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    Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)

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    Mansunder Singh
    LCDs are flat panel displays that use liquid crystals to modulate light. They are made up of pixels filled with liquid crystals arrayed in front of a backlight. LCDs are used in many devices like monitors, TVs, clocks and phones. They do not emit their own light but rely on external light sources. Active matrix LCDs have a transistor at each pixel to improve image quality over passive matrix LCDs. While thinner and more energy efficient than CRTs, LCDs have disadvantages like lower contrast and restricted viewing angles.

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    Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)

    Uploaded by

    Mansunder Singh
    141 views17 pages
    LCDs are flat panel displays that use liquid crystals to modulate light. They are made up of pixels filled with liquid crystals arrayed in front of a backlight. LCDs are used in many devices like monitors, TVs, clocks and phones. They do not emit their own light but rely on external light sources. Active matrix LCDs have a transistor at each pixel to improve image quality over passive matrix LCDs. While thinner and more energy efficient than CRTs, LCDs have disadvantages like lower contrast and restricted viewing angles.

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    presentation-130909130658-.pdf

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    LCDs are flat panel displays that use liquid crystals to modulate light. They are made up of pixels filled with liquid crystals arrayed in front of a backlight. LCDs are used in many devices like monitors, TVs, clocks and phones. They do not emit their own light but rely on external light sources. Active matrix LCDs have a transistor at each pixel to improve image quality over passive matrix LCDs. While thinner and more energy efficient than CRTs, LCDs have disadvantages like lower contrast and restricted viewing angles.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    141 views17 pages

    Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)

    Uploaded by

    Mansunder Singh
    LCDs are flat panel displays that use liquid crystals to modulate light. They are made up of pixels filled with liquid crystals arrayed in front of a backlight. LCDs are used in many devices like monitors, TVs, clocks and phones. They do not emit their own light but rely on external light sources. Active matrix LCDs have a transistor at each pixel to improve image quality over passive matrix LCDs. While thinner and more energy efficient than CRTs, LCDs have disadvantages like lower contrast and restricted viewing angles.

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    of 17

    LIQUID CRYSTAL

    DISPLAY (LCD)
    What Is LCD???
    • A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a thin, flat panel used for
    electronically displaying information such as text, images, and
    moving pictures.

    • It is an electronically-modulated optical device made up of


    any number of pixels filled with liquid crystals and arrayed in
    front of a light source(backlight) or reflector to produce
    images in color or monochrome.

    • Its uses include computer monitors ,televisions , instrument


    panels, and devices ranging from aircraft cockpit displays, to
    every-day consumer devices such as clocks , calculators, and
    telephones.
    LCD Overview

    • LCDs are a type of light modulating display device. LCD technology does
    not directly emit light in order to create visualizations, it rather modifies
    the transmission of light to represent images.
    – On the other hand Plasma displays, CRT and OLED devices are all
    light emitting display devices.
    • LCDs are rapidly becoming the most popular display device available.
    – 2006 - Nearly 33% of all TVs sold in North America were LCDs
    – 2007 - Expected to surpass 50%

    3
    History and Development of LCDs
    • Discovery of liquid crystals
    – 1888
    • Friedrich Reinitzer discovers liquid crystals
    – 1904
    • Otto Lehmann publishes work on liquid crystals
    • Innovation
    – 1963
    • Richard Williams and George Heilmeier suggest using
    liquid crystals for making a display device
    – 1968
    • First operational LCD created by RCA using Dynamic Scattering Method
    (DSM)
    – 1971
    • First LCD using Twisted Nematics (TN) produced

    4
    History and Development of LCDs (cntd)
    • Applications
    – 1970’s
    • First commercial LCDs came into existence. The technology was first
    used in the quartz watch and in early calculator displays.
    – 1990’s
    • Early use of colour LCDs for digital cameras and computer monitors
    – 2000’s
    • Technological improvements led to larger LCDs suitable for home theatre
    use.
    • Full HD 1080p displays produced
    • Currently the largest LCD panel is 108”

    5
    Liquid Crystal Displays

    Liquid crystal display (LCD) is a flat electronic display panel used as a


    visual display aid. It uses liquid crystals to create visual effects on
    screen. Liquid crystal is a state of matter between solids and liquids.
    LCDs do not generate light on their own but rely on sunlight or room
    light to generate images with help of liquid crystal.
    How LCD Works
    Types of LCDs
    • Passive vs Active Matrix
    – Passive
    • Each pixel must retain it’s state without a steady electric charge
    • Scanned one pixel at a time
    • Poor contrast, and very slow response times
    – Active
    • Electric charged is stored between refreshes
    • Scanned one row at a time

    8
    PASSIVE MATRIX LCD DISPLAY

    • Uses a grid of vertical and horizontal conductors


    comprised of Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) to create an
    image
    • There is no switching device.
    • Pixels are addressed one at a time by row and
    column matrix
    • Only used in low-resolution displays (such as watch,
    calculator)
    • Slow response time, poor contrast

    9
    PASSIVE MATRIX LCD DISPLAY

    10
    PASSIVE MATRIX LCD DISPLAY

    • It is based on Thin Film Transistor (TFT) Technology


    • Switching element at each pixel. Individual pixels
    isolated from each other. Thin Film Transistors most
    commonly used.
    • Each row line is activated sequentially
    • Used in computer displays
    • A switching device and a storage capacitor are
    integrated at the each cross point of the electrodes

    11
    ACTIVE MATRIX LCD DISPLAY

    12
    PROBLEMS FACED IN PASSIVE DISPLAY

    • Crosstalk occurs when neighboring pixel voltages


    affect each other, reducing the gray scale,
    contrast, and viewing angle.

    • Submarining occurs when slow-to-respond LC


    materials cannot respond quickly enough and the
    picture can disappear temporarily.

    • One Solution: placing a switch at each pixel, such


    as a transistor or diode --> pixel matrix becomes
    “active.”
    13
    PROBLEMS SOLVED BY ACTIVE DISPLAY

    • Pixel isolation eliminates crosstalk


    • Isolation from the column line permits the pixel
    capacitor to remain charged, so that faster
    responding liquid crystals can be used.
    • Due to switching action of transistors,only the desired
    pixel recieve a charge ,improving image quality over
    a passive matrix.

    14
    ADVANTAGES OF LCD
    Produces very bright images due to high peak intensity. Very
    Brightness
    suitable for environments that are brightly lit .
    Produce considerably lower electric, magnetic and
    Emissions
    electromagnetic fields than CRTs.
    Geometric No geometric distortion at the native resolution. Minor
    Distortion distortion can occur for other resolutions.
    Energy efficient. Consume less than 1/3 the power of a
    Power
    comparable CRT. Consume less electricity than a CRT and
    Consumption
    produce little heat.
    Take up about 40% less desk space. LCDs are thin and
    Physical Aspects
    compact.
    Screen Shape Completely flat screen.
    At the native resolution, the image is perfectly sharp.
    Sharpness Adjustments are required at all other resolutions which can
    result in measurable degradation to the image.
    DISADVANTAGES OF LCD
    Aspect Ratio The aspect ratio and resolution are fixed.
    Not proficient at producing black and very dark grays. In a
    Black-Level "standard" configuration, not appropriate for use in dimly lit and
    dark conditions.
    Contrast Lower contrast than CRTs due to a poor black-level.
    Considerably more expensive purchase price than comparable
    Cost CRTs . (Cheaper lifetime cost: lasts about 13,000 - 15,000 more
    hours than a typical CRT.)
    Slow response times and scan rate conversion result in severe
    Motion Artifacts motion artifacts and image degradation for moving or rapidly
    changing images.
    Works best at the native resolution. The native resolution can not
    Resolution be changed. All other resolutions require adjusting procedures
    which can cause considerable deterioration of the image.
    Restricted viewing angles. Viewing angles affect the brightness,
    Viewing Angle
    contrast and colors shown. Wide angles can lead to contrast and
    color reversal.

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