Answer to question no.

2 :

Key Differences Between Oral Communication and

Written Communication
The following are the major differences between oral communication and
written communication:

1. The type of communication in which the sender transmits information

to the receiver through verbally speaking the message. The
communication mode, which uses written or printed text for exchanging
the information is known as Written Communication.
2. The pre-condition in written communication is that the participants
must be literate whereas there is no such condition in case of oral
communication.
3. Proper records are there in Written Communication, which is just
opposite in the case of Oral Communication.
4. Oral Communication is faster than Written Communication.
5. The words once uttered cannot be reversed in the case of Oral
Communication. On the other hand, editing of the original message is
possible in Written Communication.
6. Misinterpretation of the message is possible in Oral Communication but
not in Written Communication.
7. In oral communication, instant feedback is received from the recipient
which is not possible in Written Communication.

So to conclude we can say that oral Communication is an informal one which

is normally used in personal conversations, group talks, etc. Written
Communication is formal communication, which is used in schools, colleges,
business world, etc. Choosing between the two communication mode is a
tough task because both are good at their places. People normally use the oral
mode of communication because it is convenient and less time-consuming.
However, people normally believe in the written text more than what they
hear that is why written communication is considered as the reliable method
of communication.

Answer to the question no. 3 :

The oral presentations will be 20 minutes long, plus 5 minutes left for questions at the
end. The presentations need to be prepared on transparencies. Copiers, ink-jet printers,
and laser printers can all be used to print on transparency media. Please note that
transparency media compatible with one device are not generally compatible with the
others. An overhead projector and a pointer will be provided at the presentations.

If the project has a primary author, the primary author should present the results,
discussion, and conclusions of the project. This is expected to take (approximately)
the last 10 minutes of the presentation. The first 10 minutes should be devoted to
introducing the project and to discussing the experimental design the group followed
and the apparatus and materials used. These first 10 minutes should be equally divided
among the other group members.

If the project does not have a primary author, each member of the group should
present for a similar length of time. The topics covered by each person are up to the
group to decide.

Preparation of the Oral Report

The oral report should comprise the following:

(1). Title transparency

(2). Introduction
(3). Materials and Methods
(4). Results and Discussion
(5). Conclusions
The purpose - that is, what needs to be communicated - of each section is identical to
the written report. However, there are significant differences in how an oral
presentation is organized:

 Formal headings to identify the sections of an oral presentation are not required.

 The title page should identify the full name of the project, the name of the
principal author (if applicable), and the names of the other (collaborating) group
members.

 In contrast to a written report, in an oral presentation the stating of results and

their analysis and discussion are often done concurrently. Even if full discussion of
results is not given immediately, a brief mention of how the results will be used later
assists the audience with comprehending their significance and in anticipating what is
to come.

 In an oral presentation, information is best conveyed through visual content

(graphs, drawings, illustrations), accompanied by a clear verbal explanation provided
by the speaker. A transparency can include some written text, but it should be kept to
an absolute minimum. Short descriptive phrases work better than long sentences.
Bulletted lists can be used to organize short phrases or short sentences, if appropriate.
There should be no paragraphs of text. The speaker carries the responsibility of
explaining what is shown; the audience should not be expected to read this
explanation from the transparencies.

 Ideally, a transparency has a single purpose (ex. description of apparatus,

discussion of a graph, comparison of different data sets, description of a data analysis
method, presentation of conclusions, etc.). Overcrowded transparencies that strive to
cover multiple topics will most likely be confusing to the audience. Before an
overhead is designed, its purpose should be clearly identified.

 The length of an oral presentation is limited. Foremost, the presentation must

focus on a clear depiction of the most important information. Details that do not
meaningfully contribute should be left out. Deciding what to include requires
subjective judgment. It should be kept in mind that the audience can always ask for
more detail if they wish.

 Letters and numbers must be sufficiently large so that the audience can read them.
Generally, no font smaller than 14 points should be used. Depending on the setup of
the projector and the size of the presentation area, larger font may be needed.
 Table, graph, and figure guidelines are similar to those for the written report.
Particular attention should be paid to ensuring that lines on graphs are thick enough to
be easily visible and that the quality of figures is sufficient to resolve. Always, all
graph axes must be labelled and the units of measure shown if applicable. To
minimize the reading load placed on the audience, captions should be kept as brief as
possible.

 Citations to the work of others are generally displayed directly on the transparency
on which that work is referred to by the speaker, not on a separate page at the end of
the presentation. Often, it is sufficient to list the authors, the title (name of book or
journal), and the year of publication, though full citations can be used if desired.

 A rough rule of thumb is that a transparency will require two minutes of

explanation. Therefore, for a 20 minute presentation, about 10 transparencies should
be prepared.

Presentation of the Oral Report

Organization and clarity are the key ingredients of a solid presentation, but good
delivery can make it outstanding.
 The speaker's attitude should be professional. It is important to be open to the
questions, suggestions, or comments from the audience. If a question is beyond the
speaker's ability to answer fully, the best answer possible should be given. There is
nothing wrong in admitting the limits of one's knowledge, saying, for example, "We
have not yet considered that.." or "That's a good point, we should go back and
examine it in greater detail...". Criticism, when justified, should be accepted
gracefully and learned from. Incorrect criticism should be politely explained away by
clearly stating how the particular objection is inapplicable or can be remedied.

 It is good practice to remind the audience of key facts as needed - especially if a

central idea pertinent to the current discussion was already shown several
transparencies ago.

 The textual content of a transparency should not be read word for word by the
speaker - the audience should be allowed to read it for themselves. Instead, the
speaker should describe the content of the transparency in their own words so as to
best enhance the effectiveness of the presentation.

 Speech should be inflected. Speaking in a monotone makes it easy to lose the

attention of the audience.

 Posing questions, even rhetorical ones (i.e. ones the speaker plans to answer), to
the audience will stimulate thought and serve to better retain attention.

 Making eye contact with the audience also helps retain their attention.

 An animated speaker, up to a point, will enliven the presentation. An overly

animated speaker becomes more interesting than the presentation.

 If a blackboard is available, it is perfectly acceptable to draw on it to supplement

the transparencies in conveying the subject matter.

Answer to the question no. 4 :

Here are the seven principles of public speaking.

Perception: Stop trying to be a great “public” speaker.

People want to listen to someone who is interesting, relaxed, and comfortable.
In the routine conversations we have every day, we have no problem being
ourselves. Yet too often, when we stand up to give a speech, something
changes. We focus on the “public” at the expense of the “speaking.” To
become effective at public speaking, you must do just the opposite: focus on
the speaking and let go of the “public.”

Think of it as a conversation between you and the audience. If you can carry
on a relaxed conversation with one or two people, you can give a great
speech. Whether your audience consists of two people or two thousand and
whether you’re talking about the latest medical breakthrough or what you did
today at work, be yourself; talk directly to people and make a connection with
them.
Perfection: When you make a mistake, no one cares
but you.
Even the most accomplished public speaker will make a mistake at some
point. Just keep in mind that you’ll notice more than anyone in your audience.
The most important thing you can do after making a mistake during a
presentation is to keep going. Don’t stop and—unless the mistake was truly
earth shattering—never apologize to the audience for a minor slip. Unless
they are reading the speech during your delivery, the audience won’t know if
you left out a word, said the wrong name, or skipped a page. Because “to err
is human,” a mistake can work for you, because it allows you to connect with
your audience. People don’t want to hear from someone who is “perfect;” they
will relate much more easily to someone who is real.

Master the art of public speaking and crush your next presentation with one of
our public speaking seminars, available online and in a classic classroom
format.

Effective Executive Speaking

Take your public speaking to the next level! Speak, present
and communicate with poise, power and persuasion.

Visualization: If you can see it, you can speak it.

Winners in all aspects of life have this in common: they practice visualization
to achieve their goals. Sales people envision themselves closing the deal;
executives picture themselves developing new ventures; athletes close their
eyes and imagine themselves making that basket, hitting that home run, or
breaking that record.

The same is true in public speaking. If you’ve read “10 Powerful Body

Language Tips” then you know how anxiety can impact presentation skills.
The best way to fight anxiety and to become a more comfortable speaker is to
practice in the one place where no one else can see you—your mind. If you
visualize on a consistent basis, you’ll prepare your mind for the prospect of
speaking in public, and pretty soon you’ll conquer any feelings of anxiety.

Discipline: Practice makes perfectly good.

Your goal is not to be a perfect public speaker. There is no such thing. Your
goal is to be an effective public speaker. Like anything else in life, it takes
practice to improve those public speaking skills. We too often take
communication for granted because we speak to people everyday. But when
your prosperity is directly linked to how well you perform in front a group, you
need to give the task the same attention as if you were a professional athlete.
Remember, even world champion athletes practice every day. Try taking
a class where you practice giving speeches.

Description: Make it personal.

Whatever the topic, audiences respond best when the presenter can
personalize their message. It’s a terrific way to get intimate with large
audiences. Take the opportunity to put a face on the facts of your
presentation. People like to hear about other people’s experiences—the
triumphs, tragedies, and everyday humorous anecdotes that make up their
lives. Telling stories will give you credibility, and help your listeners engage
more often. Whenever possible, insert a personal-interest element in your
public speaking. This technique will make your listeners warm up to you, but it
will also do wonders at putting you at ease by helping you overcome any
lingering nervousness. After all, on what subject is your expertise greater than
on the subject of yourself?

Inspiration: Speak to serve.

For a twist that is sure to take much of the fear out of public speaking, take the
focus off yourself and shift it to your audience. After all, the objective is not to
benefit the speaker but to benefit the audience, through your speaking skills
teaching, motivation, or entertainment. So, in all your preparation and
presentations, you should think about your purpose. How can you help your
audience members achieve their goals?

Anticipation: Always leave ‘em wanting more.

One of the most valuable lessons I have learned from my years
of communication skills training is that when it comes to public speaking, less
is usually more. I don’t think I’ve ever left a gathering and heard someone say,
“I wish that speaker had spoken longer.” On the other hand, I can imagine
how many speakers probably can’t count the times they’ve thought, “I’m glad
that speech is over. It seemed to go on forever!” So, surprise your audience.
Always make your presentation just a bit shorter than anticipated.
If you’ve followed the first six principles outlined here you already have their
attention and interest, and it’s better to leave your listeners wishing you had
spoken for just a few more minutes than squirming in their seats waiting for
your speech finally to end.
Want to learn more on being an effective speaker? Watch our free webcast on
delivering your message with authority and confidence.

Answer to the question no. 5 :

An interview is essentially a structured conversation where one participant

asks questions, and the other provides answers.[1] In common parlance, the
word "interview" refers to a one-on-one conversation between
an interviewer and an interviewee. The interviewer asks questions to which
the interviewee responds, usually so information is offered by the interviewee
to interviewer -- and that information may be used or provided to other
audiences, whether in real time or later. This feature is common to many
types of interviews -- a job interview or interview with a witness to an event
may have no other audience present at the time, but the answers will be later
provided to others in the employment or investigative process.

The 8 Major Types of Interviews

1. Informational Interview

In an informational interview the objective is to seek advice and learn more

about a particular employer, sector or job. Interviewing experts in their field is
one more way to add to your employment knowledge base.  Gaining this
information means you are more prepared.  It is also an excellent way of
networking and adding to your contacts.

2. Screening or Telephone Interview

Phone interviews are proving to be a more cost effective way to screen

candidates. Slots range from 10 to 30 minutes.  Prepare for it as if it is an
open book exam.  Make sure you have your CV, the job description, list of
references and prepared answers noted in front of you. A large part of
communication is visual and as they can’t see your body language, it critical to
have positive and sharp answers delivered with enthusiasm. Don’t forget to
ask what the next step will be.

3. Individual Interview

Often referred to as a “personal interview” this is the most common type of

interview and is usually held face to face at the company’s offices.  Find out
the approximate length of the interview in order to prepare; they range from 30
to 90 minutes.  Shorter interviews will mean delivering concise answers that
are to the point.  Longer interviews allow you more time to go into detail and
support your answers with examples.

4. Small Group or Committee Interview

These interviews mean meeting a panel of decision makers at once. This can
be daunting and intimidating if you are not well perpared in advance.   More
than one interviewer means efficiency and an opportunity for different opinions
of the same answer.  Try to build a rapport with each member of the panel
and be sure to make eye contact with everyone not just the person asking the
question. It is also worth trying to find out the names and roles of those on the
panel.

5. The Second or On-Site Interview

The second interview means you have been successful on the first occasion
and they would like to know more.  These interviews can be longer, some
lasting half or a full-day. They often mean meeting three to five people which
can include Human Resources, the line manager, office staff and the head of
department.  Be ‘on the ball’ and show enthusiasm! Try to find out as much as
possible about the agenda for the day as this will go some way to making you
feel less anxious about the whole process.  This is usually the last stage
before an offer of employment is made.

6. Behavioral-Based Interview

Known as Critical Behavioral Interviewing (CBI), the theory is that past

performance in a similar situation is the best predictor of future performance.
This method of interview probes much deeper than the usual interviewing
techniques.  Have specific examples ready that highlight your attributes in
core areas such as teamwork, problem-solving, communication, creativity,
flexibility and organisational skills.  Be structured in your answers and explain
your examples in terms of the situation, the task, the action you took, and the
outcome achieved.

7. Task Oriented or Testing Interview

These interviews are structured in a way that allows you to demonstrate your
creative and analytical abilities in problem solving through varied tasks or
exercises.  It may include a short test to evaluate your technical knowledge
and skills.  Other tasks can be delivering a presentation to a group to
determine your communication skills.  Relaxing is key!

8. Stress Interview

This method of interview is rare and involves the interviewer baiting you to see
your response.  The aim is to highlight your weaknesses and see how you
react under pressure.  Tactics can vary from constant interruptions and odd
silences to provoking and challenging interrogation-type questions used to
push you to your limits.  It is worth asking yourself do you want to work for an
organisation that is willing to go this far even before an offer is put on the
table?