone antenna?
2. Why must the mounting tube be left unpainted?
3. What are the advantages of using an aluminum plate?
4. What is the reason for using an aluminum material for the bushing and washer?
Table 9.1
Coax cable MIL-C-17E equivalent types of the obsolete MIL-C-17 types
Obsolete Type Equivalent Obsolete Type Equivalent Obsolete Type Equivalent
RG5/U… B/U RG212/U RG22/U … A/U RG22B/U RG 10810 RGI08A/U RG6/U
RG64/U RG23/U RG23A/U RG111/U RGl11A/U RG8/U … A/U RG213U RG24/U
RG25A/U RG115/U RG 115A/U RG9/U … A/U RG214U RG29/U RG58C/U RG116/U
RG227/U RGI0/U … A/U RG215/U RG34/U… A/U RG34B/U RG133/U RG 133A/U
RG 1110 RG 11 NU RG35/U… A/U RG35B/U RGl42/U…A/U RG142B/U RG12/U
RG12NU RG58/U… B/U RG58C/U RG159/U RG142B/U RG 13/U … A/U RG216/U
RG59 … A/U RG59B/U RG174/U RG174A/U RG14/U … A/U RG217/U RG62/U…
C/U RG62A/U RG178/U…A/U RG178B/U RG15/U RG 11 NU RG63/U … A/U
RG63B/U RG179/U…A/U RG179B/U RG17/U… B/U RG218/U RG65/U RG65A/U
RG180/U…A/U RG180B/U RG18/U … A/U RG219/U RG71/U … A/U RG71B/U
RG211/U RG211A/U RG19lU … A/U RG220/U RG74/U… A/U RG224/U RG228/U
RG228NU RG20/U … A/U RG221/U RG79/U … A/U RG79B/U RG307/U RG307A/U
RG21/U … A/U RG222/U RG87/U … A/U RG225/U
Obsolete MIL-Coaxial Cable types without equivalents:
RG16/U; RG36/U; RG54/U … A/U; RG55/U … B/U; RG57/U… A/U; RG72/U; RG-
78/U; RG86/U; RG94/U … A/U: RG117/U… A/U; RG118/U… A/U; RG140/U;
RG141/U … A/U; RG143/U … A/U; RG147/U; RG148/U; RGl49/U; RGl50/U;
RG181/U; RG187/U… A/U; RG188/U… A/U; RG195/U…A/U: RG196/U… A/U:
RG229/U; RG282/U; RG293/U… A/U; RG294/U … A/U; RG295/U; RG324/U;
RG325/U; RG326/U: RG366/U; RG388/U; RG389/U.

10 DISCONE ANTENNA
Model CD-2T

In mobile operation, the problems related to antenna installation are much greater than
those encountered in fixed stations. The problems are particularly worse for a one-man
mobile-station that is transported on foot. Those seemingly small items like portable
transceiver, spare batteries, coaxial cable, myriad of wires, solar panels, charging box, log
books, scanning monitor, etc. could easily total up to more than 20 kilos of dead weight if
crammed together inside a single backpack. Add to it the supply of food and few personal
belongings, and it will surely feel like a nightmarish load when traveling across rugged
terrain.
The over-all bulk of the load is another problem. Just imagine traveling while lugging a
fullsize metal plate discone at your back! Because of this, the tendency of mobile
operators is to bring only the most important piece of equipment, which is usually a
portable and lightweight version, to trim down the total weight and bulk of the load.
The antenna model described in this chapter is specially designed to satisfy the need for a
lightweight and transportable discone antenna. The cone and disc elements are replaced
with retractable telescopic rods, so that the antenna can be collapsed into a small unit and
conveniently stored inside a backpack. The actual length of a packed discone is merely 8
inches! When the telescopic rods are extended to their maximum length and set in the
proper angle, they approximate the function of a full disc and cone elements.
Theoretically, the more elements used the better. Experience showed however that three
elements for each disc and cone function are enough on most occasions.
This portable version of a discone antenna has the same electrical characteristics with the
two full-sized models described in chapters 8 and 9. The only difference is in the
mechanical construction. The chrome plated telescopic rods are quite expensive; so the
total cost of this antenna is higher than the two preceding models.
If this antenna will be used solely for mobile operations, then the U-bolts intended for
mounting may be discarded. Instead, the antenna can be tied with a thin nylon rope on its
mounting tube near the feed point and hung under a post or branch of a tree. Never use a
metallic wire to hang the antenna, because it will distort the radiation pattern of the signal
or short out the disc and cone elements.
SCALED DOWN IMAGE
disc elements
cone elements
mounting tube
PL-259
Figure 10.1 Discone antenna with telescopic elements.

Materials List
Quantity Specification/Description Dimensions
3 Telescopic antennas - with swiveling threaded base 7” fully extended 3-5” retracted
3 Telescopic antennas - with swiveling threaded base 22” fully extended 5-6” retracted
1 Aluminum disc base mount see text for exact dimensions
1 Plastic spacer - see text for customized dimensions
1 Aluminum cone base mount see text for exact dimensions
1 PL-259 VHF male connector
1 PL-258 VHF straight connector
1 Aluminum plate 1/8” thick 3” x 6”
2 Eye terminals - no insulation
4 U-bolts with accompanying hex nuts and lock washers
1 Stove bolt - brass or GI 1/8” x 2”
6 Self-tapping metal screws 1/8” x 3/8”
1 Self-tapping metal screw 1/8” x 3/4”
1 Hex nut - brass or GI 1/8” id* *id- inside diameter

Construction

First, prepare the top disc elements base mount by machining an aluminum rod to the
necessary dimensions. Follow the dimensions shown in the illustration (Figure 10.2). The
size of the holes (holes marked with an a) and their thread gauge must conform to the
dimensions of the short telescopic antenna you intend to use.
3/8 1/8“
120°120°
1-1/2“
1/2 120°
a = see text
Figure 10.2 Disc base mount dimensions.
Second, prepare the plastic spacer/bushing from a piece of engineering plastic. Machine it
to the form and dimensions shown in Figure 10.3. This plastic spacer insulates the disc
base mount from the cone base mount.
5/8 1/2 1/16“ 3/16 1/4
1/4 120°
3/4 1-1/2“
120°
120° 1/8“
a = 1/16“
Figure 10.3 Plastic spacer dimensions. The next step is to prepare the cone elements base
mount from an aluminum rod with the necessary size. Machine it to the form and
dimensions shown in the following illustration (Figure 10.4). The size, thread gauge, and
deepness of the holes at the side (holes marked with an a) must conform to the base
dimensions of the particular type of telescopic antenna intended for the cone elements.
1/2 1/2
1/4 1/4

5/32
a = see text
b = 1/8“
c = 1/16“
Figure 10.4 Cone elements base mount dimensions.
Assemble the disc base mount, the plastic spacer, and the cone base mount together
following the arrangement shown in Figure 10.5. Secure the assembly with self-tapping
screws to the appropriate holes as illustrated.

Figure 10.5 Assembly of the elements’ base mounts.

1/8 x 2 brass bolt
disc base mount
plastic bushing
self-tapping screw
cone base mount
eye terminal Attach the remaining eye terminal to the lone hole at the rim of the cone base
mount (see Figure 10.6).
self-tapping screw
eye terminal

Figure 10.6 Eye terminal attached to the rim of the cone base mount.
Solder one end of the coax cable to the two terminals at the base mount assembly. The
inner conductor must be soldered to the center terminal, and the braid must be soldered to
the eye terminal at the rim (see Figure 10.7). Never interchange the connection.
braid
coaxial cable
Figure 10.7 Connecting the coaxial cable to the terminals.
The next step is to prepare the aluminum mounting tube by cutting it to a length of 6
inches. Drill three holes (1/8” diameter) at one end (see Figure 10.8). The holes must be
equally spaced from each other.
6“ 1/4
1/8“
120° 120°
120°

Figure 10.8 Preparing the mounting tube.

Insert the free end of the coax cable inside the aluminum tube starting at the end with side
holes. Insert the aluminum base mount assembly into the tube and align the holes at the
sides. Place screws through the holes to permanently attach the base mount assembly into
the tube (see Figure 10.9).
self-tapping screw

Figure 10.9 Fixing the base mount assembly into the tube.Page 115 Solder the PL-259 to the
free end of the coaxial cable, and attach a straight connector (PL-258) into it (see Figure
10.10).
PL-259
PL-258

Figure 10.10 Connecting the PL-259 and PL-258.

Attach the three short telescopic antennas into the disc base mount (see Figure 10.11).
thread base into the mount

Figure 10.11 Telescopic antennas attached to the disc element mount. Next, attach the
three long telescopic antennas into the cone base mount under the first set of antennas (see
Figure 10.12).
Figure 10.12 Attachment of long antennas to the cone element mount.
Attach the assembled antenna to the mast by using the aluminum mounting plate and one
U-bolt. Extend the top telescopic antennas to their full lengths, maintaining them in a
horizontal position. Similarly, extend the three long telescopic antennas to their full
lengths; but they must be bent to about 60 degrees angle drooping downwards to the
ground. See Figure 10.13.
Figure 10.13 Mounting the completed antenna to the mast.
To carry the CD-2T in collapsed form for transportation, retract all the telescopic
elements, and bend them towards the mounting tube (see Figure 10.14).
Figure 10.14 Antenna CD-2T in collapsed form.
REVIEW QUESTIONS
?
1. What is the main reason for using telescopic rods for this particular discone model?
2. How can the telescopic rods approximate the functions of disc and cone?
3. Would it be good to use four telescopic rods for each disc and cone function instead of
three?
4. What are the distinct advantages of using this portable version of a discone antenna?
Table 10.1 American and English Wire gauges, diameter in inches and millimeter
(Wire gauges 21 to 40)
The american standard wire gauge is based on the standards of the Brown & Sharpe
company which uses numbers in identifying the wire size. In general, the abbreviation
AWG (= American Wire Gauge) is used. In Great Britain, there are two standard wire
gauges: BWG (= Birmingham Wire Gauge) and ISWG (= Imperial Standard Wire Gauge)
or SWG (= Standard Wire Gauge). Both these standards also use numbers to identify the
size of the wire.
Wire AWG gauge diameter Nr. in inches BWG
diameter
in mm in inches in mm ISWG(SWG)
diameter
in inches in mm
21 0.028
22 0.025
23 0.023
24 0.020
25 0.078
26 0.016
27 0.014
28 0.013
29 0.011
30 9.010
31 0.09
32 0.008
33 0.007
34 0.0063
35 0.0056
36 0.0050
37 0.0044
38 0.0040
39 0.0035
40 0.0031 0.72 0.081 0.81 0.64 0.028 0.71 0.57 0.025 0.64 0.51 0.023 0.56 0.45 0.020
0.51 0.40 0.018 0.46 0.36 0.016 0.41 0.32 0.0135 0.356 0.29 0.013 0.33 0.25 0.012 0.305
0.23 0.010 0.254 0.20 0.009 0.229 0.18 0.008 0.203 0.16 0.007 0.178 0.14 0.005 0.127
0.13 0.004 0.102 0.11 - - 0.10 - - 0.09 - - 0.08 - - 0.032 0.81 0.028 0.71 0.024 0.61 0.023
0.56 0.020 0.51 0.018 0.46 0.016 0.41 0.014 0.36 0.013 0.33 0.012 0.305 0.011 0.29
0.0106 0.27 0.010 0.254 0.009 0.229 0.008 0.203 0.007 0.178 0.0067 0.17 0.0060 0.15
0.0050 0.127 0.0047 0.12
NOTE: Values in millimeter were rounded off. AWG 0000 to 20 see Table 7.1 in page 88.

11 5/8 WAVE ANTENNA

Model WA-2
Probably one of the most popular vertical antennas for both mobile and fixed station
installations is the 5/8 wavelength vertical, because it has some gain over a dipole. It is
omnidirectional, and can be used either with radials or a solid-plane body (such as the one
afforded by a car).
A version of a 5/8 vertical with radials is presented in this chapter. It is designed for fixed
station installations. The common practice of radio operators is to install this antenna atop
a tower with rotate-able Yagi arrays positioned a few feet below it. The two antennas are
connected to a common transceiver via a switching box. Only one antenna is active at one
moment. The 5/8 wave vertical is used as a monitoring antenna because of its
omnidirectional characteristics. Once a contact has been established during operation, the
operator quickly switches over to the Yagi antenna, and beams it towards the other station
to optimize communications. When the contact is finished, the transceiver is again
switched back to the 5/8 wave vertical antenna. This does not mean however that the
average radio operator who cannot afford to erect a tower and a Yagi array should refrain
from installing a 5/8 wave vertical. A properly constructed 5/8 wave vertical antenna if
used singly works perfectly well!
Perhaps one advantage of constructing this antenna by the radio operator himself is the
overall cost of the unit. All of the materials used in this model are readily available at
hardware stores and can be bought cheap. In comparison, a commercial version of this
antenna costs several hundred bucks!
This antenna model WA-2 is designed to operate in the 140-150 MHz VHF band. It
exhibits an SWR of less that 1.5:1 over the entire band if properly tuned. It has a gain of
1.8 dB over a standard dipole reference.
SCALED DOWN IMAGE
5/8 wavelength radiator element
matching coil
ground plane radials Figure 11.1 5/8 Wave Antenna Model WA-2

Materials List

Quantity Specification/Description Dimensions

2 Brass rods 1/8” diameter the brass rod for acetylene
welding is recommended
3 Brass rods 3/16” diameter 28“ long
1 Engineering plastic rod see text for dimensions
1 PL-259 VHF connector
1 PL-258 VHF straight connector
1 Aluminum bushing - see text for dimensions
1 Aluminum tube 1” id* x 8”
1 Copper wire gauge no. 14 20” long
1 Aluminum plate 1/8” thick 3” x 6”
4 U-bolts with accompanying hex nuts and lock washers
1 Coaxial cable RG-58/U 12” long
1 Stove bolt - brass or GI 1/8” x 3/8”
6 Self-tapping metal screws 1/8” x 3/8”
1 Eye terminal vinyl insulated 1/16” id*
1 Short hook-up wire 3”- 4” long * id - inside diameter

Construction

First prepare the plastic coil form by machining the engineering plastic rod to the
dimensions shown in Figure 11.2.
3/32
3/16 thread 1/81/4
3/4
1/8 1/8
1/8 1/8
3/165/16 1/8
3/32
5/8 1/23/4 1/4 3-3/4
Figure 11.2 Coil form dimensions.
Next, prepare the bushing by machining the aluminum rod to the dimensions shown in
Figure 11.3.
1/2“ 1-1/8“
120° 120°
15/16 1/2 1“

120°
3/323/16 1/8
threaded

Figure 11.3 Aluminum bushing dimensions. Assemble the plastic coil form and the
aluminum bushing together. Secure the assembly with metal screws. Screw only through
the two holes, and temporarily leave the third hole unscrewed (see Figure 11.4).
self-tapping screws
temporary leave
this unscrewed
Figure 11.4 Assembling the coil form and the bushing together.
Prepare the radiator element. File a notch at one end of each 1/8” diameter brass rod. Join
and solder the two notched ends together to make a long single rod (see Figure 11.5).

solder
Figure 11.5 Joining the two brass together to make the radiator element. Insert one end of
the radiator rod into the top hole in the plastic coil form. Forcibly screw the 1/8“ x 3/8“
stove bolt through the hole at the side of the plastic coil form, pressing the brass rod inside
to hold it firmly (see Figure 11.6).
insert the
radiator rod
lock with
a screw
Figure 11.6 Securing the radiator element into the coil form.
Cut the brass rod to a length of 46 inches, measuring from the point where it emerges from
the plastic form (see Figure 11.7).
46“
Figure 11.7 Cutting the radiator element to its proper length.
Wind the No. 14 copper wire around the coil form. Wind 10 and 1/2 turns evenly spaced
and distributed to cover most of the length of the plastic form. Solder the top end of the
copper wire to the base part of the brass rod (see Figure 11.8).

solder here
insert
Figure 11.8 Winding the coil around the coil form.
Solder an eye terminal to the lower end of the copper coil. The eye terminal must be
positioned in such a way that its eye is aligned with the unscrewed hole in the aluminum
bushing. After you have soldered the eye terminal, attach it into the aluminum bushing
with a metal screw (see Figure 11.9).
eye terminal

Figure 11.9 Securing the coil to the aluminum bushing. aluminum bushing
Cut a short length of stranded hook-up wire (about 3 inches). Insert it into the hole in the
plastic coil form until it protrudes from the center hole at the bottom. Solder the upper end
of the hook-up wire to approximately 6 and 1/2 turns counting from the coil’s lower end
connected to the aluminum bushing (see Figure 11.10). This connection is temporary only,
and it may be necessary to move the wire during the tune-up procedure.

solder hereinsert
Figure 11.10 Tapping the coil for feed point.
Cut 12” length of coaxial cable RG-58/U, and separate the braid from the inner conductor
at one end (making a pig tail). Solder the inner conductor into the hanging end of the
hook-up wire at the bottom of the plastic form. After joining the two wires, insulate the
joint either with a shrinking tube or just plain vinyl tape. Solder an eye terminal into the
braid of the coax cable (see Figure 11.11).

Figure 11.11 Connecting the coaxial cable to the hook-up wire.

The next step is to prepare the mounting tube. Cut 1” diameter of tube to a length of 12
inches, and drill three holes at one end. The holes must be 1/8” in diameter and equally
spaced from each other. Drill a single hole at the same end, but slightly below one of the
first 3 holes (see Figure 11.12).
1/8“
1/4 3/4
120° 120°
120°

Figure 11.12 Preparing the mounting tube.

Next, insert the free end of the coaxial cable into the mounting tube, starting at the end
with side holes. When the aluminum bushing and tube meet, insert the bushing inside the
tube, and align the holes at their sides. Secure the bushing into the tube by screwing self-
tapping screws into the holes (see Figure 11.13).

mounting tube
Figure 11.13 Securing the aluminum bushing into the mounting tube. Secure the braid by
inserting a self-tapping screw into the lone hole, and tapping into its eye terminal inside
the tube. Tighten the screw to hold the eye terminal against the wall of the tube (see Figure
11.14). You may need to use a wooden stick inserted into the tube to position the eye
terminal exactly under the hole.

CUT-AWAY VIEW
Figure 11.14 Securing the braid inside the tube with a metal screw.
Next, prepare the ground plane radials. Cut three lengths of 3/16” diameter brass rods.
Note that these rods are larger than the radiator rod. Each rod must be 28 inches long and
threaded at one end (see Figure 11.15).
28“

thread at one end

Figure 11.15 Cutting the radials and threading one of their ends.
Final assembly and installation
Attach the three ground plane radials into their mounting holes at the aluminum bushing.
Mount the antenna to the mast by using a metal plate adaptor similar to one described in
the preceding chapters (see following illustration).
Figure 11.16 Mounting the WA-2 to the mast.
Tuning WA-2 to resonance
Mount the antenna to the mast as previously described. Connect a coaxial cable into the
PL-258 connector of the antenna, and attach the other end into the output of an SWR
meter (marked with ‘antenna’). Attach also a short coaxial feeder into the input of the
SWR meter (usually marked ‘transmitter’); the other end of the feeder must be plugged
into the output connector of your transceiver (see Figure 11.17). Set your transceiver’s
frequency to the center of the band, and key the PTT. Read the SWR response, and write it
down in a chart similar to the one shown in Figure 11.18 on the next page.
SWR meter
VHF transmitter
Figure 11.17 Preparing the antenna for tuning to resonance. Set your transceiver’s
frequency to the center of the band, and key the PTT. Read the SWR response, and write it
down in a chart similar to the one shown in Figure 11.18.
Figure 11.18 SWR chart.
Re-solder the hook-up wire to another point in the copper coil to get the lowest SWR
response in the center frequency, and a relatively flat response over the entire band similar
to the charted response shown below (see Figure 11.19).

Figure 11.19 A sample of a charted SWR response.

You can move the soldered point or tap either way — left or right — depending on how
the SWR responds. If you have moved the tap to the right and the SWR went higher, then
obviously you must move the tap in the opposite direction — to the left. You must check
the SWR reading over the entire band every time you move the tap. Move the tap only
about 1/4 inch farther each time. After you have found the best point in the copper coil,
solder the hook-up wire permanently (see Figure 11.20).
Figure 11.20 Resoldering the tap to a different point to find the best SWR response.
Dismount the antenna from the mast, and remove its three ground plane radials. Place the
heat shrinking tube into the antenna, wrapping the entire coil form, and heat it over a
flame or with a blow dryer. The coil form and shrinking tube must be rotated continuously
over the heat to result in an even shrinking of the tube (see Figure 11.21). If you are
heating the tube over the flame, don’t let the flame touch the tube directly.
Figure 11.21 Heating the shrinkable tube.
REVIEW QUESTIONS
?
1. What is the advantage of using a 5/8 wave vertical antenna?
2. What is the function of the three rods connected to the base of the antenna?
3. What is the function of the coil at the base of the radiator rod?
4. What is the function of the shrinking tube?
5. How is the 5/8 wave vertical antenna tuned to resonance? 6. What is the advantage of
using an SWR chart during antenna tuning?

12 5/8 WAVE ANTENNA

Model WD-2

This antenna is an improvement of the basic design of 5/8 wave vertical with radials. As
can be clearly seen in the following illustration, it has two metallic cones attached to a
long tube, which doubles as support for the radiator element. The cones are not intended
for novelty, but serve a very important purpose: for a more efficient performance of the
entire antenna system. Its function is to nullify the unbalanced coupling between the
transmission and the antenna feed point, and prevent the unwanted current from flowing
on the outside of the coaxial cable.
Why is this so? Consider some technical basics to understand this phenomenon. In a
perfectly balanced antenna, the electrical current within each leg of the element is
symmetrical. There will be no problem in coupling the RF signal to its feed point when a
balanced feed line is used. However, if a coaxial cable is used to feed the antenna, the
coupling action is inherently unbalanced because of the physical construction of the
coaxial cable. Stated simply, the outside part of the outer conductor is not coupled to the
antenna in the same way as its inner part is coupled to the inner conductor. The overall
result is that current will flow on the outside of the outer conductor. This current is
negligible in the HF frequencies, but must not be ignored in VHF or UHF frequencies.
This problem is remedied by the metal cones described in this particular model — it de-
tunes the system for stray currents present on the outside of the line. The cones are also
called “de-tuning sleeves” or “decoupling sleeves”.
An antenna system with a properly decoupled line is commonly used in repeater systems,
because by the very nature of its design, a repeater station is very sensitive to any kind of
stray RF signal. A repeater station has both receiver and transmitter units simultaneously
operating when used. Although the frequency of the transmitter unit is different from the
frequency of the receiver unit, the very close proximity of the two units tends to blank out
the generally weak signals from distant stations. This results in a phenomenon called
“desensitization” or “desense” wherein the repeater cannot receive the signals from the
user stations.
Feedback also results in loud squealing heard by the users. The entire system thus ceases
to function as a repeater. Desense and feedback is avoided by using high-Q cavity filters
inserted in the transmission line for the transmitter or receiver antenna, or both.
Additionally, the automatic switching electronics of the repeater is also protected against
picking up unwanted RF by enclosing it in a metal box, and by extensive use of
decoupling circuits in all the leads going in and out of the box. However all of these
efforts could fail if the stray current that travels along the outside part of the transmission
line is so strong that it penetrates all filters installed in the repeater system. Using a
decoupled antenna system such as the one described in this chapter will save you from the
trouble.
The model WD-2 is specifically dimensioned to operate in the 140-150 MHz band. It
exhibits an SWR response of less than 1.5:1 over the entire band. The radiation pattern is
omnidirectional. It has a gain of 1.8 dB compared to a standard dipole reference.
SCALED DOWN IMAGE
radiator
matching coil
mounting tube
decoupling sleeves Figure 12.1 Decoupled 5/8 wave antenna model WD-2.

Materials needed

This antenna is basically the same as the antenna model WA-2. The difference between the
two models is that the mounting tube for the model WD-2 is 104 inches long and has no
ground plane radials, but instead it has two decoupling sleeves made of metal cones
attached to the lower portion of the mounting tube.
Construction
Construct the antenna following the procedures described for the model WA-2 in chapter
11, except for the length of the mounting tube which is 104 inches long for the model
WD-2. Also skip the procedure for preparing the ground plane radials; you don’t need
them for this antenna anyway. Furthermore, before you tune the antenna to its resonance,
construct the decoupling sleeves and attach them to the mounting tube following the
procedures described here.
Cut the cone form from a metal plate (GI sheet or aluminum) following the dimensions
shown in Figure 12.2. In forming the cone, overlap its edges and drill holes along the
edge. Rivet the overlapping edges through these holes.
1“ opening at the apex
19“
blind rivet
6“ cone
Figure 12.2 Fabricating the decoupling sleeve (or ‘decoupling skirt’). Cut a narrow strip
out of a similar material, and form it to a ring with a diameter of 1 inch as shown. Leave a
small gap between the two ends. This ring will serve as a mounting sleeve so that the
decoupling sleeve or skirt can be securely clamped to the mounting tube
(see Figure 12.3).
1“

1“
Figure 12.3 Preparing the metal ring.
Solder the ring to the apex of the cone (see Figure 12.4). If you use an aluminum plate you
must electrically weld the two pieces together using a special welding technique with
protective gas.
plate ring
solder
cone
Figure 12.4 Soldering the ring to the cone.
Attach the two decoupling sleeves/skirts to the mounting tube, following the
measurements shown in Figure 12.5. Place a tube clamp over each cone, and tighten it to
secure the cones firmly to the mounting tube (see Figure 12.6).
Figure 12.5 Mounting the decoupling sleeves to the antenna.
Figure 12.6 Securing the cone to the mounting tube with a hose clamp.

Tuning the antenna to resonance

The tuning procedure for this antenna is the same as the procedure for tuning the antenna
model WA-2. Just follow the procedures described in 5/8 Wave antenna model WA-2.

INSTALLATION

portable repeater
WD-2
Figure 12.7 Mounting the WD-2 to the mast.
REVIEW QUESTIONS
?
1. What causes an unbalanced coupling of antenna?
2. What results from an unbalanced coupling of antenna?
3. What is the function of the decoupling sleeves?
4. Why is a decoupling sleeve necessary in an antenna used for a repeater system?
5. What is desensitization?
6. By studying the design presented here, is it possible to replace the cones with metal
rods cut to the same dimensions?
Table 12.1 American and english units in relation to metric units
USA and UK Abbbreviation Metric unit conversion factor
1 inch = 10 lines = 1000 mils
1 foot = 12 inches
1 yard = 3 feet = 36 inches
1 fathom = 6 feet
1 into nautical mile = 6076 feet
1 statute mile = 1760 yards = 5280feet
1 mile per hour
1 square foot
1 pound
(‘’) in
(‘) ft
yd
fath
naut. mile stat.mile MPH
sqft
lb
2.54 cm 0.3937 30.48 cm 3.281 x 10-2 91.44 cm 1.094 x 10-2 1.8288 m 0.547
1.852 km 0.54
1.6093km 0.6214 1.6093 km/h 0.6214 0.0929 m2 10.7643 0.4569 kg 2.2046
To convert a metric unit into an english unit, use the conversion factor listed at the last
column. For example : 40,000 km = 0.54 x 40,000 = 21,600 naut. miles.

13 5/8 WAVE ANTENNA

Model PF-2C

Most mobile operators use portable handheld transceivers, because these are lightweight
and small. There are also available models today that equal the capabilities of their base
station versions in terms of frequency coverage, sensitivity, computerized functions, PLL
stability, and many other unique features. However, portable transceivers in general have
low power transmitters because of obvious limitations in the type of batteries practical for
mobile operations. The average transmitting power of handheld units ranges from 0.5
watts to 5 watts maximum. Because of this, most antennas used for portable sets are of
gain type, to increase the effective radiated power.
The antenna described here is a portable version of a 5/8 wave vertical antenna. As stated
earlier, an antenna of this length has a slight gain over a dipole. Approximately, a gain of
1.8 dB can be attained with this type of antenna. The radiator element of this model is
made of telescopic rod, so that the overall length of the antenna can be reduced if desired.
It is loaded at the base by a coil that doubles as a flexible spring supporting the telescopic
rod. The telescopic element may be used while retracted or collapsed, and will function
like an ordinary “rubber ducky” antenna that comes as a standard accessory for portable
transceivers. Gain can only be realized if the antenna is used while the radiator is extended
to full length.
Sometimes it is desirable to raise the height of the antenna to increase its effective range.
Installing the antenna to a higher position clears it from most obstructions, such as houses
or trees, and extends the horizon farther away, thereby increasing the area covered or
“seen” by the antenna. This can be accomplished by using a length of coaxial cable to
connect the antenna to the transceiver. The antenna is then mounted high up in a post or
tower. It can also be hung under a tree by using a non-metallic material such as nylon or
fish line.
This particular model is dimensioned to operate in the frequency band of 140-150 MHz. It
exhibits an SWR of less than 1.5:1 over the entire band if properly tuned. Tuning is easy,
as described in this chapter. The materials used for this model can be bought cheaply, and
constructing it can save a lot of money. The total cost of the antenna is a mere fraction of
the price of its commercial version. Furthermore, an invaluable knowledge can be gained
during the actual construction of this antenna.
SCALED DOWN IMAGE
telescopic antenna
coil spring
BNC connector
Figure 13.1 5/8 wave antenna model PF-2C

Materials List
Quantity Specification/Description Dimensions
1 Telescopic antenna - approx. 7/16” od* of the base tube
1 Brass wire no. 26 or approx. 3/32” diameter
1 BNC VHF male connector
1 10 pF/150 Volts capacitor glass type
1 Hook-up wire no. 22 stranded
1 Heat shrinkable tube
46” fully extended 6” to 7” retracted 24” or 60 cm.
4” long
5/8” or 3/4” od* x 4” long
Miscellaneous: Epoxy glue
· od - outside diameter

Construction
Wind the brass wire into a spring-like coil form. Wind 13 turns of the wire with a pitch of
approximately 4 turns per inch. The total length of the finished coil is approximately 3
inches (see Figure 13.2). The inside diameter of the coil spring must be force-fit to the
outside diameter of the BNC connector, or approximately 3/8” id*.

Figure 13.2 Constructing the spring coil.

*id-inside diameter
Solder about 2” long hook-up wire to the center pin of the BNC connector.
hook-up wire
needle
Figure 13.3 Soldering the hook-up wire to the center pin of BNC.
Place a moderate amount of epoxy glue around the soldered part of the needle. Avoid
coating the epoxy around the body of the center pin. Insert the needle into the BNC
connector, and cover the empty space inside with a liberal amount of epoxy (see Figure
13.4). Let the epoxy cure and harden.
epoxy

Figure 13.4 Fixing the center pin to the BNC connector with epoxy glue. When the epoxy
has hardened, insert the BNC connector into one end of the spring coil. Solder the part of
the coil that wraps around the body of the BNC connector (see Figure 13.5).
solder around here
Figure 13.5 Assembling the BNC connector and the spring coil together.
Pry out the free end of the hook-up wire inside the coil spring, and solder it to the point of
the coil which is 1 and 1/2 turns counting from the ungrounded portion of the coil (see
Figure 13.6).
tap wire here
Figure 13.6 Soldering the hook-up wire to a temporary tap point. Insert the 10 pF
capacitor inside the spring coil and solder its lower lead to the grounded portion of the coil
(see Figure 13.7).
10 pF

solder here
Figure 13.7 Soldering one lead of the capacitor to the grounded portion.
Next, solder the upper lead of the capacitor to the 6th turn of the coil spring, counting
from the ungrounded portion. See Figure 13.8.

solder here
Figure 13.8 Soldering the upper lead of the capacitor. The next step is to insert the base of
the telescopic antenna into the open end of the coil spring. Let 2 turns of the coil hold the
base of the antenna, and solder it to secure the two pieces together (see Figure 13.9). At
this point the construction of the antenna is already finished; it only needs to be tuned to
resonance for proper operation.
telescopic antenna Figure 13.9 Final assembly of the antenna.

Tuning the antenna to resonance

Attach the antenna directly to the output connector of the SWR meter using the necessary
adaptors. Similarly, connect the SWR meter to the transceiver using a short length of
coaxial cable (see Figure 13.10).
SWR meter
Figure 13.10 Preparing the PF-2C for resonance tuning. Set the transceiver to the center
frequency and key the PTT. Read the SWR response, and note it on a chart similar to the
one shown in Figure 13.11.

Figure 13.11 A sample chart for SWR readings.

Read all the SWR responses from the lowest frequency up to the highest frequency in the
band, and mark all the results on the chart until you get a response curve similar to the one
shown in Figure 13.12.

Figure 13.12 A sample of an SWR curve.

Re-solder the capacitor’s lead to a different point, or tap either to the left or right of the
original tap. If you have moved the tap to the right and the SWR went up, then obviously
you must move the tap to the left. Key again the PTT, and mark the SWR responses once
again on the chart. Move the tap about 1/8“ farther at a time (see Figure 13.13).
Figure 13.13 Re-soldering the capacitor’s lead to find the right tap.
Repeat the whole process until you find the point in the coil that results in a very low
SWR reading on the center frequency and relatively balanced responses on the extreme
ends of the band. If you have followed the instructions in constructing this antenna
carefully, it is possible to get an SWR response of 1.1 at the center frequency and 1.5 at
extreme ends of the band, similar to the response curve shown in Figure 13.14 on the next
page.

Figure 13.14 A sample of a good SWR response.

After you have found the right tap, solder it to the coil spring permanently. Insert the
spring coil into the heat shrinkable tube, and heat the tube over a flame or with a blow
dryer. Rotate the antenna and the tube continuously while being heated, to get an even
shrinking of the tube (see Figure 13.15).
heat source
Figure 13.15 Heating the shrinkable tube.
?
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. What are the advantages of using this antenna?
2. What is the function of the coil at the base of the telescopic element?
3. What is the function of the capacitor inside the coil?
4. How can the effective coverage of this antenna be increased?
5. How is the antenna tuned?
6. Would the antenna exhibit gain if its radiator element is retracted?
Power loss in relation to the SWR figure in the transmission line:
SWR Power loss in %
1:1 0 %
1,3 :1 2 %
1,5 :1 3 %
1,7 :1 6 %
2:1 11 %
3 :1 25 %
4 :1 38 %
5 :1 48 %
6 :1 55 %
10 :1 70 %
14 COLLINEAR ANTENNA
Model SD-22 (2 stacked dipoles)

A collinear antenna is made up of a multiple number of dipoles mounted in a common

structure with their axis arranged in one straight line. The dipole elements are always
driven in phase; otherwise, the array simply becomes a harmonic type antenna. A collinear
array is a broadside radiator, meaning the direction of maximum radiation is at right
angles to the line of the antenna.
When mounted vertically, it radiates an omnidirectional pattern. One advantage of this
design is its ability to attain high gain. When dipole elements are stacked collinearly, the
power gain increases in direct proportion to the number of dipoles used. Obviously, this
type of antenna is limited to fixed installation only because of its mechanical construction.
An actual working design of a collinear array is presented here. It has two identical
dipoles fed with a coaxial phasing line or ‘harness’. Each dipole element is tuned by a
gamma matching system, similar to that described in chapter 6. In fact, it is the same
design of dipole except ‘doubled’ and fed simultaneously. This configuration gives a gain
of 3 dB compared to a single dipole.
This model is dimensioned to operate in the frequencies of the 140-150 MHz band. It has
an SWR response of less than 1.5:1 over the entire band. The tuning procedure is similar
to that described for dipole model DP-2.
SCALED DOWN IMAGE
phasing harness
dipole element
mounting channel or boom
Figure 14.1 Collinear antenna Model SD-22

Materials needed

Most of the materials needed to build the antenna model SD-22 are the same as those
needed for the antenna model DP-2, except for the mounting channel. The mounting
channel for the SD-22 is shorter, being only 8 inches long, and has slits on two sides
instead of two holes.
Additionally, another long square channel is needed to mount the two dipole elements into
a single mast. Also, a system of phasing harness made of coax cable is required to feed the
two dipoles simultaneously. In short, the additional materials needed for the SD-22 are as
follows:
Quantity Description Dimensions
2 pcs. Square aluminum channel 1” x 1” x 8”
1 pc. Square aluminum channel 1” x 1” x 115”
2 pcs. Hose clamp 2 - 1/2” clamping capacity
6 pcs. BNC VHF male connector 2 pcs. BNC ‘T’ connector

Construction
Follow the procedures for constructing the dipole antenna model DP-2, and make two
identical dipoles. The mounting channel for the model SD-22 is slightly different, and is
described in the following illustration (see Figure 14.2 on the next page).
8“
These holes are identical to those described in model DP-2.
Figure 14.2 Mounting channel dimensions.
Saw shallow slits at two sides of the channel using a hacksaw. A hose clamp will be
inserted into these slits for the purpose of mounting the channel to the supporting mast
(see Figure 14.3).
1/2

Figure 14.3 Saw slits at two sides of the channel.

Assemble the two dipole elements following the procedures described for the antenna
model DP-2. After the dipoles are completed, insert the hose clamps through the slits in
the channel (see Figure 14.4).
hose clamp
Figure 14.4 Assembled dipole element with hose clamp.
Mount the two dipoles to the aluminum supporting mast following the dimensions shown
in Figure 14.5. Wrap the two hose clamps around the body of square channel mast, and
tighten the clamps to hold the dipole elements rigidly.
19 5

Figure 14.5 Mounting the dipoles to the aluminum mast.

Next, construct the phasing harness using RG-58/U coaxial cables and the appropriate
connectors (see Figure 14.6).

Figure 14.6 Constructing the phasing harness.

Finally connect the phasing harness to the two dipole elements, and secure it to the
support mast with plastic binders (see Figure 14.7).

Figure 14.7 Connecting the phasing harness to the antenna.

Tuning the antenna

The tuning procedure for the antenna model SD-22 is similar to that of the antenna model
DP-2. In tuning the SD-22, however, the two dipoles have to be tuned simultaneously. You
have to do a lot of shuttling back and forth between the two dipoles before you can
achieve a good match. If it is not practical to tune the antenna right in the main mast, then
it can be tuned on the ground by placing it in a horizontal position with the dipoles facing
upward. The antenna must be elevated to not less than 1 meter above the ground,
supported by non-metallic materials, such as wooden benches.
REVIEW QUESTIONS
?
1. What is a collinear antenna?
2. What are the advantages of using a collinear antenna?
3. Why must the dipole elements be fed in phase?
4. By careful observation of the phasing harness, what does ‘fed in phase’ mean?
5. What is the optimum spacing between the tips of the dipole elements? 6. How is the
collinear antenna tuned?

15 STACKED DIPOLE ARRAY

Model SD-24 (4 stacked dipoles)
This model demonstrates the capability of a simple dipole to attain high power gain by
simply stacking identical units into a single structure, and feeding them all simultaneously
with a phasing harness. This arrangement is also called a collinear array.
As stated earlier in chapter 14, power gain in a collinear array increases in direct
proportion to the number of dipole elements used. However, in order to construct a
practical phasing harness, the number of dipole elements installed cannot be simply
dictated by personal choice. The correct method is to double the original number of dipole
units. Another words, if the original array has two dipole elements installed, then the next
array must have four dipoles, and the next must have eight dipoles, and so on. Every time
the number of dipole elements used is doubled, the power ratio is also doubled.
!
NOTE:
The power ratio is not numerically the same with the dB figure. For accurate
computations refer to Appendix.
The particular four-element array presented here has a power gain of 6 dB. A collinear
array having eight dipole elements would have a power gain of 9 dB. An array with
elements in excess of eight, is rarely constructed, because of the inherent mechanical
problems encountered in erecting structures of this size. Most collinear antennas are
mounted vertically, to effect an omnidirectional pattern of radiation.
The model SD-24 is specifically dimensioned to operate in the frequencies of the 140-150
MHz band. If properly tuned, this array exhibits an SWR of less then 1.5:1 over the entire
band. The procedure for tuning this antenna to resonance is similar to the procedure for
model SD-22.
SCALED DOWN IMAGE
dipole element
boom Figure 15.1 Stacked Dipole Array Model SD-24

Materials List

The necessary materials in building this antenna are the same as those needed for SD-22,
being its extended version. The square channel used to mount the four dipoles is larger and
twice longer than the one used for SD-22. An additional set of phasing harnesses is also
needed to feed the four dipole elements simultaneously.
Additional materials for the Model SD-24 are as follows:
1 pc. Square aluminum channel 1-1/2” x 1-1/2” x 235”
4 pcs. BNC male connectors
2 pcs. BNC ‘T’ connectors

Construction

Construct the four dipoles following the procedures described for models DP-2 and SD-
22. Mount the four dipoles to the aluminum supporting channel by using hose clamps. The
antenna elements must be attached to the mast separated by the proper distances from each
other (see Figure 15.2).

Figure 15.2 Mounting the four dipole elements on the mast. Construct the phasing harness
as shown below, and attach it to the four dipoles in similar fashion to the model SD-22
antenna (see Figure 15.3).

Figure 15.3 Constructing the phasing harness.

Tuning SD-24 to resonance
Tuning the antenna model SD-24 to get a good match is similar to procedures for tuning
the antenna model SD-22.
REVIEW QUESTIONS
?
1. Why must a designer follow the method of doubling the number of collinear dipole
elements used if he plans to expand the collinear antenna to obtain additional gain?
2. Why is an array with dipole elements in excess of eight rarely constructed?
3. If a 2-element collinear antenna has a power ratio of 2 and a gain of 3 dB, what then is
the power ratio of a 4 element array?
4. What is the power ratio of a 16-element array? What is its gain in terms of decibels
(dB)?
5. If you want to attain a power ratio of 64, how many dipole elements will be needed?
What would be its gain in terms of decibels?
6. What are the advantages of a collinear antenna or array?

16 YAGI-UDA ANTENNA
Model YG-23 (3 element beam)

A Yagi-Uda antenna is a type of an array having one active dipole and two or more
parasitic elements. It was named after the two Japanese physicists who invented it. The
basic Yagi is one of the highest gain antennas yet developed. Several factors affect the
performance of a Yagi. Among these are the number of elements used, their diameters, and
the spacing between them.
A basic half wave dipole is cut to resonance at the center of the frequency band, and is
utilized as driven element. High gain is attained by the addition of parasitic elements
positioned either in front or behind the driven element. These parasitic elements are called
‘directors’ and ‘reflectors’, depending on their length and positioning with respect to the
drive element. The reflector is longer by approximately 5%, and is positioned behind the
driven element. The director, on the other hand, is cut shorter by approximately 5%, and is
positioned at the front of the driven element. The combination of these elements produces
the directivity of the radiated signal, thus resulting in higher power gain. However, the
radiation pattern becomes uni-directional, and the much desired omni-pattern is
completely lost.
Maximum radiation of signal is now concentrated at the front of the antenna, and there is
only minimum radiation at the back. The ratio between the radiated signal at the front and
the radiated signal behind it is called ‘front to back ratio’. Radiation is weakest at the sides
of the Yagi and these points are called ‘null points’. The ratio between the radiated signal
at the front and the radiated signal at the sides, is called ‘front to side ratio’.
These highly directive and uni-directional characteristics of a Yagi antenna necessitate the
use of a rotator device in order to beam it to the direction of the station in contact. If a
rotator device is not used, then the high gain character of a Yagi becomes useless, unless
the antenna is intended to be permanently beamed to a single direction, such as in the case
of fixed point-to-point communication.
The dimensions of model YG-23 are specially designed to resonate in the frequency band
of 140-150 MHz. If properly tuned, it exhibits an SWR of less than 1.5:1 over the entire
band. It has a gain of approximately 7.3 dB compared to a standard dipole reference. This
is only a basic configuration of a Yagi, and its gain and directivity can be increased by
adding more directors at the front. Detailed information for the exact dimensions of
additional director elements and their spacing is given in chapter 17. These Yagi
dimensions are based on the information published by the National Bureau of Standards
(NBS).
SCALED DOWN IMAGE
boom
reflector
driven element
director
Figure 16.1 Yagi antenna model YG-23

Materials List
Quantity Specification/Description Dimensions
1 Aluminum tube 3/8” od* 3 feet 4”
1 Aluminum tube 3/8” od* 3 feet 2-3/16”
1 Aluminum tube 3/8” od* 3 feet 7/8”
1 Aluminum square channel 1” x 1” x 2 feet and 32-1/4”
Other materials used in constructing the antenna DP-2 are also needed for this Yagi
antenna, except for the mounting channel.
* od - outside diameter

Construction
Cut the three tubes to their exact lengths, and drill a hole (1/8” diameter) through and
through at its middle length. The shortest tube will be used as a director element, the
longest tube will the reflector element, and the medium length will be the driven element
(see Figure 16.2).

REFLECTOR ELEMENT
Figure 16.2 Preparing the reflector element.
DRIVEN ELEMENT
DIRECTOR ELEMENT
Figure 16.3 Preparing the driven and director elements.
Cut the aluminum mounting tube or boom to 2 feet and 11 inches long, and drill three
holes through and through at one side. The holes must have a diameter of 3/8“ or at least
enough to accommodate the diameter of the tube that will be inserted into it. Follow the
dimensions shown. Drill also three 3/8” diameter holes at the same point where the larger
holes are, but at one side. The axis of the smaller holes must cross the axis of the larger
holes (see Figure 16.4).
a a a 11 15-1/8“ 15-1/8“

b b b
Figure 16.4 Preparing the boom. Insert the aluminum tubes into the boom, following the
illustration showing the proper arrangement of the elements. Secure the tube to the boom
by placing the screws through the holes at the sides, similar to the method of attaching the
dipole element of the antenna model DP-2 (see Figure 16.5).
director
metal screw reflector driven
Figure 16.5 Assembling the antenna elements to the boom.
Complete the attachments of the driven element following the procedures described for the
model DP-2. All other materials and dimensions (e.g. gamma, bracket, connector, clamp,
etc.) are similar to those used for the dipole elements of the DP-2 (see Figure 16.6).
driven element
gamma
reflector Figure 16.6 Complete assembly of the driven element.

Installation of YG-23
Figure 16.7 Installing the YG-23 to the mast.

Tuning YG-23 to resonance

The tuning procedure for the antenna model YG-23 is similar to the procedure for tuning
antennas model DP-2, SD-22 or SD-24. The most important step is to tune the antenna
while directly attached to the mast where it will be permanently installed whenever
practical.
REVIEW QUESTIONS
?
1. What does ‘directive array’ mean?
2. What are the factors that affect the performance of a Yagi?
3. How is the reflector constructed with respect to the driven element?
4. How is the director element constructed with respect to the driven element?
5. What is the radiation pattern of a Yagi antenna?
6. What is ‘front to back’ ratio?
7. What is ‘front to side’ ratio?
8. What is ‘null point’?
9. How can the directive characer of a Yagi antenna be maximized for communication?
10. In this particular model, what is the method employed to match the impedance of the
antenna to the impedance of the transmission line?
17
MULTI-ELEMENT YAGI-UDA ANTENNA ARRAY

The Yagi-Uda antenna or simply “Yagi” model YG-23 described in the preceding chapter
gives a fairly high gain figure in a very compact and easy-to-construct antenna. By adding
more director elements at the front and extending the boom length of the Yagi, you can
achieve a much higher gain figure from this type of antenna.
The following table shows the exact element lengths and dimensions for the various Yagi
antennas based on the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) specifications. Two sets of
dimensions are given. One set is for the type of Yagi antenna with elements that are
insulated from the boom. Another set is for the Yagi antenna with elements directly
attached to the metal boom. The latter set is widely popular among antenna constructors
because it is easier to construct and eliminates the need for individual insulators.
The construction of the reflector, driven element, gamma match, director elements,
assembly, and tuning procedures are basically similar to the model YG-23.
Multi-element Yagi-Uda Antenna Array

ELEMENT SPACING WITH RESPECT TO BOOM LENGTH

Figure 17.1 Element spacing of a Yagi antenna with respect to its boom length.

18 STACKING YAGI ANTENNAS

Stacking Yagi antennas means multiplying the number of Yagi antennas and feeding them
all simultaneously. If the number of Yagi antennas is doubled, it will add an additional 3
dB to the original gain figure. For example, if you feed two identical 3-element Yagis
which have a gain of 7.3 dB, it will give you a total gain of 10.3 dB. Similarly, a 17
element Yagi with a gain of 13.4 dB will give a whopping 19.4 dB if stacked to four
identical pieces!
In stacking Yagis, the spacing between the antennas is very important. The distance
between two Yagis stacked side by side must not be less than 1 wavelength, or it must be
approximately 77 inches. The distance between the tips of the elements in vertically
stacked Yagis must be not less than one-half wavelength, or it must be approximately 38
inches (see figures 18.1 and 18.2).
Figure 18.1 Two stacked Yagis viewed at their boom ends.
Stacking Yagi Antennas
Figure 18.2 Four stacked Yagis viewed at their boom ends.
All the Yagis must be fed in phase with a phasing harness. For example, the configuration
of a phasing harness for the 4 stacked Yagis shown above is described in the following
illustration.
equal lengths of RG-58/U
any length to equal lengths
transceiver
(RG-58/U)
c = BNC connector
T = T connector
Figure 18.3 Phasing harness for a 4-stacked Yagi antenna.

Mechanical Construction

metal plate
crossarm
boom
Figure 18.4 Attachment of the boom to the cross arm.
mast
metal plate
crossarm Figure 18.5 Attachment of the cross arm to the mast.
19
FORMULAS FOR CONVERTING ANTENNA DESIGNS FOR OTHER
FREQUENCY BANDS

The dimensions of the antenna elements are generally derived from the antenna’s
electrical wavelength. The electrical wavelength of a certain frequency is slightly different
from its wavelength in free space, where the former is the wavelength of the signal present
in the physical conductor of the antenna, and is somewhat shorter
The formula to get the electrical wavelength of a frequency is:
In feet: In meters:
936 286
__________= λ (feet) __________ = λ (meters)
Fc (MHz) Fc (MHz)
where:
Fc is the center frequency of the band expressed in Megahertz.
Lambda λ is the symbol for the wavelength expressed either in feet or meters, depending
on the particular units used.
* For example, the wavelength of 145 MHz is:
936
145 = 6.46 feet or 77.52 inches
Other symbols of wavelength:
λ/2 or (0.5)λ = half wavelength λ/4 or (0.25)λ = quarter wavelength

Groundplane elements

The formula to get the length of each element of a groundplane antenna is:
( ) λE (feet) = Fc or E (feet) = 0.25

2
* To convert E (in feet) to inches, multiply it with 12.

Example: Find the length of one ground plane element intended for 220 MHz.
Solution: ( ) substituting the value ofE (feet) = 220

2 frequency
E (feet) = 2.127
2
E (feet) = 1.06 <<< this is the length of the element expressed in feet
To convert the result to inches:
E (feet) x 12 = E (inches)
1.06 x 12 = 12.72
E = 12.72 inches <<< this is the length of the element expressed in inches

Coaxial dipole elements

Formulas to find the elements of a coaxial dipole:

( )
E (feet) = Fc or E (feet) = 0.25 λ 2
 Find the length of the element for a coaxial
dipole intended for 110 MHz Example:
(also known as the aircraft band). Solution:
E (feet) = Fc( )
2
( )E (feet) = 110
2
substituting the value of frequency
E = 2.125 feet <<< this is the length of the coaxial element
expressed in feet
Convert the result to inches:
E (feet) x 12 = E (inches) 2.125 x 12 = 25.5
E = 25.5 inches <<< this is the final value expressed in inches

Quad loop antenna element

The formula to get the length of each side of the loop element for the Quad loop antenna:
( )
S (feet) = Fc or S (feet) = 0.25 λ 2

Example: Find the length of one side of the quad loop intended for 155 MHz (VHF
commercial band).
Solution:
S (feet) = Fc( )
2
S (feet) = ( ) substituting the value
2 of frequency
S (feet) = 3.02 2
S = 1.51 feet <<< this is the length of one side of the loop element expressed in feet
Convert the result to inches:
S (feet) x 12 = S (inches)
1.51 x 12 = 18.12
S = 18.12 inches <<< this is the final value expressed in inches

Dipole element

The formula to get the length of the dipole element for the antennas DP-22, SD-22, and
SD-24:
486
D (feet) = Fc or D (feet) = 0.5 λ
 * Example: Find
the length of the dipole element intended for 195 MHz.
Solution:
D (feet) = 468 Fc
D (feet) = 468 195
D (feet) = 2.4 feet <<< this is the length of the dipole element expressed in feet
Convert the result to inches:
D (feet) x 12 = D (inches)
2.4 x 12 = 28.8
D = 28.8 inches <<< this is the final value expressed in inches

Spacing between dipoles’ ends

The formula to get the correct spacing between the ends of two dipoles in a collinear array
such as the SD-22 or SD-24:
( )
S (feet) = Fc or S (feet) = 0.25 λ 2

Example: Find the spacing between two dipoles designed for 220 MHz. Solution:
S (feet) = Fc( )
2
S (feet) =( )
2
S (feet) = 2.127
2
S = 1.053 feet <<< this is the length of the dipole element expressed in feet
Convert the result to inches:
S (feet) x 12 = S (inches)
1.053 x 12 = 12.45
S = 12.45 inches <<< this is the final value expressed in inches
!
NOTE:
This spacing is only for the minimum allowable between the ends of the dipole elements in
a collinear antenna. Optimum spacing is within 0.25l and 0.5l.

Discone dimensions

To get the exact lengths and dimensions of the discone antenna, first compute the
wavelength of the lowest targeted frequency by using this formula:
λ (wavelength in feet) = 936 Fc
Formulas for dimensions:
* The disc element diameter is 0.19 of the wavelength. * The cone element length is 0.29
of the wavelength. * The spacing between the disc element and the apex of the cone
element is 0.0077 of the wavelength.
* The diameter of the mounting tube is not critical.

Example: Find the dimensions of a discone antenna with a cut-off frequency of 120 MHz
(upper portion of the aircraft band).
Solution:
First find the wavelength of the frequency by using the formula below and convert the
result to inches.
936 = λ (wavelength in feet) Fc
936 = 7.8 120
7.8 feet = λ <<< this is the wavelength of the frequency in feet
Convert it to inches:
7.8 x 12 = 83.6
λ (inch) = 83.6 inches <<< wavelength of the frequency in inches
From the result above you can proceed to compute the dimensions:
* DISC ELEMENT DIAMETER:
Formula: 0.19 x λ (inch) = disc diameter
(substitute value of λ)
0.19 x 83.6 = 15.384
15.382 inches <<< diameter of the disc
* LENGTH OF CONE ELEMENT:
Formula: 0.29 x λ (inch) = length of cone element
(substitute value of λ)
0.29 x 83.6 = 24.44
24.44 inches <<< length of the cone element
* SPACING BETWEEN DISC AND CONE’S APEX:
Formula: 0.0077 x λ (inch) = spacing (substitute value of λ)
0.0077 x 83.6 = 0.64
0.64 inches <<< spacing between disc and cone’s apex
!
NOTE:
In calculating the dimensions of a discone, you must always use the value of the lowest
frequency at which you intend to operate (the so-called ‘cut-off frequency’).

5/8 Wave radiator element

The formula to get the length of the radiator element of a 5/8 element wavelength antenna
such as the WA-2 and PF-2C:
L (feet) = 0.65 x λ or L (feet) = (5 x λ)
Example: Find the length of the radiator element intended for 160 MHz (VHF
commercial band).
Solution:
First find the wavelength of the center frequency by using the formula below and convert
the result to inches.
936 = λ (wavelength in feet) Fc
936 = 5.85 160
5.85 feet = λ <<< this is the wavelength of the frequency in feet
Convert it to inches:
5.85 x 12 = 70.2
λ (inch) = 70.2 inches <<< wavelength of the frequency in inches
Finally, find the length of the 5/8 radiator element by using the following formula:
L (inch) = 0.65 x λ (inch)
L (inch) = 0.65 x 70.2
L = 45.6 inches <<< length of the radiator element
REVIEW PROBLEMS
?
1. Find the wavelengths of the following frequencies both in feet and inches:
a) 165 MHz
b) 250 MHz
c) 100 MHz
d) 50 MHz
e) 135 MHz
2. Find the length (in inches) of a dipole element intended for 185 MHz.
3. Find the length of a groundplane element intended for 175 MHz.
4. Find the length of one side of a Quad loop intended for 220 MHz.
5. Find the dimensions of a discone antenna intended to operate with a cut-off frequency
of 35 MHz.
6. Find the actual distance between the ends of two collinear dipole elements intended for
220 MHz using 0.36l as spacing.
ANSWERS TO REVIEW QUESTIONS
Chapter 1 (Model FA-2)
1. The radiation pattern of an RF signal is important since it must conform to the needs of
a particular situation. Omni-directional pattern is excellent in medium range multi-contact
communications while directive pattern is very effective for long distance point-to-point
communication links.
2. An antenna with an omni-directional pattern has the advantage of having the capability
to communicate with any stations from any directions in the horizontal plane.
3. Since antennas with directive patterns can only communicate effectively in one or two
directions, it is practical when you know exactly the direction of the other station and you
have the means to rotate the beam of the antenna.
4. To overcome the limitations of line-of-sight communications. Raising the height of the
antenna extends the horizon farther thereby expanding the area covered by its signal.
5. The 45 degree bend of the radials lowers the impedance of the antenna to 50 ohms.
Since the impedance of the coaxial cable is also 50 ohms, the entire sytem is matched.
6. The radials simulate the ground needed by the antenna to attain electrical balance.
Chapter 2 (Model FQ-2) 1. It has the advantage of being packed in a small size for easy
transportation.
2. It insulates the radiator element from the body of PL-259.
3. Because the body of PL-259 is not part of the radiator element.
4. To enable quick assembly and disassembly of the radials. It also allows one to construct
the antenna without the use of drilling tools.
Chapter 3 (Model JF-2)
1. The quarterwave matching section provides the return path for the RF current to
maintain electrical balance in the antenna.
2. It matches the impedance of the antenna to the impedance of the transmission line.
3. This antenna is tuned by adjusting the position of the feeder clamps in the antenna
element while monitoring the SWR on the transmission line. The antenna is said to be
tuned when the SWR is or close to 1:1.
4. Tuning the resonance is another term for antenna matching where the impedance of the
antenna is made equal to the impedance of the transmission line so that a maximum
transfer of energy is obtained.
5. No. Metal plate would short the two sections of the antenna.
6. Feedpoint is the point in the antenna element where the transmission or coaxial cable is
connected.
Chapter 5 (Model CD-2)
1. The coaxial dipole is best used in areas with strong winds.
2. The outer tube acts as a groundplane element.
3. The inner tube is for mounting purposes only.
Chapter 6 (Model DP-2)
1. The antenna can be fine-tuned easily.
2. Gamma match is a method of antenna impedance matching where the shield of the coax
cable is connected to the center of the dipole element directly and the inner conductor is
tapped into the element via a series capacitor.
3. The coax inserted inside the gamma tube acts as the series capacitor.
4. Because the balancing action is already performed by the gamma match.
5. It is simple to construct, rugged, and the dipole element can be grounded.
6. It taps the gamma tube to the dipole lement and serves as the fine tuning device.
7. The shorting bar is adjusted while monitoring the SWR on the line.
Chapter 7 (Model QA-2F)
1. A quad gives a gain of 2 dB than a dipole. Its pattern is directional which is desirable in
some cases.
2. Bidirectional.
3. No. The lower plate would short the feed point of the loop element.
4. Lower end. However, it seems that the other way works equally well.
5. Perpendicular to the plane of the loop.
Chapter 8 (Model CD-2W)
1. It acts like a frequency independent transformer. Its dimensions are designed so that the
impedance at the edges of the cone and disc elements matches the impedance of free
space.
2. Because the SWR rises rapidly, if the antenna is operated outside its bandwidth.
3. The dimensions of the cone and disc elements.
4. It is the lowest frequency where the discone can operate effectively. Below this
frequency, the SWR on the line increases rapidly.
5. It couples the low impedance transmission line to the higher impedance of free space.
6. To minimize the effect of wind.
7. For auto-scanning wideband monitors.
8. It is for mounting purposes only.
Chapter 9 (Model CD-2P)
1. Only on the mechanical aspect. The metal plate is more durable and rigid.
2. So that it will be grounded adequately to the mast of the tower.
3. The plate can be made of aluminum to make it corrosion resistant.
4. Aluminum is easy to machine as well as corrosion resistant.
Chapter 10 (Model CD-2T)
1. For reasons of portability. If the rods are retracted and collapsed, the resulting size of
the antenna is very small.
2. When the telescopic rods are extended to full length.
3. Yes. In fact, the more rods used, the better.
4. Small size, lightweight, and fast assembly and disassembly.
Chapter 11 (Model WA-2)
1. It gives a slight gain of 1.8 dB over a dipole.
2. It functions as groundplane radials to simulate the ground needed for proper electrical
balance of the antenna.
3. It serves as a loading coil to match the impedance of the antenna to that of the
transmission line.
4. For mechanical reason only. It gives the copper coil some protection against corrosion.
5. It displays a graphical representation of the SWR response over the entire band, and
aids the constructor in speeding up the tuning process.
6. By adjusting the tap of the hook-up wire while monitoring the SWR on the line. It is
said to be tuned when the SWR is or near to 1:1.
Chapter 12 (Model WD-2)
1. Unbalanced coupling results when an electrically balanced antenna is connected to a
physically unbalanced transmission line such as coaxial cable.
2. Stray RF current will flow along the outside surface of the line.
3. It detunes the antenna from any unwanted RF current. It represents a very high
impedance path for the stray RF outside the line.
4. To minimize if not totally eliminate stray RF current that might overload or
‘desensitize’ the receiver unit.
5. It means that the receiver unit of a repeater system is overloaded by its own transmitted
signal so it cannot receive signals from distant stations.
6. Yes. The more rods used, the better it simulates the function of the metal cone.
Chapter 13 (Model PF-2C)
1. It is very portable, practical for handheld transceivers, and it gives a slight gain of 1.8
dB over a dipole.
2. It functions as a loading coil to match the impedance of the antenna to the impedance of
the transmission line. Also, it serves as a flexible spring to support the telescopic element.
3. It fine tunes the antenna impedance.
4. By raising the position of the antenna.
5. By adjusting the tap of the conductor inside the coil, while monitoring the SWR on the
line. It is said to be tuned when the SWR is or close to 1:1.
6. No. It will function like a ‘rubber ducky’ then, and its gain is negative compared to a
dipole.
Chapter 14 (SD-22)
1. It is an antenna made of identical elements (like dipole) assembled in a single structure
with their axis arranged in a straight line and fed in phase.
2. It gives a higher power gain and exhibits an omni-directional radiation pattern.
3. To attain gain. If it is not fed in phase, it becomes a harmonic antenna, and its gain is
reduced.
4. In-phase in simple terms means that the RF signal must arrive at the feed points of the
driven elements at the same time.
5. Within 0.25 to 0.5 of the wavelength. The spacing used in this model is 0.25 of the
wavelength, to save on the total length of the aluminum mast.
6. The driven elements in a collinear antenna are tuned at the same time, in a manner
described in the instruction for matching a single element. For example, the design
described here uses a gamma matching system, so each driven element is tuned, following
the procedure for tuning a gamma match.
Chapter 15 (Model SD-24)
1. To be able to make a practical phasing harness.
2. Because of the problems in mechanical construction.
3. Its power ratio is 4.
4. Its power ratio is 16. Its gain is 12 dB.
5. It needs 64 dipole elements. Its gain is 18 dB.
6. High gain together with omni-directional radiation pattern.
Chapter 16 (Model YG-23)
1. It is a multi-element antenna design having a maximum radiation pattern that is narrow
and is concentrated in one or two directions only.
2. Number of elements used, their diameter, and spacing between the elements.
3. The reflector element is cut approximately 5% longer than the driven element and
positioned behind it.
4. The director element is cut approximately 5% shorter than the driven element and
positioned in front of it.
5. Uni-directional. Maximum radiation is in front of the array.
6. The signal radiated to the front compared to the signal radiated towards the back.
7. The signal radiated to the front compared to the signal radiated to the sides.
8. Null point is the direction of the signal where it is weakest or minimum radiation
compared to the major lobe or maximum radiation.
9. By using a rotator device to beam the array towards the contact station.
10. Gamma matching system.
Chapter 19
1. a) 5.67 feet or 68.04 inches b) 3.74 feet or 44.88 inches c) 9.36 feet or 112.3 inches d)
18.72 feet or 222.64 inches e) 6.93 feet
2. 30.36 inches
3. 16.04 inches
4. 12.76 inches
5. Dimensions of a discone antenna with a cut-off frequency of 35 MHz:

6. The spacing is 17.85 inches.

APPENDIX

POWER RATIO TO DECIBEL CONVERSION

Decimal Increments
Ratio 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
1 0.00 0.41 0.79 1.14 1.46 1.76 2.04 2.30 2.55 2.79
2 3.01 3.22 3.42 3.62 3.80 3.98 4.15 4.31 4.47 4.62
3 4.77 4.91 5.05 5.19 5.32 5.44 5.56 5.68 5.80 5.91
4 6.02 6.13 6.23 6.34 6.44 6.53 6.63 6.72 6.81 6.90
5 6.99 7.08 7.16 7.24 7.32 7.40 7.48 7.56 7.63 7.71
6 7.78 7.85 7.92 7.99 8.06 8.13 8.20 8.26 8.33 8.39
7 8.45 8.51 8.57 8.63 8.69 8.75 8.81 8.86 8.92 8.98
8 9.03 9.08 9.14 9.19 9.24 9.29 9.34 9.40 9.44 9.49
10 10.00 10.04 10.09 10.13 10.17 10.21 10.25 10.29 10.33 10.37 x10 +10
x100 +20
x1000 +30
x10,000 +40
x100,000 +50
How to use this chart:
The decibel value is read from the body of the table for the desired ratio, including the
decimal increment. For example, a power ratio of 1.8 is equivalent to 2.55 dB. Value from
the table may be extended as indicated at the lower left in each section. For example, a
power ratio of 16 which is the same as 10 x 1.6 is equivalent to 10 + 2.04 = 12.04 dB.
Power loss in relation to the SWR figure in the transmission line:
SWR Power loss in %
1:1 0 %
1,3 :1 2 %
1,5 :1 3 %
1,7 :1 6 %
2:1 11 %
3 :1 25 %
4 :1 38 %
5 :1 48 %
6 :1 55 %
10 :1 70 %
Appendix
METRIC EQUIVALENTS
Most of the antenna dimensions described in this book are in English units. If the
constructor wants to use the metric system, he can convert all the dimensions by using the
following conversion guide:
English to Metric
Inch = 25.4 millimeters Inch = 2.54 centimeters Foot = 0.305 meter Yard = 0.914 meter
Metric to English
Centimeter = 0.3937 inches Meter = 39.37 inches Meter = 3.28 feet Meter = 1.094 yards

CONVERSION TABLES
Table 3.1 Conversion table - english foot to meter
engl. foot(‘) 0” 1“ 2” 3” 4” 5” 6” 7” 8” 9” 10” 11”
0 0.000 0.0254 0.0508 0.0762 0.1016 0.1270 0.1524 0.1778 0.2032 0.2286 0.2540 0.2794m
1’ (= 12”) 0.305 0.330 0.356 0.381 0.406 0.432 0.457 0.483 0.508 0.533 0.559 0.584m
2’(= 24”) 0.610 0.635 0.660 0.686 0.711 0.737 0.762 0.787 0.813 0.838 0.864 0.889m
3’(= 36”) 0.914 0.940 0.965 0.991 1.016 1.041 1.067 1.092 1.118 1.143 1.168 1.194m
4’(= 48”) 1.219 1.245 1.270 1.295 1.321 1.346 1.372 1.397 l.422 1.448 1.473 1.499m
5’(= 60”) 1.524 1.549 1.575 1.600 1.626 1.651 1.676 1.702 1.727 1.753 1.778 1.803m
6’(= 72”) 1.829 1.854 1.880 1.905 1.930 1.956 1.981 2.007 2.032 2.057 2.083 2.108m
7(= 84”) 2.134 2.159 2.184 2.210 2.235 2.261 2.286 2.311 2.337 2.362 2.388 2.413m
8’(= 96”) 2.438 2.464 2.489 2.515 2.540 2.565 2.591 2.616 2.642 2.667 2.692 2.717m
9’ (= 108”) 2.743 2.769 2.794 2.819 2.845 2.870 2.896 2.921 2.946 2.972 2.997 3.023m
10’ (= 120”) 3.048 3.073 3.099 3.124 3150 3.175 3.200 3.226 3.251 3.277 3.302 3.327m
11’ (= 132”) 3.353 3.378 3.404 3.429 3.454 3.480 3.505 3.531 3.556 3.581 3.607 3.632m
12’ (= 144”) 3.658 3.683 3.708 3.734 3.759 3.785 3.810 3.835 3.861 3.886 3.912 3.937m
13’ (= 156”) 3.962 3.988 4.013 4.039 4.064 4.089 4.115 4.140 4.166 4.191 4.216 4.242m
14’ (= 168”) 4.267 4.293 4.318 4.343 4.369 4.394 4.420 4.445 4.470 4.496 4.521 4.547m
15’(= 180”) 4.572 4.597 4.623 4.648 4.674 4.699 4.724 4.750 4.775 4.801 4.826 4.851m
16’(= 192”) 4.877 4.902 4.928 4.953 4.978 5.004 5.029 5.055 5.080 5.105 5.131 5.156m
17(=204”) 5.182 5.207 5.232 5.258 5.283 5.309 5.334 5.359 5.385 5.410 5.436 5.461m
18’(=216”) 5.486 5.512 5.537 5.563 5.588 5.613 5.639 5.664 5.690 5.715. 5.740 5.766m
19’ (= 228”) 5.791 5.817 5.842 5.867 5.893 5.918 5.944 5.969 5.994 6.020 6.045 6.071m
20’ (= 240”) 6.096 6.121 6.147 6.172 6198 6.223 6.248 6.274 6.299 6.325 6.350 6.375m
21’ (= 252”) 6.401 6.426 6.452 6.477 6.502 6.528 6.553 6.579 6.604 6.629 6.655 6.680m
22’ (= 264”) 6.706 6.731 6.756 6.782 6.807 6.833 6.858 6.883 6.909 6.934 6.960 6.985m
23’ (= 276”) 7.010 7.036 7.061 7.087 7.112 7.137 7.163 7.188 7.214 7.239 7.264 7.290m
24’ (= 288”) 7.315. 7.341 7.366 7.391 7.417 7.442 7.468 7.493 7.518 7.544 7.569 7.595m
25; (= 300”) 7.620 7.645 7.671 7.696 7.722 7.747 7.722 7.798 7.823 7.849 7.874 7.899m
26’ (= 312”) 7.925 7.950 7.976 8.001 8.026 8.052 8.077 8.103 8.128 8.153 8.179 8.204m
27 (= 324”) 8.230 8.255 8.280 8.306 8.331 8.357 8.382 8.407 8.433 8.458 8.484 8.509m
28’ (= 336”) 8.534 8.560 8.585 8.611 8.636 8.661 8.687 8.712 8.738 8.763 8.788 8.814m
29’ (= 348”) 8.839 8.865 8.890 8.915 8.941 8.966 8.992 9.017 9.042 9.068 9.093 9.119m
30’ (= 360”) 9.144 9.169 9.195 9.220 9.246 9.271 9.296 9.322 9.347 9.373 9.398 9.423m
1’ = 0.3048 m; 1“ = 0.0254 m; 1’ = 12”

Table 4.1 Conversion Table: fraction and decimal of an inch to millimeter

in inch in mm in inch in mm in inch in mm
1/64 = 0.0150.396 23/64 = 0.359 9.127 45/64 = 0.703 17.858
1/32 = 0.0310.793 3/8 = 0.375 9.525 23/32 = 0.719 18.255
3/64 = 0.0471.190 25/64 = 0.391 9.921 47/64 = 0.734 18.652
1/16 = 0.0631.587 13/32 = 0.406 10.318 3/4 = 0.750 19.050
5/64 = 0.0781.984 27/64 = 0.422 10.715 49/64 = 0.766 19.446
3/32 = 0.0942.381 7/16 = 0.438 11.112 25/32 = 0.781 19.842
7/64 = 0.1092.778 29/64 = 0.453 11.508 51/64 = 0.797 20.239
1/8 = 0.1253.175 15/32 = 0.469 11.905 13/16 = 0.813 20.637
9/64 = 0.1413.571 31/64 = 0.484 12.302 53/64 = 0.828 21.033
5/32 = 0.1563.968 1/2 = 0.500 12.700 27/32 = 0.844 21.429
11/64 = 0.1724.365 33/64 = 0.516 13.096 55/64 = 0.859 21.827
3/16 = 0.1884.762 17/32 = 0.531 13.492 7/8 = 0.875 22.225
13/64 = 0.2035.159 35/64 = 0.547 13.890 57/64 = 0.891 22.621
7/32 = 0.2195.556 9/16 = 0.563 14.287 29/32 = 0.906 23.017
15/64 = 0.2345.952 37/64 = 0.578 14.683 59/64 = 0.922 23.414
1/4 = 0.2506.350 19/32 = 0.594 15.080 15/16 = 0.938 23.812
17/64 = 0.2666.746 39/64 = 0.609 15.477 61/64 = 0.953 24.208
9/32 = 0.2817.143 5/8 = 0.625 15.875 31/32 = 0.969 24.604
19/64 = 0.2977.540 41/64 = 0.641 16.271 63/64 = 0.984 25.002
5/15 = 0.3137.937 21/32 = 0.656 16.667 1 = 1.000 25.400
21/64 = 0.3288.334 43/64 = 0.672 17.064
11/32 = 0.3448.730 11/16 = 0.688 17.462
Table 12.1 American and english units in relation to metric units
USA and UK Abbbreviation Metric unit conversion factor
1 inch = 10 lines = 1000 mils
1 foot = 12 inches
1 yard = 3 feet = 36 inches
1 fathom = 6 feet
1 into nautical mile = 6076 feet
1 statute mile = 1760 yards = 5280feet
1 mile per hour
1 square foot
1 pound
(‘’) in
(‘) ft
yd
fath
naut. mile stat.mile MPH
sqft
lb
2.54 cm 0.3937 30.48 cm 3.281 x 10-2 91.44 cm 1.094 x 10-2 1.8288 m 0.547
1.852 km 0.54
1.6093km 0.6214 1.6093 km/h 0.6214 0.0929 m2 10.7643 0.4569 kg 2.2046
To convert a metric unit into an english unit, use the conversion factor listed at the last
column. For example : 40,000 km = 0.54 x 40,000 = 21,600 naut. miles.
Table 7.1 American and English Wire gauges, diameter in inches and millimeter The
american standard wire gauge is based on the standards of the Brown & Sharpe company
which uses numbers in identifying the wire size. In general, the abbreviation AWG (=
American Wire Gauge) is used. In Great Britain, there are two standard wire gauges: BWG
(= Birmingham Wire Gauge) and ISWG (= Imperial Standard Wire Gauge) or SWG (=
Standard Wire Gauge). Both these standards also use numbers to identify the size of the
wire.
Wire AWG
gauge diameter
Nr. in inches in mm BWG
diameter in inches ISWG(SWG)
diameter
in mm. in inches in mm.
0000(4/0) 0.460 11.68 000(3/0) 0.409 10.41 00 (210) 0.365 9.27 0(110) 0.325 8.25
1 0.289 7.35
2 0.258 6.54
3 0.229 5.83
4 0.204 5.19
5 0.182 4.62
6 0.162 4.11
7 0.144 3.66
8 0.128 3.26
9 0.114 2.90
10 0.102 2.59
11 0.091 2.30
12 0.081 2.05
13 0.072 1.83
14 0.064 1.63
15 0.057 1.45
16 0.051 1.29
17 0.045 1.15
18 0.040 1.02
19 0.036 0.91
20 0.032 0.81
0.454 0.425 0.380 0.340 0.300 0.283 0.259 0.238 0.220 0.203 0.179 0.164 0.147 0.134
0.120 0.109 0.195 0.083 0.072 0.065 0.058 0.049 0.042 0.035 11.53 0.40 10.16 10.80
0.372 9.45 9.65 0.348 8.84 8.64 0.324 8.23 7.62 0.300 7.62 7.21 0.276 7.01 6.58 0.252
6.40 6.05 0.232 5.89 5.59 0.212 5.38 5.16 0.192 4.88 4.57 0.176 4.47 4.19 0.160 4.06 3.76
0.144 3.66 3.40 0.128 3.25 3.05 0.116 2.95 2.77 0.104 2.64 2.41 0.092 2.34 2.11 0.081
2.03 1.83 0.072 1.83 1.65 0.064 1.63 1.47 0.056 1.42 1.24 0.048 1.22 1.07 0.040 1.02 0.89
0.036 0.92 NOTE: Values in millimeter were rounded off. AWG 21 to 40 see Table 10.1 in
page 119.
Table 8.1 Two-wire cable with plastic dielectric. Amphenol standard types. Impedance
Velocity in W factor Wire Attenuation in dB pro 1000 m long
diameter cable at:
in mm7 MHz 150MHz 400MHz
14-080 75 0.68 7 x 0.32
14-023 75 0.71 7 x 0.7
14-079 150 0.77 7 x 0.32
14-056 300 0.82 7 x 0.32
14-100 300 0.82 7 x 0.32
14-271 300 0.82 7 x 0.32
14-185 300 0.82 7 x 0.4
14-076 300 0.82 7 x 0.4
14-022 300 0.82 1.3 68.62 137.24 311.82 467.30 16.50 49.50 160.70
21.72 49.50 111.19 180.70 9.55 19.97 51.25 88.60 9.55 19.97 51.25 88.60 9.55 19.97
51.25 88.60 6.95 17.37 44.30 81.65 6.95 16.50 41.70 72.00 6.21 12.16 33.00 59.00
Table 9.1 Coax cable MIL-C-17E equivalent types of the obsolete MIL-C-17 types
Obsolete Type Equivalent Obsolete Type Equivalent Obsolete Type Equivalent
RG5/U… B/U RG212/U RG22/U … A/U RG22B/U RG 10810 RGI08A/U RG6/U
RG64/U RG23/U RG23A/U RG111/U RGl11A/U RG8/U … A/U RG213U RG24/U
RG25A/U RG115/U RG 115A/U RG9/U … A/U RG214U RG29/U RG58C/U RG116/U
RG227/U RGI0/U … A/U RG215/U RG34/U… A/U RG34B/U RG133/U RG 133A/U
RG 1110 RG 11 NU RG35/U… A/U RG35B/U RGl42/U…A/U RG142B/U RG12/U
RG12NU RG58/U… B/U RG58C/U RG159/U RG142B/U RG 13/U … A/U RG216/U
RG59 … A/U RG59B/U RG174/U RG174A/U RG14/U … A/U RG217/U RG62/U…
C/U RG62A/U RG178/U…A/U RG178B/U RG15/U RG 11 NU RG63/U … A/U
RG63B/U RG179/U…A/U RG179B/U RG17/U… B/U RG218/U RG65/U RG65A/U
RG180/U…A/U RG180B/U RG18/U … A/U RG219/U RG71/U … A/U RG71B/U
RG211/U RG211A/U RG19lU … A/U RG220/U RG74/U… A/U RG224/U RG228/U
RG228NU RG20/U … A/U RG221/U RG79/U … A/U RG79B/U RG307/U RG307A/U
RG21/U … A/U RG222/U RG87/U … A/U RG225/U
Obsolete MIL-Coaxial Cable types without equivalents:
RG16/U; RG36/U; RG54/U … A/U; RG55/U … B/U; RG57/U… A/U; RG72/U; RG-78/U; RG86/U; RG94/U … A/U:
RG117/U… A/U; RG118/U… A/U; RG140/U; RG141/U … A/U; RG143/U … A/U; RG147/U; RG148/U; RGl49/U;
RGl50/U; RG181/U; RG187/U… A/U; RG188/U… A/U; RG195/U…A/U: RG196/U… A/U: RG229/U; RG282/U;
RG293/U… A/U; RG294/U … A/U; RG295/U; RG324/U; RG325/U; RG326/U: RG366/U; RG388/U; RG389/U.

Table 10.1 American and English Wire gauges, diameter in inches and millimeter
(Wire gauges 21 to 40)
The american standard wire gauge is based on the standards of the Brown & Sharpe
company which
uses numbers in identifying the wire size. In general, the abbreviation AWG (= American
Wire Gauge)
is used. In Great Britain, there are two standard wire gauges: BWG (= Birmingham Wire
Gauge) and
ISWG (= Imperial Standard Wire Gauge) or SWG (= Standard Wire Gauge). Both these
standards also
use numbers to identify the size of the wire.
Wire AWG gauge diameter Nr. in inches BWG
diameter
in mm in inches in mm ISWG(SWG)
diameter
in inches in mm
21 0.028
22 0.025
23 0.023
24 0.020
25 0.078
26 0.016
27 0.014
28 0.013
29 0.011
30 9.010
31 0.09
32 0.008
33 0.007
34 0.0063
35 0.0056
36 0.0050
37 0.0044
38 0.0040
39 0.0035
40 0.0031 0.72 0.081 0.81 0.64 0.028 0.71 0.57 0.025 0.64 0.51 0.023 0.56 0.45 0.020 0.51 0.40 0.018 0.46 0.36 0.016
0.41 0.32 0.0135 0.356 0.29 0.013 0.33 0.25 0.012 0.305 0.23 0.010 0.254 0.20 0.009 0.229 0.18 0.008 0.203 0.16 0.007
0.178 0.14 0.005 0.127 0.13 0.004 0.102 0.11 - - 0.10 - - 0.09 - - 0.08 - - 0.032 0.81 0.028 0.71 0.024 0.61 0.023 0.56
0.020 0.51 0.018 0.46 0.016 0.41 0.014 0.36 0.013 0.33 0.012 0.305 0.011 0.29 0.0106 0.27 0.010 0.254 0.009 0.229
0.008 0.203 0.007 0.178 0.0067 0.17 0.0060 0.15 0.0050 0.127 0.0047 0.12 NOTE: Values in millimeter
were rounded off. AWG 0000 to 20 see Table 7.1 in page 88.

GLOSSARY OF ANTENNA TERMS

Actual ground The point within the earth’s surface where effective ground conductivity
exists. The depth of this point varies with the frequency, the condition of the soil and the
geographical region.
Antenna An electrical conductor or array of conductors that radiates signal energy
(transmitting) or collects signal energy (receiving).
Apex The feedpoint region of a discone antenna.
Apex angle The enclosed angle in degrees inside the cone element of a discone antenna
and similar antennas.
Bandwidth The group of frequencies where the antenna functions efficiently.
Band A group of frequencies.
Coaxial cable Any of the coaxial transmission lines that has the outer shield (either solid
or braided) in the same axis as the inner or center conductor. The insulating material can
be air, helium, or solid dielectric compounds.
Collinear array A linear array of radiating elements (usually dipoles) with their axis
arranged in a straight line. Popular in VHF and higher frequencies.
Conductor A metal body such as tubing, rod or wires that permits current to travel
continously along its length.
Counterpoise A wire or group of wires mounted close to ground, but insulated from
ground, to form a low impedance, high capacitance path to ground. Commonly used at
medium frequency and high frequency to provide an effective ground for an antenna.
Dielectrics Various insulating materials used in antenna systems, such as found in
insulators and transmission lines.
Dipole An antenna that is split exactly at the middle for connection to a feedline. Usually
a halfwavelength in dimension. Also called a doublet.
Directivity The property of an antenna that concentrates the radiated energy to form one
or more major lobes.
Director A conductor placed in front of a driven element to cause directivity. Frequently
used singly or in multiples with Yagi or cubical quad beam antennas.
Direct ray Transmitted signal energy that arrives at the receiving antenna directly rather
than being reflected from the ionosphere, ground or man made reflector.
Doublet see Dipole
Driven array An array of antenna elements which are all driven or excited by means of a
transmission line.
Driven element The radiator element of an antenna system. The element to which the
transmission line is connected.
Efficiency The ratio of useful output power to input power, determined in antenna systems
by losses in the system, including in nearby objects.
Feeders Transmission lines of assorted type that are used to route RF power from a
transmitter to an antenna, or from an antenna to a receiver.
Feedline see Feeders
Front to back The ratio of radiated power off the front to the back of a directive antenna.
A dipole would have a ratio of 1 for example.
Front to side The ratio of radiated power between the major lobe and the null side of a
directive antenna.
Gain Increase in effective radiated power in the desired direction of the major lobe.
Gamma match A matching system used with driven antenna elements to effect a match
between the transmission line and the feed-point of the antenna. It consists of an
adjustable arm that is mounted close to the driven element and in parallel with it near the
feedpoint.
Groundplane A man made system of conductors placed below an antenna to serve as an
earth ground.
Groundscreen A wire mesh groundplane.
Impedance The ohmic value of an antenna feedpoint, matching section or a transmission
line. An impedance may contain reactance as well as resistance components.
Lambda Greek symbol for L used to represent a wavelength with reference to electrical
dimensions in antenna work.
Line loss The power lost in a transmission line, usually expressed in decibels.
Line of sight Transmission path of a wave that travels directly from the transmitting
antenna to the receiving antenna.
Load The electrical entity to which the power is delivered. The antenna is a load for a
transmitter. A dummy load is a nonradiating substitute for an antenna.
Loading The process of transferring power from its source to a load. The effect of a load
has on a power source.
Lobe A defined field of energy that radiates from a directive antenna.
Matching The process of effecting an impedance match between two electrical
circuits of unlike impedance. One example is matching a transmission line to the feedpoint
of an antenna. Maximum power transfer to the load (antenna system) will occur when a
matched condition exists.
Null A condition during which an electrical property is at minimum. The null
in an antenna radiation pattern is that point in the 360 degree pattern where minimum field
intensity is observed. An impedance bridge is said to be ‘nulled’ when it has been brought
into balance.
Parasitic array A directive antenna that has a driven element and independent directors or
reflectors or both. The directors and reflectors are not connected to the feedline. A yagi
antenna is one example. See also driven array.
Phasing lines Sections of transmission line that are used to ensure correct phase
relationship between the bays of an array of antenna. Also used to effect impedance
transformations while maintaining the desired array phase.
Quad Rectangular or diamond shaped fullwave loop antenna. Most often used
with a parasitic loop director and a parasitic loop reflector to provide approximately 8 dB
of gain and good directivity. Often called the ‘cubical quad’.
Radiation pattern The radiation characteristics of an antenna as a function of space
coordinates. Normally, the pattern is measured in the far field region and is represented
graphically.
Radiator A discrete conductor in an antenna system that radiates RF energy. The element
to which the feedline is attached.
Reflector A parasitic antenna element or a metal assembly that is located behind the
driven element to enhance forward directivity. Large man made structures may reflect
radio signals.
Source The point of origination (transmitter or generator) of RF power supplied to an
antenna system.
Stacking The process of placing similar directive antennas atop or beside one another
forming a ‘stacked array’.
SWR Standing wave ratio on a transmission line in an antenna system. More
correctly, ‘VSWR’ or voltage standing wave ratio. The ratio of the forward to reflected
voltage on the line and not the power ratio. A VSWR of 1:1 occurs when all parts of the
antenna system are matched correctly to one another.
Velocity factor That which affects the speed of radio waves in accordance to the dielectric
medium they are in. A factor of 1 is applied to the speed of light and radio waves in free
space, but the velocity is reduced in various dielectric mediums such as transmission lines.
When cutting a transmission line to a specific electrical wavelength, the velocity factor of
the particular line must be taken into account.
VSWR Voltage standing wave ratio. See SWR.
Wave A disturbance that is a function of time or space or both. A radio wave for example.
Wave front A continous surface that is the locus of points having the same phase at the
same instant.
Yagi A directive, gain type of antenna that utilizes a number of parasitic directors and a
reflector. Named after one of the inventors (Yagi and Uda).

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Source materials for more advanced study of the antenna designs presented in this book
can be found in the following references:
Lytel, Allan. ABC’s of Antennas, 1973
“Antenna Fundamentals”, The ARRLAntenna Book, 14th ed., chap.2
Bergren, A.L. ‘The Multi-element Quad”, QST, May 1963
Brown, “Directional Antennas”, Proc. I.R.E., January 1937
Brown, Lewis, and Epstein. “Ground Systems as a Factor in Antenna Efficiency”, Proc.
I.R.E., June 1937
Carter. «Circuit Relations in Radiating Systems and Applications to Antenna Problems»,
Proc. I.R.E., June 1932
Geiser, Dave. “The Discone - a VHF-UHF Tribander”, QST, December 1978
Erhorn, P.C. “The Element Spacing in 3-element Beams”, QST, October 1957
“Groundplane Antenna”, The ARRLHandbook, 14th ed., chap.2
Jasik. Antenna Engineering Handbook (New York: Mcgraw Hill Book Co.)
Kraus. Antenna (New York: Mcgraw Hill Book Co.)
Laport. Radio Antenna Engineering , New York: Mcgraw Hill Book Co., 1952
“Omni-directional Antennas For VHF and UHF”, The ARRLAntenna Book, 14th ed., chap.
11
“Portable and Mobile Antennas”, The ARRLAntenna Book, 14th ed., chap. 13
Reynolds, F. “Simple Gamma Match Construction”, QST, July 1957
Rumsey. Frequency Independent Antennas, New York: Academic Press, 1966
Terman. Radio Engineering, New York: Academic Press, 1966
Symbols
5/8 120, 135, 143
5/8 wave vertical 135
5/8 wavelength 120
A
adaptor 25
adaptor plate 63
Aluminum bushing 54
Aluminum Plate 54
Aluminum tube 54
Amphenol 102
antenna 11
apex 96
array 155
artificial ground 11
automatic scanning 90
AWG 88, 119
B
balanced antenna 135
bandwidth 11, 40, 52, 89
base mount 113, 114
basic dipole 52
bi-directional 79
BNC 71, 74, 144
BNC female connector 66
boom 156, 178
braid 22, 86, 97, 114
brass rod 16, 57
broadband 89
Brown & Sharpe 88, 119
bushing 92, 98, 123
BWG 88, 119
C
cavity filter 135
center frequency 132
coaxial cable 22, 48, 86, 97, 114 coaxial dipole 52
coaxial sleeve 53, 62
coil spring 149
collinear antenna 155
C
collinear array 155, 162
cone 135
cone apex 89
cone element 90, 94, 105, 110 connector rod 33
coupling action 135
crossarm 178
D
de-tuning sleeve 135
decoupling sleeve 135, 139 delta match 64
desensitization 135
dielectric 102
dipole element 156
Directive pattern 11
directivity 167
director 166
disc 105
disc element 90, 94, 110
discone 89, 103, 109
driven element 168
E
engineering plastic 92, 112, 123 eye terminal 86, 97, 114
F
fathom 142
feed point 41
feed point bracket 71
feed point clamp 46
feed point terminal 48
feedback 135
feeder 131
flat response 132
foot to meter 39
frequency range 49
front to back ratio 166
front to side ratio 166
Full wave loop 80

INDEX

G
gain 167
gamma 170
Gamma fed 65
gamma match 155
gamma matching 64
gamma mounting bracket 70 gamma tube 64, 73, 75, 77 gigahertz 89
ground plane 11
grounding ring 58
H
half wave antenna 41
high-Q 135
hose clamp 100
I
impedance 40
inch to millimeter 51
inner conductor 22, 49, 86 ISWG 88, 119
J
J-fed 41
L
linear half wave 79
loop 79, 85
loop radiator 80
M
mast adaptor 82
matching arm 41
matching coil 121, 136 matching section 40
metal sleeve 106
metric units 142
MHz 89
MIL-C-17E 108
mobile installation 38
mobile operation 19
monopole 41
M
monopole antenna 40
mounting bracket 12, 26
mounting channel 156
mounting sleeve 138
mounting tube 53
N
nautical mile 142
NBS 167, 173
null points 166
O
omnidirectional 11, 89, 120, 136, 155, 162 operational frequency 11
P
parasitic element 166
phasing harness 156, 160, 165, 177 phasing line 155
pig tail 48, 127
PL-258 21, 99, 116, 131
PL-259 21, 25, 54, 99, 110, 116
plate ring 138
PLL 143
point-to-point 166
power gain 52
Power loss 154
power ratio 162
PTT 49, 75, 131
Q
quad antenna 79
quad loop 80
quarter wave antenna 40
R
radial 11
radial element 32
radiation pattern 11, 79, 166
radiator arm 41
radiator element 12, 62, 66, 121
R
reflector 166, 168
repeater 135, 141
resonance 50, 131
resonance tuning 150
response curve 76, 151
RF 11, 52, 64, 89, 135 RG-58/U 25, 59, 66, 97, 127 RG-8/U 74
rubber ducky 143
S
screen mesh 94
self-tapping screw 69
skirt 138
SO-239 13, 54, 60
solder lug 58
stacked dipole 162
stacked Yagi 176
standard dipole 52, 64
statute mile 142
stove bolt 47, 85
SWG 88, 119
SWR 11, 40, 49, 52, 64, 154 SWR curve 151
SWR meter 75, 131, 150
SWR response 75, 76, 79, 132, 151
T
Telescopic antenna 111
telescopic antenna 116, 144, 149 telescopic element 118
telescopic rod 143
transceiver 49, 75, 143
transmission cable 52
transmitter 131
tuning clamp 72, 76
U
U-bolt 45, 54, 63, 66, 101 UHF 135
uni-directional 166
V
vertical antenna 40, 120, 143 VHF 11, 64, 89
VHF transmitter 131
vinyl jacket 22, 57
W
wavelength 79
wideband 90
wire gauge 88, 119
Y
Yagi 166