Assignment#04 Subject:: Renewable Energy System

Assignment#04
Subject:
Renewable Energy System
Submitted To:
Sir Ijaz
Submitted By:
Umer Farooq (UW-16-EE-BSc-041)
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF WAH, QUAID AVENUE WAH CANTT
www.wecuw.edu.pk
Biogas potential in Pakistan

Being an agricultural economy, biogas energy potential in Pakistan is highly promising.
Pakistan is experiencing a severe energy crisis these days which is resulting in adverse long
term economic and social problems. The electricity and gas shortages have directly impacted
the common man, industry and commercial activities. The high cost of energy mix is the
main underlying reason behind the power crisis. The main fuel for the local power industry is
natural gas however due to the continued depletion of this source and demands elsewhere the
power generation companies are now dependent on furnace oil which is relatively expensive.
One cubic meter of biogas can generate an electrical energy of 2.5 KWh. The annual growth
rate of livestock sector is 4% in Pakistan and its dung can produce 35.625 million KWh of
electric energy per day. The installation cost of biogas plant is not only economical but also
beneficial in reducing respiratory and eye infections. PCRET has installed 4109 biogas plants
across the country which saves average of Rs. 37.925 million per month in terms of kerosene
oil, wood, liquefied petroleum gas and bio fertilizer.
Agricultural Residues
Wheat straw, rice husk, rice straw, cane trash, bagasse, cotton sticks are some of the major
crop residues in Pakistan. Sugar cane is a major crop in the country and grown on a wide
scale throughout Pakistan. During 2010-2011, the area under sugarcane cultivation was
1,029,000 hectares which is 4% of the total cropped area.
Sugarcane trash
Sugarcane trash which constitutes 10% of the sugar cane is currently burned in the fields.
During the year 2010-11, around 63,920,000 metric tons of sugarcane was grown in Pakistan
which resulted in trash generation of around 5,752,800 metric tons. As per conservation
estimates, the bioenergy potential of cane trash is around 9,475 GWh per year. Cotton is
another major cash crop in Pakistan and is the main source of raw material to the local textile
industry. Cotton is grown on around 11% of the total cropped area in the country. The major
residue from cotton crop is cotton sticks which is material left after cotton picking and
constitute as much as 3 times of the cotton produced.
Animal Manure
Pakistan is the world’s fourth largest producer of milk. The cattle and dairy population is
around 67,294,000 while the animal manure generation is estimated at 368,434,650 metric
tons. Biogas generation from animal manure is a very good proposition for Pakistan as the
country has the potential to produce electrical energy equivalent to 23,654 GWh
Municipal Solid Waste

The generation or solid wastes in 9 major urban centers is around 7.12 million tons per
annum which is increasing by 2.5% per year due to rapid increase in population and high rate
of industrialization. The average calorific value of MSW in Pakistan is 6.89 MJ/kg which
implies power generation potential of around 13,900 GWh per annum. Pakistan has a
livestock population of over 50 million, which alone produces about 1 million ton per day of
biogas (dung), most of which gets wasted producing local nuisance and global environmental
problems (global warming due to methane release). However, oil and gas demand can be
reduced by generating and utilizing biogas in many direct and indirect ways.
Future Prospects
The total potential of biogas available in the country is 14.25 million meter cube per day. A
substitute of natural gas and chemical Fertilizer” with cost of 481.66 million whose objective
is to install 10,100 Biogas plants throughout Pakistan that provide cheaper energy.
Methods of converting Municipal Solid Waste into Bio Gas
Landfill
Landfill is an old and a common treatment method for disposing waste. This disposal system
can create significant environmental impacts under unregulated conditions. In the last decade,
the number of active landfills has been reducing in developed countries. For example,
Sweden has had a reduction from 350 to 85 landfills in the past ten years. In contrast, in low
and middle-income countries open dump landfills are still commonly used for disposing
waste. However, improvements to have sanitary landfills have been doing in some
developing countries.
The advantages and disadvantages of landfill systems depend on the conditions and
engineering of the landfill. One advantage of properly designed landfill systems is the active
extraction of landfill gas. The landfill gas is produced from the decomposition of the organic
material contained in the landfill. The landfill gas can be used in energy generation, but the
collection efficiency is rather low (approximately 50 % or less). The landfill gas is in its
majority generated in the first 15 to 25 years, and under optimal conditions the main fraction
of the landfill gas can be extracted during the first 3 to 10 years. Other advantage of
landfilling waste is the reuse of land. If the landfill has been regulated, it can be used for
parks or other purposes after its closure.
Pyrolysis
Pyrolysis is a thermochemical decomposition process conducted under oxygen-deficient

conditions and typically at temperatures ranging between 300°C and 650°C . The major
products of pyrolysis are char and condensable gases. Part of the condensable gases may be
further decomposed into secondary products including CO, CO2, H2, and CH4. Pyrolysis for
the production of char as an energy carrier is not a new concept. It has been extensively used
to produce charcoal and coke from biomass and coal. For MSW pyrolysis, numerous studies
have been conducted, with main focus on technology development and system design. The
pyrolytic liquid as a result of condensation of volatiles can be utilized as a fuel product
(referred to as bio-oil) after further upgrading and/or as an intermediate for the synthesis of
fine chemicals. The char may be used in a number of potential applications, including energy
production, as soil amendment, and for long-term carbon sequestration.
Anaerobic digestion
Anaerobic digestion is a process through which bacteria break down waste matter—such as
manure, solid waste without oxygen. As the bacteria “work,” they generate biogas. The
biogas that is generated is made mostly of methane, the primary component of natural gas.
The non-methane components of the biogas are removed so the methane can be used as an
energy source.
Some types of organic matter break down more easily than others. Generally, the more
“digestible” the organic matter is, the more biogas can be produced. Digestion occurs when
anaerobic digestion is used to break down multiple types of organic waste in one anaerobic
digester. Organic wastes that can be used in digestion with manure include restaurant or
cafeteria food wastes; food processing wastes or by-products; fats, oil and grease from
restaurant grease traps; energy crops; and crop residues. Digestion can increase biogas
production from low-yielding or difficult-to-digest organic waste. The following diagram
demonstrates the whole process:
Hydrothermal carbonization
In both pyrolysis and Torrefaction, the feedstock generally needs to be predried to remove
moisture, which is energy demanding. For wet feedstock’s, it is therefore a more feasible
alternative to subject the material to a wet thermochemical conversion technique, such as
hydrothermal carbonization (HTC). Similar to pyrolysis and Torre faction, HTC is a thermal
technique that is performed in the absence of oxygen [160]. Unlike conventional pyrolysis,
HTC is carried out in the presence of subcritical water. The process involves the heating of
the feedstock together with water at a temperature of 180–250°C in a pressure vessel for
several hours. The water contained in the feedstock is used as solvent to pressurize the
reaction medium, and therefore, there is no need for pretreatment to remove water from the
material.
Economical Feasible Aspects
From the study of different research papers it can be said that this process is economically
viable. AD has several economic benefits due to the generation of renewable energy (biogas
and its different uses) and other products (digestate that can be used as organic fertilizer),
collection of tipping fees, and government incentives.

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Assignment#04

Umer Farooq (UW-16-EE-BSc-041)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF WAH, QUAID AVENUE WAH CANTT

Biogas potential in Pakistan

Municipal Solid Waste

Methods of converting Municipal Solid Waste into Bio Gas

Pyrolysis is a thermochemical decomposition process conducted under oxygen-deficient

Economical Feasible Aspects

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