Anandababu N

BITS ID: 201518BT017

Assignment 1 – Engineering Measurement

Q1 . The resistance R ( θ ) of a thermostat at temperature θ K is given by

R ( θ ) = α exp ( β / θ). Given that the resistance at the ice point (θ = 273.15 K) is
9.0 kΩ and the resistance at the steam point is 0.50 kΩ, find the resistance at 25 °C.

Ans :

From the equation R(θ ) = α exp(β/θ ).

Given the resistance at the ice point (θ = 273.15 K) is 9.00 kΩ

9 kΩ = α exp ( β / 273.15 ). Ice point = 0 deg C

the resistance at the steam point is 0.50 kΩ

= 0.50 kΩ = α exp ( β / 373.15 ). Steam point is at 100 deg C

To find the resistance at 25 °C we should be calculate the value of β and α

=
9 kΩ = α exp ( β / 273.15 )

0.50 k Ω = α exp ( β / 373.15 )

18 kΩ = exp( β / 273.15 ) / exp ( β / 373.15 )

equating both sides we get

e ^ ( β / 273.15 ) = 18 kΩ

e ^ ( β / 373.15 )

( β / 273.15 ) = ln (18)

( β / 373.15 )

β - β = ln (18)
(Logarithmic)
273.15 373.15
 373.15 β – 273.15 β

101925.9225 = ln (18)

373.15 β – 273.15 β = ln (18) x 101925.9225

100 β = 294603.807

β = 2946.03

By using the value of β in the one of the above equation to find the value of

α α = 9 kΩ / exp(2946.03 / 273.15 )

α = 1.86 × 10^−4

the resistance at 25 °C.

R(298.15k) = (1.86 × 10^−4)* exp( 2944.2 / 298.15 )

R(298.15k) = 3.62 kΩ = R ( 25 °C) - Ans

Q2. A thermometer is initially at a temperature of 70°F and is suddenly placed in a
liquid which is maintained at 300 °F. The thermometer indicates 200 and 270°F after
intervals of 3 and 5 s, respectively. Estimate the time constant for the Thermometer.

T0 = 70 deg F

Tf = 300 deg F

At Time interval of 3 sec, the rise in temperature T1 = 200 deg F

At Time interval of 5 sec, the rise in temperature T2 = 270 deg F

Find Time constant = ???

T – Tf = e - ( t / RC)

T0 – Tf

RC = time constant

T1 – Tf 200 – 300

T0 – Tf = 70 - 300 = 0.4347 at 3 sec @ temp = 200 deg F

T2 – Tf 270 – 300

T0 – Tf = 70 - 300 = 0.1304 at 5 sec = @ temp = 270 deg F

1 - 0.632 = 0.368

RC = 3.4 sec
Q 3.

A thermometer has a time constant of 10 s and behaves as a first order system. It is

initially at a temperature of 30°C and then suddenly subjected to a surrounding
temperature of 120 °C. Calculate the 90% rise time and the time to attain 99% or the
steady state temperature.

T0 = 30 deg C at t = 0 ; Tf = 120 deg C at steady state

Time constant - RC = 10 sec

For the 90% rise time

e - ( t / RC) = 0.1 and

ln (0.1) = - t / RC

Therefore t = ln (0.1) x RC =

e (- t / RC) = 0.1

- t = ln ( 0.1 ) x RC

- t = - 2.302 RC ; t = 2.302 RC,

t = 23.02 sec

for 99% rise steady state temperature

= e (- t / RC) = 0.01

= - t / RC = ln (0.01)

= - t / RC = - 4.605 , t / RC = 4.605

t = 4.605 RC & t = 4.605 x 10

t (99%) = 46.05 sec

Q4: A force sensor has a mass of 0.5 kg, stiffness of 2×10 2 Nm−1 and a damping
constant of 6.0N s m−1.

(a) Calculate the steady-state sensitivity, natural frequency and damping ratio for
the sensor.

(b) Calculate the displacement of the sensor for a steady input force of 2 N.

(c) If the input force is suddenly increased from 2 to 3 N, derive an expression for
the resulting displacement of the sensor

Soln :

mass m = 0.5 kg, stiffness k = 2 x 102 Nm-1 ; = 0.2 Nm;

damping constant  = 6.0 N sm-1 =

Steady state sensitivity K = 1 / k

= 1 / (2 x 102 Nm-1) = 0.005 Nm-1

undamped natural frequency = wn = √(k / m) rad / s

√( 2 x 102 / 0.5) = 20 rad / s

damping ratio  =  / 2√( km) ; damping ratio  = 6.0 N sm-1 / 2√( 2 x 102 x 0.5) = 0.3

under damped natural frequency = wd = wn. √( 1- 2 ) = 20 x √( 1- 0.32 ) = 19.07 rad / s

b) displacement of the sensor for steady input force of 2 N

x = F / k ; F = 2 N; k = 2 x 102 Nm-1 = 2 / 2 x 102 Nm-1 = 0.01 m

displacement x = 0.01 m

c) Resulting displacement of the sensor

As damping ratio  = 0.3 < 1 (underdamped condition)

f o (t) = 1- e ^ (0.3 x 20 x t) [ cos 20 √( 1- 0.32 ) t + 0.3
x sin 20 x √( 1- 0.32 ) t ]
√( 1- 0.32
)

f o (t) = 1- e ^ (6 t) x [ cos 19.07 t + 0.3145 x sin 19.07 t ] meters

Steady state displacement is given below

Steady state sensitivity = 0.005

step height = 1 (change in force = 2 N to 3 N)

unit step response = f o (t)

Hence, steady state displacement as below

= 0.005 x 1 x 1- e ^ (6 t) x [ cos 19.07 t + 0.3145 x sin 19.07 t ] meters

Q5 :

An elastic force sensor has an effective seismic mass of 0.1 kg, a spring stiffness of
10N m−1 and a damping constant of 14 N s m−1. Calculate the following quantities:
(i) sensor natural frequency (ii) sensor damping ratio

(iii) transfer function relating displacement and force.

Soln :

i) sensor natural frequency,

mass m = 0.1 kg, spring stiffness k = 10 Nm -1 ; = damping constant  = 14 N s m−1

undamped natural frequency wn = √(k / m) rad / s

undamped natural frequency wn = √(10 Nm-1 / 0.1 kg) rad / s

= 10 rad / s

Sensor damping ratio  =  / 2√( km) ;

Sensor damping ratio  = 14 N s m−1 / 2√( 10 Nm-1 x 0.1 kg) = 7 ;

1
G (s) =

(1 / 10)2 s 2 +( ( 2 x 7 ) / 10 )) s + 1

1 x 10 - 1
G (s) =
(10 - 2 x s 2 +( 2 x 7 ) s + 1

1 x 10 - 1
G (s) =
(10 - 2 x s 2 + 14 s + 1
Q6. A force sensor has an output range of 1 to 5 V corresponding to an input range
of 0 to 2×105 N. Find the equation of the ideal straight line.

Output Omin = 1 V ; Output Omax = 5 V ; Input I min = 0 N ; Input I Max = 2 x 105 N

= 5–1

2 x 105 – 0 = 0.00002

K = 0.00002

a = Omin – K I min = 1 - 0.00002 x 0

a=1

Oideal = KI + a

Oideal = 0.00002 I + 1
Q7: A non-linear temperature sensor has an input range of 0 to 400 °C and an output
range of 0 to 20 mV. The output signal at 100 °C is 4.5 mV. Find the non-linearity at
100 °C in millivolts and as a percentage of span.

Solution :

Input Imin = 0 deg C; Input Input Imax = 400 deg C

Output Omin = 0 V ; Output Omax = 20 mV ; Output O = 4.5 mV ; Input I = 100 deg C

K=20 – 0

400 – 0

K = 0.05

a = Omin – K I min = 0 - 0.05 x 0

a=0

O ( I ) = 0.05 ( I ) + 0

O ( I ) = 0.05 (100 ) = 5 mV (for Input temp @ 100 deg C)

O (100) = 4.5 mV

N ( I ) is the difference between actual & ideal straight line behaviour

N ( I ) = 4.5 – ( 0.05 x 100 + 0); where N ( I ) is non linearity

N ( 4 ) = - 0.5
 Non linearity % =- 0.5x 100 %

= 20 - 0 Nl = 2.5 %

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Q8: A force sensor has an input range of 0 to 10 kN and an output range of 0 to 5V

at a standard temperature of 20 °C. At 30 °C the output range is 0 to 5.5 V. Quantify
this environmental effect.

Solution :

Input Imin = 0 ; Input Imax = 10 KN ; Output Omin = 0 ; Output Omax = 5 v @

standard temperature T = 20 deg C,

@ temperature = 30 deg C ; Output Omin = 0 v ; Output Omax = 5.5 V

K for temp T = 20 deg C

K=5 – 0
K = 0.5
10 – 0

K1 for temp T = 30 deg C

K=5.5 – 0
K1 = 0.55
10 – 0
K1 = K+KM x IM

K = sensitivity

KM = Modifying sensitivity w.r.t environment , temp variation

IM = modifying input i e., change in temp = 20 – 30 = 10

0.55 = 0.5 + 10 KM

KM = 0.005 V KN-1 C-1

a = 0 – 0.5 x 0 = 0

O (ideal) = 0.5 x 30 + 0 = 15

N ( I ) = 15 – (0.5 x 30 + 0)

N(I)=0

As no shift of the curve to the axis I or O, then:

KI = 0
Q9: A pressure transducer has an input range of 0 to 104 Pa and an output range of 4
to 20 mA at a standard ambient temperature of 20 °C. If the ambient temperature is
increased to 30 °C, the range changes to 4.2 to 20.8 mA. Find the values of the
environmental sensitivities KI and KM.

Solution

Omax = 20 mA ; Omin = 4 mA ; Imax = 104 ; Imin = 0 ; @ temp = 20 deg C Omax

= 20.8 mA ; Omin = 4.2 mA @ temp = 30 °C

IM = 30-20 = 10 °C

T ambient = 20°C T ambient = 30°C II = 30-20 = 10°C IM = 30-20 = 10°C

K = Omax – Omin K1 = Omax – Omin a1 = a+KI.II K1 = K + KM.IM

Imax – Imin Imax – Imin
4.2 = 4+10KI 0.1596=0.158+10KM
K = 20 - 4 K1 = 20.8 - 4.2
104 - 0 104 - 0 KI = 0.02 mA °C-1 KM = 6 x 10 -4 mA Pa-1 °C-1

K = 0.1538 K1 = 0.1596

a = Omin – KImin a = Omin – KImin

a=4 a1 = 4.2

KI = 0.02 mA °C-1

KM = 6 x 10 -4 mA Pa-1 °C-1
Q10: Following Figure shows a block diagram of a force transducer using negative
feedback. The elastic sensor gives a displacement output for a force input; the
displacement sensor gives a voltage output for a displacement input. VS is the
supply voltage for the displacement sensor. Calculate the output voltage V0 when

(i) VS=1.0 V, F =50 N (ii) VS =1.5 V, F =50 N.

K = sensing element = Force transducer = 10-4

KA = Amplifier gain = Amplifier = 103

Kf = Feedback element = Coil and magnet = 10

Km x Im = Modifying Input = Displacement sensor = 100 x Vs

Fin = Input Force = = 50 N

= Output Voltage V0 =

= Output Voltage V0 = for Input force 50 N & Vs = 1.0 V

(10-4 + 100 x 1) x 103

1 + (10- 4 + 100 x 1) 103 x 10
x 50 = 4.995 V
Output Voltage V0 = for Input force 50 N & Vs = 1.5 V

(10-4 + 100 x 1.5) x 103

1 + (10- 4 + 100 x 1.5) 103 x 10
x 50
= 4.997 V

This means that the system output depends only on the gain KF of the feedback element
and is independent of the gains K and KA in the forward path. Changes in K and KA due
to modifying inputs and/or non-linear effects have negligible effect on VOUT.