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CE Reference: Working Stress Analysis For Concrete Beams

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The key takeaways are that a reinforced concrete beam goes through three stages - uncracked, crack, and ultimate - as the applied load increases. The cracking moment depends on factors like the modulus of rupture and moment of inertia. Common methods to analyze stresses in cracked beams are the internal couple method and transformed section method.

The three stages are the uncracked concrete stage, crack concrete stage, and ultimate stress stage. In the uncracked stage, cracks have not formed yet. In the crack stage, cracks start to form and spread. In the ultimate stage, failure may occur.

The cracking moment depends on factors like the modulus of rupture of concrete, which depends on the concrete strength, and the moment of inertia of the gross section.

3/10/2016 Working Stress Analysis for Concrete Beams | Reinforced Concrete Design by WSD Method

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Working Stress Analysis for Concrete Beams

Consider a relatively long simply supported beam shown below. Assume the load wo to be
increasing progressively until the beam fails. The beam will go into the following three stages:
1. Uncrack Concrete Stage – at this stage, the gross section of the concrete will resist the bending
which means that the beam will behave like a solid beam made entirely of concrete.
2. Crack Concrete Stage – Elastic Stress range
3. Ultimate Stress Stage – Beam Failure

Concrete Beam Crack Stages
At section 1: Uncrack stage
a. Actual moment, M < Cracking moment, Mcr
b. No cracking occur
c. The gross section resists bending
d. The tensile stress of concrete is below rupture
 
At Section 2: Boundary between crack and uncrack stages
a. Actual moment, M = Cracking moment, Mcr

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3/10/2016 Working Stress Analysis for Concrete Beams | Reinforced Concrete Design by WSD Method

b. Crack begins to form
c. The gross section resists bending
d. The tensile stress of concrete reached the rupture point
 
At Section 3: Crack concrete stage
a. Actual moment, M > Cracking moment, Mcr
b. Elastic stress stage
c. Cracks developed at the tension fiber of the beam and spreads quickly to the neutral axis
d. The tensile stress of concrete is higher than the rupture strength
e. Ultimate stress stage can occur at failure
 

Working Stress Analysis – Uncracked Stage
The beam will behave elastically and remains uncracked. The tensile stress of concrete is below
rupture.
 

 
Cracking Moment
NSCP 2010, Section 409.6.2.3
 
− −
Modulus of rupture of concrete, f r

= 0.7√ f c  MPa

f r Ig
Cracking moment, M cr =
yt

 
Where
I  = Moment of inertia of the gross section neglecting reinforcement
g

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3/10/2016 Working Stress Analysis for Concrete Beams | Reinforced Concrete Design by WSD Method

yt  = distance from centroid of gross section to extreme tension fiber
 

Working Stress Analysis – Cracked Stage
General Requirement
Actual Stresses ≤ Allowable Stresses
 
Internal Couple Method
Static equilibrium of internal forces
 

 
Factor k:
fc
k =
fs
fc +
n

Factor j:
1
j = 1 k
3

Moment resistance coefficient:
1
R = f c kj
2

Moment capacity: Use the smallest of the two
1 2 2
Mc = C jd = f c kj bd = Rbd
2

Ms = T jd = As f s jd

 
Transformed Section Method
Convert steel area to equivalent concrete area by multiplying As with modular ratio, n.
 
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3/10/2016 Working Stress Analysis for Concrete Beams | Reinforced Concrete Design by WSD Method

 
Location of the neutral axis from extreme compression fiber
Singly reinforced:  1

2
bx
2
= nAs (d − x)

Doubly reinforced:  1

2
bx
2 ′ ′
+ (2n − 1)As (x − d ) = nAs (d − x)

 
Cracked section moment of inertia (INA = Icr)
3
bx
Singly reinforced: I NA = + nAs (d − x)
2

3
3
bx
Doubly reinforced: I NA =

+ (2n − 1)As (x − d )
′ 2
+ nAs (d − x)
2

 
Actual stresses (calculate using Flexure Formula)
Concrete
Mx
fc =
IN A

Tension steel
fs M (d − x)
=
n IN A

Compression steel for doubly reinforced
′ ′
fs M (x − d )
=
2n IN A

 
Tags:  Cracking Moment Crack Stage of Concrete Uncracked Stage

Example 01: Required steel area of reinforced concrete
Example 02: Total compressive force in conrete
Example 03: Moment capacity of a concrete beam
Example 04: Compressive Force in Concrete T­Beam
Example 05: Stresses of Steel and Concrete in Doubly Reinforced Beam
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3/10/2016 Working Stress Analysis for Concrete Beams | Reinforced Concrete Design by WSD Method

‹ Reinforced Concrete Design by WSD up Example 01: Required steel area of
Method reinforced concrete ›

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Reinforced Concrete Design by WSD Method

Working Stress Analysis for Concrete Beams
Example 01: Required steel area of reinforced concrete
Example 02: Total compressive force in conrete
Example 03: Moment capacity of a concrete beam
Example 04: Compressive Force in Concrete T­Beam
Example 05: Stresses of Steel and Concrete in Doubly Reinforced Beam

Design of Concrete Beam Reinforcement using WSD Method

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