Self Practice Problems

Prove the following result by using principle of mathematical induction 

1. 4 + 8 + 12 + … + 4n = 2n(n + 1).
2. 2 + 2 + 2 + … + 2= 2 - 2
1 2 3 n n+1

3. 1 + 3 + 5 + … + (2n – 1) = n (2n – 1).

3 3 3 3 2 2

4. (a) 1·2·3 + 2·3·4 + 3·4·5 + … + n(n + 1) (n +2) = nn+ 1n+2 n+34.

(b) 1·2·3 + 2·3·4 + … + n(n + 1) = nn+ 1n+23.
5. a – b is divisible by a – b.
2n 2n

5. 7 + 16nis divisible by 64.

2n

5. n(n – 1) is devisible by 24; n is positive odd integer.

2

5. 1·3 + 2·4 + 3·5 + … + n(n – 2 ) = n 6(n + 1) (2n + 7).

5. (x + a) = x + C x ·a + C x ·a + … + C x ·d + … + C a , n being a positive integer.
n n n
1
n– 1 n
2
n-2 2 n
r
n-r n
n
n

5. (a) 1 + 2 + 3 + ... +  r + … + n =n 6  (n + 1) (2n + 1).

2 2 2 2 2

(b) 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + (-1) n = (-1)n-1  nn+12.

2 2 2 n+1 2

11. 12 ∙ 5 +15 ∙ 8+18 ∙ 11 + … to n terms  =n 2 (3n + 2).

11. (a) 12 ∙ 5+15 ∙ 8+18 ∙ 11 + …to n terms  =n n+1 .
(b)1 n+1 +1 n+2 + … + 1 2n>13 24 , for n ≥ 2.
13. (a) x – y is divisible by x + y when n is even.
n n

(b) x – 1 is devisible by x – 1 for all positive integral value of n .

n

(c) x – y is devisible by x – y, when n is a natural number.

2n 2n

14. n(n + 1) (n + 2) is a multiple of 6, when n is a natural number.

14.n55+n33 +7n15 is a natural number; n a natural number.
14. (a) 10 + 1 is devisible by 11 for each natural number.
2n-1

(b) 6 + 7 isdevisible by 43 for each natural number.

n+2 2n+1

(c) n + 2n is devisible by 3 for all n ≥ 1.

3

17. 1 + 3 + 5 + … + (2n – 1) = nn- 12n+13.

2 2 2 2

17. 1 ∙ 3 + 3 ∙ 5 + 5 ∙ 7 + … + (2n – 1) (2n + 1 ) = n 3(4n + 6n - 1) . 2

17. (a) 1 + 11 + 2 +11 + 2 + 3+ + 1 1 + 2 +  3 + + n  =2nn + 1 .

(b) 121 ∙ 3+223 ∙ 5 ++n2( 2n - 1) (2n + 1)  = n(n + 1 )2(2n + 1) .
20. Iog x =nIog x, nbeing  a positive integer.
a
n
a

20. 2 + 6 + 10 + … + (4n – 2) = 2n . 2

20. 2 ∙ 3 + 4 ∙ 5 + 6 ∙ 7  + … up to n terms = nn + 14n  + 53 .

20. (a) n(n + 1) (n + 2) is multiple of 6.
(b) n(n + 1) (2n + 1) is divisible by 6.
24. 15n +13n3+715 n is a natural number for all n.
5
 ANSWER
1. (a). n = 1
4 (1) = 2 (1) (1 + 1)
4  = 4.
(b). n = k
4 + 8 + n + … + 4k = 2k (k +1).
(c). n = k + 1
      4 + 8 + 2 + … 4k + 4 (k +1) = 2 (k +1) (k+1)+1
2k (k + 1) + 4k +4 = 2 (k + 1) (k + 2)
2k2+ 2k + 4k + 4 = 2 (k + 1) (k + 2)
2k2 + 6k +4 = 2 (k + 1) (k + 2)
2 (k + 1) (k + 2) = 2 (k + 1) (k + 2).

2. (a). n = 1
      21 = 2 1 + 1 – 2
      2 = 2.
(b). n = k
      21 + 22 + 23 + … + 2k= 2 k + 1 – 2
(c). 21 + 22 + 23 + … + 2k + 2 k + 1 = 2 k + 1 + 1 – 2
      2 k + 1 – 2 + 2 k + 1 = 2 k + 2 - 2
      2∙ 2 k + 1 – 2 = 2 k + 2 – 2
           2 k + 2 – 2 = 2 k + 2– 2.

3. (a). n = 1
      13 = 12 ( 2(1)2-1)
      1 = 1
(b). n = k
      13 + 33 + 53 + … + (2k – 1)3 = k2 (2k2 – 1)
(c). n = k +1
      13 + 33 + 53 + … + (2k– 1)3 + 2 (k + 1 – 1)3 = (k + 1)2 (2k +1)2 – 1
k2 (2k2 -1) + 2 (k + 1 – 1)3 = (k + 1)2 (2 (k +1)2 – 1
k2 (2k2 – 1) + 2 (k)3 = (k + 1)2 (2 (k +1)2 – 1
      2k4 -k2+ 2k3 = (k2 + 2k + 1) (2k2 + 4k + 2 – 1)
      2k4 – k2 + 2k3

4. (a). 1·2·3 + 2·3·4 + 3·4·5 + … + n(n + 1) (n +2) = nn+ 1n+2 n+34.

 n=1
1 (1 + 1) (1 + 2) = 11+ 11+2 1+34.
6=6
 n=k
1·2·3 + 2·3·4 + 3·4·5 + … + k(k + 1) (k +2) = kk+ 1k+2 k+34.
 n=k
1·2·3 + 2·3·4 + 3·4·5 + … +  kk+ 1k+2 k+34 + k+ 1k+1+1 k+1+2 = k+
1k+1+1 k+1+2 (k+1+3)4
 kk+ 1k+2 k+3 +  4k+ 1k+2 k+34= k+ 1k+2 k+3k+44
 k+ 4k+1k+2 (k+3)4=k+ 1k+2 k+3k+44.

(b). 1·2 + 2·3 +3·4 + … + n(n + 1) = nn+ 1n+23

 n=1
1 (1 + 1) = 11+ 11+23.
2=2
 n=k
1·2 + 2·3 +3·4 + … + k(k + 1) = kk+ 1k+23
 n = k +1
1·2 + 2·3 +3·4 + … + k(k + 1) + (k + 1 (k + 1 +1) = k+ 1k+1+1(k+1+2) 3

k(k+ 1)  (k+2)3(k+ 1)  (k+2)=(k+ 1)  (k+1+1)(k+1+2)3

kk+ 1k+2+3 (k+ 1)  (k+2)3=(k+ 1)  (k+2) ( k+3) 3

(k+ 1)  (k+2) ( k+3)3=(k+ 1)  (k+2) ( k+3) 3

5. a2n – b2n =a – b.
 n=1
a2-b2a ∙ b= a2-b2a ∙ b=a-b

 n = k=  a2k – b2k

 n = k + 1=  a2(k+1)– b2( k+1 ) 
= a2b2k-b2b2k
= a2 (a2-b2k) + b2 (a2-b2k)

6. 72n + 16n= 64
 n=1
72(1) + 16 (1) = 64
49 + 16 = 64
        65 = 64

7. n(n2 – 1) habis dibagi 24

 n – 1      1(12 – 1) = 0
 n – 3   →   3(32 – 1) = 24
 n – k k(k2 – 1) habis dibagi 24
k3 –k

n = k+ 1(k+ 1)(k+12-1))

= (k+ 1) ( k2 + 2k + 1 – 1)
= (k+ 1) ( k2 + 2k )
= k3 + 2 k2+ k2 + 2k
= k3 + 3 k2  + 2k
8. 1·3 + 2 · 4 + 3 ·5 + … + n(n – 2 ) = n 6(n + 1) (2n + 7)

(a). 1 (1 -2) ! = -1 = 1 6(1 + 1)! (21+ 7) !

= 16(2!) (9!)
= 1008.
(b). n = k

(k-2) ! = k 6(k + 1) ! (2 k + 7) !
 (c). n = k+ 1

1 ∙ 3 + 2 ∙ 4 + 3 ∙ 5 + … + n (n – 2)  =n 6(n+ 1) (2n + 7)

     = 1 ∙ 3 + 2 ∙ 4 + 3 ∙ 5 + … +k 6( k+ 1) ! + (2k + 7) ! +  (k + 1) 

       (k + 1 –2)= k+1 6(k+ 2)! (2k + 9)!.

=k 6( k+ 1) ! + (2k + 7) ! +  (k + 1) (k + 1 –2) ! = k+1 6(k+ 2) (2k + 9)!.

=k 6( k + 1) ! + (2k + 7) ! +  (k + 1) (k – 1) !

9. (x + a)n = xn + nC1xn-1∙ a + nC2xn-2 ∙ a2 + nCrxn –r ∙ d + nCn an

n=1
x1 + 1C1 x1-1 ∙ a + 1C2x1-2 ∙ a2 + nCrx 1–r ∙ d + 1Cn an
(x + a)n
Sehingga, (x + a)n = (x + a)n.

10. (a). 
 n=1
 12= 1 6(1 + 1) (21+ 1)
 1 = 1.
 n=k
12 + 22 + 32 + … + r2  + … k2 = k 6(k + 1) (2k + 1)

 n = k+ 1
1 + 22 + 32 + … + k2  + (k + 1)2 = k+1 6(k + 2) (2k + 3)
2

1 6k(k + 1) (2k + 1)+(k+1)2= k+1 6(k + 2) (2k + 3)

1 6(k + 1)[k (2k + 1)+6(k+1)]=1 6(k+1)(k + 2) (2k + 3)
[k (2k + 1)+6(k+1)]=(k + 2) (2k + 3)
2k2+k+6k+6=2k2+7k+6
2k2+7k+6=2k2+7k+6
 (b). 
 n=1
(-1)1+1 12 = (-1)n+1 1 (1+1) 2
1=1
 n=k
(-1)k+1 k2 = (-1)k+1 k (k+1) 2
 n=k+1
12 - 22  + 32 + … +(-1)k +1  k21 + (-1)k +2 (k +1)2 = (-1)k+2  k+1(k+2)2
 (-1)k+1 k (k+1) 2+ (-1)k +2 (k +1)2=(-1)k+2  k+1(k+2)2
(-1)k+1  k+1+2 ∙  (-1)k+2  (k+1)22=(-1)k+2  k+1(k+2)2
(-1)k+2  k+1(k+2)2 =(-1)k+2  k+1(k+2)2

11.   12 . 5+15 . 8+18.11+…n= n2(3n+2)

 n=1
12 31+2=52 
 n=k
k2(3k+2) 
 n=k+1
k+12(3k+5) 

12.  (a)
 n=1
11+1=12 
 n=k
kk+1 
 n=k+1
k+1k+2 
            (b)
 n=1
14+15+…+16>1324 
 n=k
1k+1+1k+2+…12k>1324 
 n=k+1
1k+2+1k+3+…12k+2>1324 
 13. (a).  xn – yn = x + y
 n=1
   = x1 - y1x+y= -1
 n = k  →xk yk
 n = k +1 →xk+1 yk+1  = x ∙ xk - y + yk
=x ( xk - y k)+ y(xk– yk)

(b) xn – 1habisdibagi x – 1
 n = 1 xn – 1 = x  - 1.
 n = k xk – 1 = p.
 n = k + 1 xk+1 – 1 
x∙xk – 1 
                →x ∙p

(c) x2n – y2n habisdibagix –y

 n = 1 x1 - y1x-y= x-y
 n = kx2k–y2k
 n = k + 1 x2 (k+1) –y2(k + 1) = x2 x2k -b2∙ b2k
= a2 a2kb2k +b2  (a2k- b2k)

14. n(n + 1) (n + 2)
 n = 1 →11+1(1+2)
=  6
 n = k→kk+1(k+2)
 n = k→kk+1k+2k+3
= k+1k2 +3k+2k+6
= k+1k2 +5k+6
= (k + 1) k2+ 4k+k + 6
=k+1k2+4kk+1+(k+1)(k+6)
=k+1 k k+4k+1+(k+1)(k+6)

15. n55 + n33 +7n15

 n=1
155 + 133 +715 = 3+5+715 = 1
 n=k
k55 + k33 +7k15 = 3k5+5k3+7315
 n = k +1
(k+1)55 + (k+1)33 +7(k+1)15
= (k+1)5+(k+1)3+7(k+1)  15
16. (a). 102n-1 + 1 habisdibagi 11
 n = 1 1021-1 + 1 = 11
 n = k102k-1 + 1 = 11p
 n = k+ 1 →102k-1 + 1 
= 102k-1 + 1

(b).  n= 1 61+2 +72+1 = 63 + 73 = 559

         n = k6k+2 +72k+1 = 43p
         n = k + 1 6(k+1+2) +72(k+1)+1
= 6k+3 +72k+3
= 6 ∙72 ( 6k+2 +72k+1)
= 6 ∙72 43p

(c).  n= 1 13 +2(1) = 3
         n = kk3 +2k = 3p
         n = k + 1 (k+1)3 +2(k +1) 
= k3+3k2 +3k + 1 +2k +2
= 3p + 3k2 + 3k + 3
= 3 (p + k2 + k + 1)

17. n = 1 →(21-1)2 =1(2-1)(2+1)3

1=1
n = k→(2k-1)2 =k (2k -1)(2k+1)3
n = k + 1  12 + 32  + 52 + … + (2k – 1)2  + (2(k + 1) –1)2 =(k+1)2k + 1)-1+(2k + 1+13
k (2k -1)(2k+1)3+(2(k + 1) –1)2=(k+1)2k + 1-1)+(2k + 1+13

(2k+1)3(k(2k-1)+3(2k+1))=(k+1)2k + 1-1)+(2k + 1+13

(2k+1)3(2k2-k+6k+3)=(k+1)2k + 1-1)+(2k + 1+13

(2k+1)3(k+1)(2k+3)=(k+1)2k + 1-1)+(2k + 1+13

(2k+1)(k+1)(2k+3)3=(k+1)2k + 1-1)+(2k + 1+13

(k+1)2k + 1-1)+(2k + 1+13=(k+1)2k + 1-1)+(2k + 1+13

18. (2n – 1) (2n + 1 ) = n 3(4n2 + 6n - 1)

 n = 1 21-1)2(1+1= 1 3(4(1)2  + 6 (1) – 1)
3=3
 n = k2k-1  (2k + 1) = k 3(4k2  + 6k – 1)
 n = k + 1 1 ∙ 3 + 3 ∙ 5 + 5 ∙ 7 + … + (2k – 1) (2k + 1)+ (2k +1) (2k + 3) = k+1
3(4(k+ 1)2  +6 (k+ 1) -1)
= k 3(4k2  + 6k – 1) + (2k +1) (2k + 3)
= k+1 3(4(k+ 1)2  + 6 (k + 1) -1).
 19. (a)
 n=1
 2nn+1 = 2.11+1=22=1
 n=k
1+11+2+11+2+3+...+11+2+3+...+k=2kk+1 
 n = k +1
1+11+2+11+2+3+...+11+2+3+...+k+2(k+1)(k+2)=2(k+1)k+2
 (k2+4k+2)(k+1)(k+2)= 2(k+1)k+2
2(k2+2k+1)(k+1)(k+2)= 2(k+1)k+2
2(k+1)2(k+1)(k+2)= 2(k+1)k+2
2(k+1)k+2=2(k+1)k+2
            (b)

 n=1
n22n-12n+1=nn+12(2n+1)
 122.1-12.1+1=11+12(2.1+1)
13=26
13=13
 n=k
k22k-12k+1=kk+122k+1 
 n=k+1
kk+122k+1+k+122 k+1-1(2(k+1)=k+1 (k+1+1)2(2k+1+1) 

20. Iogaxn= nIogax

 n = 1 Iogax1= nIogax
1 =1
 n = kIogaxk= kIogax
 n = k +1 Iogax(k + 1) = ( k + 1) Iogax
( k+ 1) Iogax = ( k+ 1) Iogax

21. 2 + 6 + 10 + … + (4n – 2) = 2n2

 n = 1 41-2=2(1)2
2 =  2
 n = k4k-2=2k2
 n = k + 1 
2 + 6 + 10 + … +4k-2+4 k+1-2=2(k+1)2
2k2+4k –2= 2(k +1)2
2 (k+ 1)2  =2 (k + 1)2
22.    n = 1
12(9)3=113 
n=k
(k2k)(4k+53 
n=k+1
 k+1 k+2(4k+9)3 

23. (a).n(n + 1) (n + 2)
 n = 1 →11+1(1+2)
=  6
 n = k→kk+1(k+2)
 n = k→kk+1k+2k+3
= k+1k2 +3k+2k+6
= k+1k2 +5k+6
= (k + 1) k2+ 4k+k + 6
=k+1k2+4kk+1+(k+1)(k+6)
=k+1 k k+4k+1+(k+1)(k+6)
(b).n(n + 1) (2n + 1)
 n = 1 →1 (1+1)21+1
=  6
 n = k→kk+1(2k+1)=2p
 n = k+ 1→(k+1)k+2(2k+3)

24. n = 1
15+13+715=1512=1 
n=k
15k5+13k3+715k 
n=k+1
15(k+1)5+13(k+1)3+715k