Chapter 2: Childhood Years in Calamba 6, his sisters laughed at him for spending so much time making those

images rather than participating in their games.

Calamba, the Hero’s town He told them “All right laugh at me now! Someday when I die, people will
Natal Town of Calamba – “Big Native Jar. make monuments and images of me!”
 Happiest period- Lakeshore town,worthy prelude to his Hamlet -like tragicmanhood.
-Hacienda town, belonged to the Dominican Order. First Poem by Rizal
-Picturesque town nestling on verdant plain cover w/ irrigated rice fields, sugar lands. 8, Rizal wrote his first poem in the native language entitled “Sa Aking
Mga Kabata” (To My Fellow Children). He wrote it in an appeal to our
South looms the legendary Mt. Makiling, beyond is Batangas.
people to love our national language.
East of the town is the Laguna de Bay.
Middle of lake towers the storied Island of Talim First Drama by Rizal
North Antipolo, Mtn shrine of Miraculous Lady of Peace& Good Voyage. 8, wrote his first dramatic work-Tagalog Comedy. It was staged in a
Calamba festival.
A gobernadorcillo from Paete purchased the manuscript for 2 pesos.
Un Recuerdo A Mi Pueblo (In Memory of My Town) 1876
- Written when he was 15 years old and a student of Ateneo de Manila. Rizal as Boy Magician
coin appear and disappear in his fingers
Earliest Childhood Memories handkerchief vanish in thin air.
 1st memory of Rizal, infancy, happy days in their family garden when he Entertained his town folks with magic-lantern exhibitions.
was 3 years old. He was given the tenderest care by His parents bC he was frail, - consisted of an ordinary lamp casting its shadow on white screen.
sickly, undersized.  manipulating marionettes (puppet shows).
His father built a little nipa cottage in the garden  In Chapter XVII (37) and XVIII (38) of his 2nd novel, El Filibusterismo
 aya (maid)- imaginary tales aroused Rizal’s interest in legends, folklore. (Treason), he revealed his wide knowledge of magic.
 threaten asuang, nuno, tigbalang, terrible bearded turbaned Bombay,
 cottage,culiauan, maya, maria capra, & martin pitpit and other birds and Lakeshore Reveries
listened with “wonder and joy” to the twilight songs. meditate at shore of Laguna de Bay, accompanied by his pet dog USMAN
nocturnal walk in town esp. when there’s a moon with his aya by the river. , on the sad conditions of his oppressed people.
Daily Angelus prayer by nightfall
happy moonlit nights at the azotea after the nightly Rosary. He wrote to his friend, Mariano Ponce:
“In view of these injustices and cruelties, although yet a child, my
imagination was awakened and I made a vow dedicating myself someday to
The Hero’s First Sorrow avenge the many victims. With this idea in my mind, I studied, and this is
Death of Little Concha (Concepcion) 1865 seen in all my writings. Someday God will give me the opportunity to fulfill
Devoted Son of the Church my promise.”
3, began to take part in the family prayer. mother taught Catholic Prayers.
Influences in the Hero’s Boyhood
 5, was able to read the Spanish family bible, novenas, religious
processions.  Hereditary Influence - inherent qualities from his ancestors and parents.
He’s so seriously devout,called Manong Jose by Hermanos & Hermanas Malayan - love for freedom, desire to travel, indomitable courage.
Terceras. Chinese - serious nature, frugality, patience, love for children.
Father Leoncio Lopez, town priest, 1 of the men he esteemed & respected Spanish - elegance of bearing, sensitivity to insult, gallantry to ladies.
in Calamba during his boyhood.
Father - sense of self-respect, love for work, habit of independent thinking.
Mother - religious nature, spirit of self-sacrifice, passion for arts,literature.
Pilgrimage to Antipolo June 06, 1868.
-Jose & his father left Calamba Paciano - love of freedom & justice.
1 st trip across Laguna de Bay They rode Casco (barge). Sisters - to be courteous & kind to women.
Visited Saturnina, boarding student at La Concordia College in Santa
Ana. Aya- Fairy tales told - interest in folklores and legends
Fr. Leoncio Lopez -fostered Rizal’s love for scholarship,intellectual
The Story of the Moth honesty
her mother was teaching him how to read a book entitled“The Children’s
Friend” (El Amigos de los Niños).His mother grew impatient of his poor Tio Jose Alberto - artistic ability, studied 11years in Calcutta, India
reading, lack of focus ,straying his eyes on the flame of the lamp, moths. Tio Manuel - physical exercises; horse riding, walking, wrestling;
Tio Gregorio - voracious reading of good books.
Once there was moth who was fond of the light.It would always go to bright
places that attracted him. One night, it was with its mom.  Environmental Influence
They came across a candle light.The moth, attracted to the flame of the - Artistic & literary talents.Calamba ,Garden ofRizal family
candle approached it. Amazed, he circled the light round and round. - Religious atmosphere at his home - fortified his religious nature.
Its mother upon seeing him circling the candle light warned him. - Sorrows in his family contributed for Rizal to strengthen his character.
“Don’t go playing near the candle light You might get burned with its - Spanish abuses, cruelties he witnessed awakened Rizal’s spirit of
flame.” patriotism and inspired him to consecrate his life and talents to redeem his
But the moth did not listen. oppressed people.
It was happy seeing the bright of the flame. It wanted to touch the flame so
it kept going nearer and nearer to it. Aid of Divine Providence
Then the moth got burned. It was suddenly hit by the flame. It vanished. - A person cannot attain greatness in the annals of the nation despite having
Totally disappeared. everything life (brains, wealth, and power) without this.
- Rizal was providentially destined to be the pride and glory of his nation;
Artistic Talents endowed by God with versatile gifts of a genius, vibrant spirit of a
5, started making sketches with his pencil, mould in clay, wax objects. nationalist, and the valiant heart to sacrifice for a noble cause.
religious banner was always used during fiesta and it was spoiled; Rizal
painted in oil colors a new banner that delighted the town folks. Chapter 3: Early Education in Calamba and Biñan
 Early Education Jose surpassed his classmates in Spanish, Latin, and other subjects.
- Typical schooling that a son of an ilustrado family His older classmates were jealous and wickedly squealed to the teacher
received during his time, whenever he had fights.
‣ Reading Jose usually received five or six blows while laid out on a bench from his
‣ Writing teacher.
‣ Arithmetic
‣ Religion End of Biñan Schooling
December 17, 1870 – Jose left Biñan using the steamer Talim for
- Knowledge was forced into minds of the pupils — Tedius Memory Calamba.
Method (aided with the teacher’s whip) Arturo Camps – Frenchman and friend of his father who took care of him
- Educational System during the last decades of the Spanish Era: during his trip.
✓ Outmoded instruction
✓ Backward system of instruction Martyrdom of Gom-Bur-Za January 20, 1872 (Night)
‣ about 200 Filipino soldiers and workmen of the Cavite arsenal under the
The Hero’s First Teacher leadership of Lamadrid, Filipino Sargeant, rose in violent mutiny
 Doña Teodora, his mother, was his first teacher. - Abolition of their usual privileges
“My mother,” wrote Rizal in his student memoirs, “taught me ✓ Exemption from tribute and polo
how to read and to say haltingly the humble prayers which I
raised fervently to God.” - CAVITE MUTINY
‣ Was surpressed 2 days later — troop reinforcements from Manila
Private tutors: The GOMBURZA were leaders of the secularization movement.
 Maestro Celestino And their supporters magnified the failed mutiny into a “revolt” for
 Maestro Lucas Padua Philippines Independence:
 Leon Monroy- former classmate of Rizal’s father, became the hero’s ✓ Jose Ma. Basa
tutor in Spanish and Latin. ✓ Attorney Joaquin Pardo de Tavera
✓ Attorney Antonio Ma. Regidor
Jose Goes to Biñan
After Monroy’s death, Rizal’s parents send him to a private school in ‣ Accordingly Gom-Bur-Za despite the archbishop’s plea for clemency
Biñan. (mercy) because of their innocence — executed at sunrise — February
June 1869. Jose left Calamba for Biñan with Paciano. 17,1872
Carromata –mode of transportation. - By order of GOV. General RAFAEL DE IZQUIERDO
Aunt’s House – where Jose lodge. With cousin LEANDRO
PACIANO‣ Enraged by the execution of BURGOS, his beloved:
First Day in Biñan School ✓ Friend, Teacher, Housemate
‣ Paciano brought to the school and house of Maestro Justiniano Aquino ‣ Quit his studies at the College of San Jose and returned to Calamba
Cruz – owner and teacher of the school. described as “tall, thin, long- ‣ He told the heroic story of Burgos to, Jose (11 years old)
necked, and sharp-nosed with a body slightly bent forward.” Martyrdom of 3 priests inspired Rizal to fight the evils of Spanish tyranny.
In 1891, Rizal dedicated his second novel El Filibusterismo to
- Small nipa hut about 30 meters from the home of Jose’s aunt GOMBURZA.
‣ Paciano knew the teacher quite well = he was a student of this teacher
- Jose was assigned his seat in the class — conversation:
“Do you know Spanish?” “ A little, sir” Injustice to the Hero’s Mother
“Do you know Latin?” “A little, sir” 1872, Doña Teodora was arrested on a malicious charge that she aided
‣ The boys in the class laughed at Jose’s answer especially PEDRO (the his brother Jose Alberto in trying to poison his wife.
teacher’s son) Jose Alberto planned to divorce his wife because of her infidelity. His wife
connived with the Spanish lieutenant of the Guardia Civil,filed a case
First School Brawl against Rizal’s mother.
Jose challenged Pedro to a fight and he won having learned the art of
wrestling from his athletic Tio Manuel. Antonio Vivencio del Rosario – gobernadorcillo of Calamba, helped the
Andres Salandaan challenged Rizal to an arm-wrestling match. Jose, lieutenant arrest Doña Teodora.
having the weaker arm, lost and nearly cracked his head on sidewalk. 50 kilometers – Doña Teodora was made to walk from Calamba to the
provincial prison in Santa Cruz.
Painting Lessons in Biñan Don Francisco de Mercaida and Don Manuel Marzan – most famous
Old Juancho, father-in-law of the school teacher, freely gave Jose painting lawyers of Manila, defended Doña Teodora in court.
lessons. After 2 ½ years the Royal Audencia acquitted Doña Teodora.
Jose Rizal and his classmate Jose Guevarra became apprentices of the old
painter.

Daily Life in Biñan

1.Hears mass at 4:00 AM / studies lesson at that hour before going to mass.
2.Goes to the orchard to look for a mabolo to eat.
3.Breakfast: rice and 2 dried small fish.
4.Goes to class until 10:00 AM and goes home for lunch.
5.Goes back to school at 2:00 PM and comes out at 5:00 pm.
6.Prays with cousins and returns home.
7.Studies lesson and draws a little. Chapter 4: Scholastic Triumphs at Ateneo de Manila (1872-
8.Supper: one or 2 rice with an ayungin.
1877)
9.Prays again and if there’s a moon, plays with cousins.

Best Student in School

Jose was sent to Manila four months after the Martyrdom of GomBurZa and with He had 3 classmates from Biñan who had also been his classmates in the school of
Doña Teodora still in prison. He studied in the Ateneo Municipal, a college under the Maestro Justiniano.
supervision of the Spanish Jesuits.
Prophecy of Mother’s Release
Ateneo Municipal
 Doña Teodora told her son of her dream the previous night. Rizal, interpreting
Bitter rival of the Dominican-owned College of San Juan de Letran. the dream, told her that she would be released from prison in 3 months time. It
Formerly the Escuela Pia (Charity School) – for poor boys in Manila established in became true.
1817.  Doña Teodora likened his son to the youthful Joseph in the Bible in his ability
In 1859, name was changed to Ateneo Municipal by the Jesuits and later became the to interpret dreams.
Ateneo de Manila.
Teenage Interest in Reading
Rizal Enters the Ateneo
 The Count of Monte Cristo by Alexander Dumas – Jose Rizal’s first favorite
June 10, 1872 – Jose, accompanied by Paciano, went to Manila to take the entrance novel.
examinations on Christian Doctrine, arithmetic, and reading at College of San Juan de  Also read non-fiction, Cesar Cantu’s historical work Universal History.
Letran, and passed them. His father was the first one who wished him to study at  He also read Travels in the Philippines by Dr. Feodor Jagor, German who
Letran but he changed his mind and decided to send Jose at Ateneo instead. visited the Philippines in 1859-1860. In this book, he foretold that someday Spain
Father Magin Fernando – college registrar of Ateneo Municipal, refused to admit would lose the Philippines and that America would come to succeed here as
Jose because: (1) he was late for registration and (2) he was sickly and undersized for colonizer.
his age (11 years old).
Manuel Xerez Burgos – nephew of Father Burgos; upon his intercession, Jose Rizal Third Year in Ateneo (1874-75)
was admitted at Ateneo.
Jose used Rizal instead of Mercado because the name “Mercado” had come under  Shortly after the opening of classes, his mother was released from prison.
suspicion of the Spanish authorities.  Rizal did not make an excellent showing in his studies.
Boarded in a house on Caraballo Street, owned by Titay who owed Rizal family 300  He failed to win the medal in Spanish because his spoken was not fluently
pesos. sonorous.
Fourth Year in Ateneo (1875-76)
Jesuit System of Education
 June 16, 1875 – he became an inferno in Ateneo.
Jesuit trained the character of the student by rigid discipline, humanities, and  Fr. Francisco de Paula Sanchez – inspired him to study harder and write
religious instruction. poetry. Rizal described him as “model of uprightness, earnestness, and love for the
The students heard Mass in the morning before the beginning of daily class. advancement of his pupils”.
Classes were opened and closed with prayers.  He returned to Calamba with 5 medals and excellent ratings.
Students were divided into two groups: Roman Empire – consisting of the internos Last Year in Ateneo (1876-77)
(boarders) with red banners; and Carthaginian Empire – composed of the externos
(non-boarders) with blue banners.  June 1876 – last year of Rizal in Ateneo.
Each of these empires had its rank. Students fought for positions. Any student could  The most brilliant Atenean of his time, “the pride of the Jesuits”.
challenge any officer in his “empire” to answer questions on the day’s lesson. With 3  Obtained highest grades in all subjects.
mistakes, opponents could lose his position.
1st best: EMPEROR Graduation with Highest Honors
2nd best: TRIBUNE
3rd best: DECURION
 Excellent scholastic records from 1872-1877.
4th best: CENTURION
5th best: STANDARD-BEARER  March 23, 1877 – Commencement Day. 16 year old Rizal received from his
Alma Mater the degree of Bachelor of Arts with highest honors.
Ateneo students’ uniform is consisted of “hemp-fabric trousers” and “striped cotton
coat”. The coat was called rayadillo and was adopted as the uniform for Filipino Extra-Curricular Activities
troops during the days of the First Philippine Republic.
 An emperor inside the classroom and campus leader outside.
Rizal’s First Year in Ateneo (1872-73)  Secretary of the Marian Congregation.
 Member of Academy of Spanish Literature and the Academy of Natural
June 1872 – first day of class in Ateneo. Sciences.
Fr. Jose Bech – first professor of Rizal.  Studied painting under the famous Spanish painter Agustin Saez.
Rizal was placed at the bottom of the class since he was a newcomer and knows  Studied sculpture under Romualdo de Jesus, noted Filipino sculptor.
little Spanish. He was an externo and was assigned to Carthaginians. At the end of the  Engaged in gymnastics and fencing.
month, he became emperor of his Empire. He was the brightest pupil in the whole  Fr. Jose Villaclara advised him to stop communing with the muses and pay more
class. attention to practical studies such as philosophy and natural science.
Took private lessons in Santa Isabel College and paid 3 pesos for extra Spanish
lessons. Sculptural Works in Ateneo
Placed 2nd at the end of the year, although all his grades were still marked Excellent.
Carved an image of The Virgin Mary on a piece of batikuling (Philippine
Summer Vacation (1873) hardwood).
Father Lleonart requested him to carve an image of the Sacred Heart of Jesus.
March 1873 – Rizal returned to Calamba for summer vacation. Ateneo students placed the image on the door of the dormitory and remained there for
His sister Neneng (Saturnina) brought him to Tanawan to cheer him up. many years.
Visited his mother in prison at Santa Cruz without telling his father.
After vacation, he returned to Manila for his 2nd year term in Ateneo. Anecdotes on Rizal, The Atenean
Boarded inside Intramuros at No. 8 Magallanes Street.
Doña Pepay – landlady and old widow with a widowed daughter and four sons Felix M. Ramos – one of Rizal’s contemporaries in Ateneo.
Manuel Xeres Burgos – whose house Rizal boarded shortly before he became an
inferno.

Second Year in Ateneo (1873-74) Poems Written in Ateneo

Rizal lost the leadership but he repented and even studied harder, once more he Mi Primera Inspiracion (My First Inspiration) – first poem he wrote for his mother’s
became emperor. He received excellent grades in all subjects and a gold medal. birthday.
In 1875, inspired by Father Sanchez, he wrote more poems such as: Filicitacion
(Felicitation), El Embarque: Himno a la Flota de Magallanes (The Departure Hymn to
Magellan’s fleet), Y Es Espanol: Elcano, the first to circumnavigate the world), and
El Combate: Urbiztondo Terror de Jolo (The Battle: Urbiztondo, Terror of Jolo).
Finishes Surveying Course in Ateneo (1878)

 While Rizal was studying at UST, he also studied in Ateneo. He took the
In 1876, Rizal wrote poems on various topics: Un Recuerdo a Mi Pueblu (In
Memory of My Town), Alianza Intima Entre la Region Y La Buena Educacion vocational course leading to the title of “perito agrimensor” (expert
(Intimate Alliance Between Religion and Good Education), Por la Educacion Recibe surveyor).
Lustre La Patria (Through Education the Country Receive Light), E Cultivero Y El
Colleges for boys in Manila offered vocational courses in agriculture,
Triunfo (The Captivity and the Triumph: Battle of Lucena and the Imprisonment of
Boabdil), and La Entrada Triuntal de Los Reyes Catolices en Granada (The commerce, mechanics, and surveying.
Triumphal Entry of The Catholic Monarches into Granada). He excelled in all subjects in the surveying course obtaining gold medals
A year later, in 1877 he wrote more poems: El Heroismo de Colon (The Heroism of in agriculture and topography.
Colombus), Colon y Juan II (Colombus and John II ), Gran Consuelo en la Mayor
At the age of 17, he passed the final examination in the surveying course.
Desdicha (Great Solace in Great Misfortune), and Un Diarogo Alusivo a la Despedida
de los Colegiales (A Farewell Dialogue of the Students. November 25, 1881 – he was granted the title as surveyor.
Because of his loyalty to Ateneo, he continued to participate actively in the
Rizal’s Religious Poems Ateneo’s extra-curricular activities.
He was president of the Academy of Spanish Literature and secretary of
Al Niño Jesus (To the Child Jesus) – a brief ode; written in 1875 when he was 14
the Academy of Natural Sciences.
years old.
A La Virgen Maria (To the Virgin Mary).
Romances with Other Girls
Dramatic Work in Ateneo
 Miss L
Father Sanchez, his favorite teacher, ask him to write a drama based on the prose - Fair with seductive and attractive eyes.
story of St. Eustace the Martyr. - Romance died a natural death.
Summer 1876 in Calamba - he wrote the religious drama in poetic verses. - 2 Reasons for his change of heart: (1) the sweet memory of Segunda was still fresh
June 02, 1876 - finished the manuscript. in his heart and (2) his father did not like the family of “Miss L”.
He submitted the finished manuscript entitled “San Eustacio, Martir” (St. Eustace,
the Martyr) to Father Sanchez in his last academic year in Ateneo. Leonor Valenzuela
-Daughter of the next-door neighbors of Doña Concha Leyva (her house is
First Romance of Rizal
where Rizal boarded).
16 years old - Rizal experienced his first romance. -Tall girl with a regal bearing.
Segunda Katigba - a pretty 14 years old Batangueña from Lipa; sister of his friend -Pet name: Orang.
Mariano Katigbak. -Rizal sent her love notes written in invisible ink. This ink consisted of
His sister Olimpia was a close friend of Segunda in La Concordia College. common table salt and water.
Segunda was already engaged to Manuel Luz. His first romance was ruined by his He taught Orang the secret of reading any note written in the invisible ink
own shyness and reserve.
by heating it over a candle or lamp so that the words may appear.
Segunda returned to Lipa and later married Manuel Luz. Rizal remained in Calamba,
Leonor Rivera
a frustrated lover, cherishing nostalgic memories of lost love.
-Rizal’s cousin from Camiling.
-Born in Camiling, Tarlac on April 11, 1867.
- A student of La Concordia College where Rizal’s youngest sister, Soledad was then
Chapter 5: Medical Studies at the University of Santo Tomas studying.
(1877-1882) -Frail, pretty girl “tender as a budding flower with kindly, wistful eyes”.
-They became engaged.
Mother’s Opposition to Higher Education -In her letters to Rizal, Leonor signed her name as “Taimis”, in order to
camouflage their intimate relationship from their parents and friends.
Doña Teodora opposed the idea of sending Rizal to UST to pursue
- Rizal lived in: Casa Tomasina No. 6 Calle Santo Tomas, Intramuros Antonio Rivero
higher education because she knew what happened to Gom-Bur-Za – Rizal’s landlord-uncle is the father of Leonor Rivera.
and the Spaniards might cut off his head if he gets to know more.
Rizal was surprised by his mother’s opposition, who was a woman Victim of Spanish Officer’s Brutality
of education and culture. Despite his mother’s tears, Don Francisco
One dark night in Calamba, during the summer vacation in 1878, when Rizal was
told Paciano to accompany Rizal to Manila. walking in the street and dimly perceived the figure of a man while passing him. Not
knowing the person was a lieutenant of the Guardia Civil; he did not salute nor say
Rizal Enters the University greetings. With a snarl, he turned upon Rizal, whipped out his sword and brutally
slashed his back.
April 1877 – Rizal matriculated in the University of Santo Tomas.
Rizal reported the incident to General Primo de Rivera, the Spanish Governor
He enrolled in UST taking up Philosophy and Letter for two reasons: (1) his father General of the Philippines at that time, but nothing came out because he was an Indio
liked it and (2) he was “still uncertain as to what career to pursue” and the accused was a Spaniard. Later in a letter to Blumentritt dated March 21, 1887,
He asked the advice of Father Pablo Ramon (Rector of the Ateneo) on what career to he related, “I went to the Captain-General but I could not obtain justice; my wound
choose but Father Recto was in Mindanao so he was unable to advice Rizal. lasted two weeks.”
First-year Term (1877-78) – Rizal studied Cosmology, Metaphysics, Theodicy, and
History of Philosophy. “To the Filipino Youth” (1879)
Ateneo Rector’s advice – study medicine; reason: to be able to cure his mother’s
growing blindness.
Liceo Artisco-Literano (Artistic-Literary Lyceum) of Manila – society of literary discriminated against by the Spaniards, and (3) the method of instruction was obsolete
men and artists; held a literary contest. and repressive.
At the age of 18, Rizal submitted his poem entitled A La Juventud Filipina (To the Rizal, the most brilliant graduate of Ateneo, failed to win high scholastic honors.
Filipino Youth).
The Board of Judges – composed of Spaniards; gave the first prize to Rizal which Decision to Study Abroad
consisted of a silver pen, feather-shaped and decorated with a gold ribbon.
Rizal beseeched the Filipino youth to rise from lethargy, to let their genius fly After finishing the fourth year of his medical course, Rizal decided to study in
swifter than the wind and descend with art and science to break the chains that have Spain. He could no longer endure the rampant bigotry, discrimination, and hostility in
long bound the spirit of people. the University of Santo Tomas.
Reasons why Rizal’s poem was a classic in Philippine Literature: (1) it was the first He did not seek his parent’s permission and blessings to go abroad; and even his
great poem in Spanish written by a Filipino, whose merit was recognized by Spanish beloved Leonor.
literary authorities and (2) it expressed for the first time the nationalistic concept that
the Filipinos were the “fair hope of the Fatherland”.

“The Council of the Gods” (1880) Chapter 6: In Sunny Spain (1882-1885)

Artistic-Literary Lyceum – opened another literary contest for both Filipino and Rizal’s Secret Mission
Spaniards to commemorate the fourth centennial of the death of Cervantes, Spain’s
glorified man-of-letters and famous author of Don Quixote. To observe keenly the life and culture, languages and customs, industries, commerce
Rizal submitted an allegorical drama entitled El Consejo de los Dioses (The Council and government and laws of the Europian Nations in order to prepare himself in the
of the Gods) and he received the first prize, a gold ring on which was engraved the mighty task of liberating of oppressed people from Spanish tyranny.
bust of Cervantes. Approval of his older brother Paciano
Rizal has no permission and blessings to his parents.
Other Literary Works
Secret Departure for Spain
Junto al Pasic (Beside the Pasig) (1880) – a zarzuela which was staged by the
Ateneans on December 08, 1880, on the annual celebration of the Feast Day of the
The people who knows Rizal will go to Spain:
Immaculate Conception (Patrones of the Ateneo).
A Filipinas (1880) – a sonnet he wrote for the album of the Society of Sculptors.
-Older brother (Paciano)
Abd-el-Azis (1879) – a poem declaimed by Manuel Fernandez on the night of
-His uncle (Antonio Rivera, father of Leonor Rivera)
December 08, 1879 in honor of the Ateneo’s Patroness.
-His sisters (Neneng and Lucia)
Al M.R.P. Pablo Ramon (1881) – a poem he wrote as an expression of affection to
-Valenzuela family (Capitan Juan and Capitana Sanday and their daughter Orang)
Father Pablo Ramon.
-Pedro A. Paterno
Rizal’s Visit to Pakil and Pagsanjan -Mateo Evangelista – his compadre
-Ateneo Jesuit fathers
Summer of May 1881 - Rizal went to a pilgrimage to the town of pakil, famous -Some intimate friends, including Chengoy (Jose M. Cecilio).
shrine of the Birhen Maria de los Dolores. Jose Mercado - the name he used; a cousin from Biñan.
He was accompanied by his sisters—Saturnina , Maria, and Trinidad and their May 3, 1882 - Rizal departed on board the Spanish streamer Salvadora bound for
female friends. Singapore.
They took a casco (flat-bottom sailing vessel) from Calamba to Pakil, Laguna, and
stayed at the home of Mr. and Mrs. Manuel Regalado, whose son Nicolas was Rizal’s Singapore
friend in Manila.
Rizal and his companions were fascinated by the famous turumba (people dancing in The only Filipino to board the steamer with 16 passengers, the rest was Spaniards,
the streets during the procession in honor of the miraculous Birhen Maria de los British, and Indian Negroes.
Dolores) Captain Donato Lecha - ship captain from Asturias, Spain, befriended him.
Rizal was infatuated by a pretty girl colegiala, Vicenta Ybardolaza, who skillfully May 08, 1882 - he saw a beautiful island; he remembered “Talim Island with the
played the harp at the Regalado home. Susong Dalaga”
 Reasons why Rizal and his company made side trip to the neighboring town of May 09 - the Salvadora docked at Singapore.
Pagsanjan: (1) it was the native town of Leonor Valenzuela and (2) to see the world Hotel de la Paz – Rizal registered here and spent two days on sightseeing on a soiree
famed Pagsanjan Falls. of the city.

Champion of Filipino Students

From Singapore to Colombo

Rizal was the champion of the Filipino students in their fights against the arrogant
Spanish students, who insultingly called their brown classmates “Indio, chongo!” In May 11 - Rizal transferred to another ship Djemnah, a French streamer.
retaliation, the Filipino students called them “Kastila, bangus!”. Among these passengers were British, French, Dutch, Spaniards, Malays, Siamese,
In 1880 - Rizal founded a secret society of Filipino students in the University of and Filipinos (Mr. & Mrs. Salazar, Mr. Vicente Pardo, and Jose Rizal).
Santo Tomas called “Compaňerismo” (Comradeship), whose members were called May 17- the Djemnah reached Point Galle, a seacoast town in southern Ceylon (now
“Companions of Jehu,” after the valiant Hebrew general who fought the Armaeans. Sri Lanka). Rizal was unimpressed by this town; he said it is “picturesque but lonely
Galicano Apacible - Rizal’s cousin from Batangas; secretary of Compañerismo. and quiet and at the same time sad”.
Fierce encounter near the Escolta in Manila where Rizal was wounded on the head, Colombo - the capital of Ceylon; Rizal wrote on his diary “Colombo is more
and tenderly washed and dressed by Leonor Rivera in his boarding house “Casa beautiful, smart and elegant than Singapore, Point Galle and Manila”.
Tomasina”.

Unhappy Days at the UST

He was unhappy at this Dominican institution of higher learning because (1) the
Dominican professors were hostile to him; (2) the Filipino students were racially First Trip Through Suez Canal
From Colombo, Djemnah continued the voyage crossing the Indian Ocean to the Don Pablo Ortiga y Rey – former city mayor of Manila; promoted vice-president of
Cape of Guardafui, Africa, and then a stopover on Aden. From Aden, Djemnah the Council of the Philippines in the Ministry of Colonies (Ultramar).
proceeded to the city of Suez, the Red Sea terminal of the Suez Canal. It took five
days to traverse the Suez Canal. At Port Said, the Mediterranean terminal of the Suez Romance with Consuelo Ortiga y Perez
Canal, Rizal landed and he was fascinated to hear the multi-racial inhabitants
speaking a babel of tongues – Arabic, Egyptian, Greek, French, Italian, Spanish, etc. Consuelo – prettiest daughter of Don Pablo fell in love with Rizal.
Rizal sighted the barren coast of Africa which he called an “inhospitable land but A La Señorita C. O. y P. (To Miss C. O. y P.) – a lovely poem he composed on
famous”. August 22, 1883 dedicated to Consuelo.
Aden - hotter than manila; he was amused to see the camels. He backed out into a serious affair because (1) he was still engaged to Leonor Rivera
Ferdinand de Lesseps (French diplomat-engineer) - built the Suez Canal, and (2) his friend and co-worker in the Propaganda Movement, Eduardo de Lete, was
inaugurated on Nov. 17, 1869. madly in love with Consuelo.

Naples and Marseilles “They Ask Me For Verses.”

June 11 – Rizal reached Naples. 1882 – Rizal joined the Circulo Hispano-Filipino (Hispano-Philippine Circle), a
June 12 – the steamer docked at the French harbor of Marseilles. He visited the society of Spaniards and Filipinos.
famous Chateau d’lf, where Dantes, hero of The Count of Monte Cristo, was “Me Piden Versos” (They Ask Me For Verses) – personally declaimed during New
imprisoned. Year’s Eve reception of the Madrid Filipinos held on December 31, 1882.
Stayed 2 ½ days at Marseilles.
Rizal as Lover of Books
Barcelona
Señor Roces – owner of store where Rizal purchased 2nd hand books.
May 15 – Rizal left Marseilles. Rizal was deeply affected by Beecher Stowe’s “Uncle Tom’s Cabin” and Eugene
June 16, 1882 – Rizal reached Barcelona, the greatest city of Cataluña and Spain’s Sue’s “The Wandering Jew”.
2nd largest city.
Rizal’s first impression on Barcelona: ugly, with dirty little inns and inhospitable Rizal’s First Visit to Paris
residents.
Second impression: a great city, with an atmosphere of freedom and liberalism, and June 17 to August 20, 1883 – sojourning in gay capital of France.
its people were open-hearted, hospitable, and courageous. Hotel de Paris – where he first billeted on 37 Rue de Maubange.
Las Ramdas - most Famous street in Barcelona Latin Quarter – where he moved; cheaper hotel on 124 Rue de Rennes.

Rizal as a Mason

March 1883 – joined the Masonic lodge called “Acacia” in Madrid.

Reason for becoming a mason: to secure Freemasonry’s aid in his fight against the
friars in the Philippines.
Lodge Solidaridad (Madrid) – where he became a Master Mason on November 15,
1890.
“Amor Patrio”
February 15, 1892 – he was awarded the diploma as Master Mason by Le Grand
Orient de France in Paris.
“Amor Patrio” (Love of Country) – nationalistic essay; his first article written on “Science, Virtue and Labor” – only Masonic writing.
Spain’s soil.
Very active in Masonic affairs: M.H. del Pilar, G. Lopez Jaena, and Mariano Ponce.
Basilio Teodoro Moran – publisher of Diariong Tagalog, first Manila bilingual
newspaper (Spanish and Tagalog. Financial Worries
It was under Rizal’s pen name: Laong Laan.
Printed in Diariong Tagalog on August 20, 1882. After Rizal’s departure for Spain, things turned from bad to worse in Calamba. Due to
Published in two texts – Spanish (originally written by Rizal in Barcelona) and hard times in Calamba, the monthly allowances of Rizal in Madrid were late in arrival
Tagalog (made by M.H. del Pilar). and there were times they never arrived. On June 24, 1884, a touching incident in
“Los Viajes” (Travels) – second article for Diariong Tagalog Rizal’s life occurred; with an empty stomach, he attended his class at the university,
“Revista de Madrid” (Review of Madrid) – third article; wrote in Madrid on participated in the contest in Greek language and won the gold medal. In the evening,
November 29, 1882; returned to him because the Diariong Tagalog had ceased he was able to eat dinner, for he was a guest speaker in a banquet held in honor of
publication due to lack of funds. Juan Luna and Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo at Restaurant Ingles, Madrid.

Manila Moves to Madrid Rizal’s Salute to Luna and Hidalgo

September 15, 1882 - Rizal received a letter from Paciano. According to the letter, June 25, 1884 – the banquet was sponsored by the Filipino community.
cholera was ravaging Manila and the provinces. Luna’s Spolarium won first prize and Hidalgo’s Christian Virgins Exposed to the
Sad news from Chengoy, Leonora Rivera was unhappy and getting thinner because Populace, second prize in the National Exposition of Fine Arts in Madrid.
of the absence of a loved one.
In one of his letters (dated May 26, 1882) Paciano advised Rizal to finish his Rizal Involved in Student Demonstrations
medical course in Madrid, therefore, Rizal establish himself to Madrid.
November 20, 21, and 22, 1884 – Madrid exploded in bloody riots by the students of
Life in Madrid the Central University.
Dr. Miguel Morayta – professor of history; these student demonstrations were
November 3, 1882 – Rizal enrolled in the Universidad Central de Madrid (Central caused by his address “the freedom of science and the teacher”.
University of Madrid in 2 courses: Medicine and Philiosophy and Letters. The appointment of the new Rector intensified the fury of the student demonstrators.
Academy of Fine Arts of San Fernando – school where he studied painting and
sculpture. Studies Completed in Spain
Hall of Arms of Sanz y Carbonell – place where practiced fencing and shooting.
 June 21, 1884 - degree of Licentiate in Medicine by the Universidad Central de Chess player – Jose was a good chess player so that his German friend made him a
Madrid. member of the Chess Player’s Club.
 Did not present the thesis required for graduation nor paid the corresponding University of Heidelberg – where Jose transferred to a boarding house near the said
fees, he was not awarded his Doctor’s diploma. university.
 June 19, 1885 (his 24th birthday) – degree of Licentiate in Philosophy and Letters
by the Universidad Central de Madrid. To the Flowers of Heidelberg

Chapter 7: Paris to Berlin (1885-87) Spring of 1886 – Rizal was fascinated by the blooming flowers along the cool banks
of the Neckar River.
After completing his studies in Madrid, Rizal went to Paris and Germany in order to The light blue “forget-me-not” – his favorite flower
specialize in ophthalmology. He particularly chose this branch of medicine because April 22, 1886 – wrote a fine poem “To the Flower of Heidelberg”.
he wanted to cure his mother’s eye ailment.
With Pastor Ullmer at Wilhemsfeld
In Berlin, Jose met and befriended several top German scientists, Dr. Feodor Jagor,
Dr. Adolph B. Meyer, and Dr. Rudolf Virchow. Wilhelmsfeld – where Rizal spent a three month summer vacation.
Protestant Pastor Dr. Karl Ullmer – where Rizal stay at the vicarage of their house
In Gay Paris (1885-86) and who become his good friend and admirer.
June 25, 1886 – he ended his sojourn and felt the pays of sadness.
Maximo Viola – friend of Jose; a medical student and a member of a rich family of May 29, 1887 – Rizal wrote from Minich (Muchen) to Friedrich (Fritz).
San Miguel, Bulacan.
Señor Eusebio Corominas – editor of the newspaper La Publicidad and who made a First Letter to Blumentritt
crayon sketch of Don Miguel Morayta.
Don Miguel Morayta – owner of la Publicidad and a statesman. July 31, 1886 – Rizal wrote his first letter in German to Blumentritt.
November 1885 – Rizal was living in Paris, where he sojourned for about four Professor Ferdinand Blumentritt – Director of the Ateneo of Leitmeritz, Austria.
months.
Dr. Louis de Weckert (1852-1906) – leading French ophthalmologist were Jose Fifth Centenary of Heidelberg University
worked as an assistant from Nov. 1885 to Feb. 1886.
January 1, 1886 – Rizal wrote a letter for his mother to reveal that he was rapidly August 6, 1886 – fifth centenary of Heidelberg University
improved his knowledge in ophthalmology.
In Leipzig and Dresden
Rizal relaxed by visiting his friends, such as the family of the Pardo de Taveras
(Trinidad, Felix, and Paz), Juan Luna and Felix Resureccion Hidalgo. August 9, 1886 – Rizal left Heidelberg.
August 14, 1886 – when he arrived in Leipzig.
"His co-Filipino medical student, Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera offered hospitality and Rizal translated Schiller’s William Tell from German into Tagalog. He also
support for Rizal's courageous ventures.  Nellie Bousted (standing third from right), translated Fairy Tales of Hans Christian Anderson. He stayed about two and half
who lived in Biarritz and Paris, fenced with Rizal (second from left) and might have month in Leipzig.
become Mrs. Rizal, had she not insisted on turning him Protestant.  Also in photo are October 29, 1886 – he left Leipzig for Dresden where he met Dr. Meyer.
artist Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo (third from left) and Paz Pardo de Tavera Luna Dr. Adolph B. Meyer – director of the Anthropological and Ethnological Museum.
(second from right).  Juan Luna's mother-in-law, Juliana GorrichoPardo de Tavera is Nov. 1 – he left Dresden by train, reaching Berlin in the evening.
seated at the center holding Luna's son Andres."
Rizal Welcomed in Berlin’s Circles
Paz Pardo de Taveras – a pretty girl who was engaged to Juan Luna. In her album,
Jose sketches the story of “The Monkey and the Turtle”. Berlin – where Rizal met Dr. Feodor Jagor
“The Death of Cleopatra” – where he posed as an Egyptian Priest. Dr. Feodor Jagor – author of Travels in the Philippines.
“The Blood Compact” – where he posed as Sikatuna, with Trinidad Pardo de Dr. Hans Virchow – professor of Descriptive Anatomy.
Taveras taking the role of Legazpi. Dr. Rudolf Virchow – German Anthropologist.
Dr. W. Joest – noted German geographer.
"Rizal (seated) shared a deep friendship with painter Juan Luna and often agreed to
Dr. Karl Ernest Schweigger – famous German ophthalmologist where Jose worked
pose for Luna's paintings as in 'The Death of Cleopatra.'" -- In Excelsis: The Mission
in his clinic.
of José Rizal, Humanist and Philippine National Hero by Felice Prudenta Sta. Maria. 
Rizal became a member of the Anthropological Society, Ethnological Society, and
In the foreground is Rizal as Egyptian scribe, recording the event for posterity. 
Geographical Society of Berlin.
Behind him are Trinidad Pardo de Tavera as Octavius Caesar and Felix Pardo de
Tavera as Dolabella.  Missing are Charmian and Iras.
Rizal’s Life in Berlin

Rizal as a Musician
 Five reasons why Rizal lived in Germany:
─Gain further knowledge of ophthalmology
November 27, 1878 – Rizal wrote a letter to Enrique Lete saying that “he learned the
─Further his studies of sciences and languages
solfeggio”, the piano, and voice culture in one month and a half.
─Observe the economic and political conditions of the German nation
Flute – the instrument that Jose played in every reunion of Filipinos in Paris.
─Associate with famous German scientists and scholars
“Alin Mang Lahi” (Any Race) – a patriotic song which asserts that any race aspires
for freedom. ─Publish his novel, Noli me Tangere
La Deportacion (Deportation) – a sad danza, which he composed in Dapitan during Madame Lucie Cerdole – French professor; she became Jose’s professor in Berlin.
his exile. He took private lessons in French in order to master the idiomatic intricacies of the
French language.
In Historic Heidelberg
Rizal on German Women
Feb. 1, 1886 – Jose left Gay, Paris for Germany.
March 11, 1886 – Rizal wrote a letter addressed to his sister, Trinidad, expressing
Feb. 3, 1886 – he arrived in Heidelberg, a historic city in Germany famous for its
his high regard and admiration for German womanhood.
old university and romantic surroundings.
German woman – serious, diligent, educated and friendly
Spanish woman – gossipy, frivolous and quarrelsome Idea of Writing a Novel on the Philippines

His reading of Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin - inspired Dr. Rizal to
prepare a novel that would depict the miseries of his people (Filipinos) under the lash
of Spanish tyrants.
 January 2, 1884- in a reunion of Filipinos in the Paterno residence in Madrid,
German Customs Rizal proposed the writings of a novel about the Philippines by a group of Filipinos.
His proposals were approved by PATERNOS (Pedro, Maximo and Antonio),
Christmas custom of the Germans Graciano Lopez JAENA, Evaristo AGUIRRE, Eduardo DE LETE, Julio
Self-introduce to stranger in social gathering LLORENTE, Melecio FIGUEROA and Valentin VENTURA.

Rizal’s Darkest Winter The Writing of the Noli

Winter of 1886 – Rizal’s darkest winter in Berlin. Toward the end of 1884, Rizal began writing the novel in Madrid and finished about
He lived in poverty because no money arrived from Calamba. Rizal starved in Berlin one-half of it.
and shivered with wintry cold, his health down due to lack of proper nourishment. When Rizal went to Paris, in 1885, after completing his studies in the Central
University of Madrid, he continued writing the novel, finishing one half of the second
half.
 Rizal finished the last fourth of the novel in Germany. He wrote
the last few chapters of the Noli in Wilhelmsfeld in April-June, 1886.
 In Berlin during the winter days of February, 1886, Rizal made
the final revisions on the manuscript of the Noli

Viola, Savior of the Noli

 Dr. Maximo Viola- Rizal’s rich friend from Bulacan, arrived in

Berlin at the height of Rizal despondency and loaned him the needed funds to publish
the novel; Viola was shocked to find RIZAL in a dirty place, just not to waste money
for the printing of NOLI ME TANGERE.

 After the Christmas season, Rizal put the finishing touches on

his novel. To save printing expenses, he deleted certain passages in his manuscript,
including a whole chapter—“Elias and Salome”.

 February 21, 1887- the Noli was finally finished and ready for
printing.

 Berliner Buchdruckrei-Action-Gesselschaft- a printing shop

which charged the lowest rate, that is, 300 pesos for 2,00 copies of the novel

Rizal Suspected as French Spy.

During the printing of NOLI, the chief of police BERLIN visit RIZAL’s boarding
house and requested to see his passport, unfortunately, that time to travel with or
without passports is possible. The police chief then told him to produce a passport
after 4 days.

Immediately VIOLA accompanied RIZAL in the Spanish Ambassador, the COURT

of BENOMAR, who promised to attend to the matter. But the ambassador failed to
keep his promise, but it turns out that he had no power to issue the required passport.

The 4 day ultimatum expired. RIZAL himself apologize to the chief police, while
asking why has he to be deported, the police chief answered that he was always seen
visiting many villages, thereby pronouncing him as a French SPY.

RIZAL in fluent GERMAN explained to the police, that he was a Filipino ethnologist,
who visits rural areas to observe customs and lifestyles of their simple inhabitants.
The chief impressed and fascinated on RIZAL’s explanation, allowed him to stay
freely in GERMANY.

Chapter 8: Noli me Tangere Published in Berlin (1887) Printing of the Noli Finished

The bleak winter of 1886 in Berlin was Rizal’s darkest winter because no money Every day, Rizal and Viola were always at the printing shop proof reading the printed
arrived from Calamba and he was flat broke. The diamond ring which his sister, pages.
Saturnina, gave him was in the pawnshop. It was memorable in the life of Rizal for
two reasons (1) it was a painful episode for he was hungry, sick and despondent in a  March 21, 1887- the Noli Me Tangere came off the press, RIZAL
strange city (2) it brought him great joy after enduring so much sufferings, because immediately sent the first copies to BLUMENTRITT, DR. ANTONIO REGIDOR, G.
his first novel, Noli Me Tangere came off the press in March, 1887. Like to the LOPEZ JAENA, MARIANO PONCE, and FELIX R. HIDALGO.
legendary Santa Claus, Dr. Maximo Viola, his friend from BULACAN, arrived in
BERLIN at the height if his despondency and loaned him the needed funds to publish “I am sending you a book, my first book… bold book on the life of tagalongs…
the novel. Filipinos will find it the history of the last ten years…”
 March 29, 1887- Rizal, in token of his appreciation and his debt to Viola which he loaned so that the Noli could be printed. First, he and Viola
gratitude, gave Viola the galley proofs of the Noli carefully rolled around the pen that visited Potsdam, a city near Berlin.
he used in writing it and a complimentary copy, with the following inscription: “To
my dear friend, Maximo Viola, the first to read and appreciate my work—Jose Rizal” Tour Begins

The Title of the Novel At the dawn of May 11, 1887, Rizal and Viola, two browned-skinned doctors on a
roaming spree, left Berlin by train. Spring was an ideal season for travel. Their
 The title Noli Me Tangere is a Latin phrase which means “Touch destination was in Dresden, one of the best cities in Germany´.
Me Not”. It is not originally conceived by Rizal, for he admitted taking it from the
Bible. Dresden

 Rizal, writing to Felix Hidalgo in French on March 5, 1887, said: Rizal and Viola tarried for sometimes in Dresden. They visited Dr. Adolph B. Meyer,
“Noli Me Tangere, words taken from the Gospel of St. Luke, signify “do not touch who was overjoyed to see them. In the Museum of Art, Rizal was deeply impressed
me” but Rizal made a mistake, it should be the Gospel of St. John (Chapter 20 Verses by painting of Prometheus Bound´. They also meet Dr. Jagor and heard there plan
13 to 17). about Leitmeritz in order to see Blumentritt. He advice to wire Blumentritt because
the old professor might be shock of their visit.
“Touch me not; I am not yet ascended to my father...”
First Meeting with Blumentritt
 Rizal dedicated his Noli Me Tangere to the Philippines—“To
My Fatherland”. At 1:30 pm of May 15, 1887 the train arrived at the railroad station of Leitmeritz.
Professor Blumentritt was at the station carrying a pencil sketch of Rizal which he
 The cover of Noli Me Tangere was designed by Rizal. It is a sent to identify his friend. Blumentritt get a room at Hotel Krebs, after which he
ketch of explicit symbols. A woman’s head atop a Maria Clara bodice represents the bought them to his house and stayed Leitmeritz May 13 to 14 1887.
nation and the women, victims of the social cancer. One of the causes of the cancer is
symbolized in the friar’s feet, outsized in relation to the woman’s head. The other Beautiful Memories at Leitmeritz
aggravating causes of oppression and discrimination are shown in the guard’s helmet
They enjoyed hospitality of Blumentritt family. The professor¶s wife, Rosa, was a
and the iron chains, the teacher’s whip and the alferez’s scourge. A slight cluster of
goodcook. She prepared Austrian dishes which Rizal¶s liked very much. Blumentritt
bamboo stands at the backdrop; these are the people, forever in the background of
proved to be agreat tourist as well as hospitable host. He showed the scenic and
their own country’s history. There are a cross, a maze, flowers and thorny plants, a
historical spots of Leitmeritz tohis visitors. The Burgomaster (town mayor) was also
flame; these are indicative of the religious policy, the misdirected ardor, the people
amazed by Rizals privileged talent.
strangled as a result of these all.

Prague
 The novel Noli Me Tangere contains 63 chapters and an
epilogue.
Rizal and Viola visited the historic city of Prague. They carried letters
of recommendation from Blumentritt to Dr. Wilkom, professor in University of
 Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor- Filipino patriot and lawyer, who had
Prague. Rizal and Viola visited the ³Tomb of Copernicus.
been exiled due to his complicity in the Cavite Mutiny of 1872, read avidly the Noli
and was very much impressed by its author.
Vienna
Characters of Noli
May 20 they arrived at Vienna capital of Austria-Hungary. They met Norfenfals, one
of the greatest novelist iun that time. They stayed at Hotel Metropole. They also meet
 The Noli Me Tangere was a true story of the Philippine
two good friends of Blumentritt ± Masner and Nordman, Austrian scholars.
conditions during the last decades of Spanish rule.
Danubian Voyage to Lintz
 Maria Clara - was Leonor Rivera, although in real life she
became unfaithful and married an Englishman. May 24, Rizal and Viola left Vienna on a river boat too se beautiful sights of Danube
River. As they travelled along the famous river, Rizal observed keenly river sights.
 Ibarra and Elias - represented Rizal himself.
Form Lintz to Rheinfall
 Tasio - the philosopher was Rizal’s elder brother Paciano.
The river voyage ended in Lintz. They travelled overland to Salzburg, and from there
 Padre Salvi - was identified by Rizalists as Padre Antonio to Munich where the sojourned for a short time to savor the famous Munich Beer.
Piernavieja, the hated Augustinian friar in Cavite who was killed by the patriots
during the Revolution. Crossing the Frontier to Switzerland

 Capitan Tiago - was Captain Hilario Sunico of San Nicolas. They stayed from June 2 to 3 1887 and continued tour to Basel (Bale), Bern, and
Laussane.
 Doña Victorina - was Doña Agustina Medel.

 Basilio and Crispin - were the Crisostomo brothers of Hagonoy.

Geneva
 Padre Damaso - typical of a domineering friar during the days of
Rizal, who was arrogant, immoral and anti-Filipino. Rizal and Viola left Laussane in a little boat crossing the foggy Leman Lake to
Geneva. On June 19, 1887, his 26th birthday; Rizal treated Viola to a blow-out. Rizal
and Viola spent fifteen days in Geneva. On June 23, they parted ways. Viola decided
to return to Barcelona while Rizal continued his tour to Italy.
Chapter 9: Rizal’s Grand Tour of Europe with Viola (1887)
Rizal Resents Exhibition of Igorots in 1887 Madrid Exposition
After the publication of Noli, Rizal planned to visit the important places in Europe.
Dr. Maximo Viola agreed to be his traveling companion. Rizal received Pacianos
remittance of P1000 which forward by Juan Luna from Paris and immediately paid
Rizal received sad news from his friends in Madrid of the deplorable conditions of ago. There were the same old churches and buildings, the same holes in the road, the
the primitive Igorots who were exhibited in this exposition. Some of these Igorots same boats on the Pasig River, and the same heary walls surrounding the city.
died. Rizal was outraged by the degradation of his fellow countrymen.
Happy Homecoming
Rizal in Italy
On August 8th, he returned to Calamba, His family welcomed him affectionately, with
plentiful tears of joy. Writing to Blumentritt of his homecoming, he said: “I had a
He visited Turin, Milan, Venice and Florence. On June 27, 1887, he reached Rome. pleasant voyage. I found my family enjoying good health and our happiness was great
He was thrilled by the sights and memories of the Eternal City Rome. On June 29th, in seeing each other again. They shed tears of joy and I had to answer ten thousand
Rizal visited or the first time the Vatican, the City of the Popes and the capital of questions at the same time”.
Christendom. After a week of staying in Rome, he prepared to return to the
Philippines. He had already written to his father that he was coming home. The rejoicings of Rizal’s return over, his family became worried for his safety.
Paciano did not leave him the first day of his arrival to protect him from any enemy
assault. His own father would not let him go out alone, lest something might happen
to him.

Chapter 10: First Homecoming, 1887-88 In Calamba, Rizal established a medical clinic, his first patient was his mother, who
was almost blind, he treated her eyes, but could not perform any surgical operations
because her eye cataracts were not yet ripe. News of arrival of a great doctor from
All the alluring beauties of foreign countries and all the beautiful memories of his Germany spread far and wide. Patients from Manila and the provinces flocked to
sojourn in alien lands could neither make Rizal for his fatherland nor turn his back to Calamba. Rizal, who came to be called “Doctor Uliman” because he came from
his own nationality. True that he studied abroad, acquired the love and languages of Germany, treated their ailments and soon he acquired a lucrative medical practice. His
foreign nations, and enjoyed the friendship of many great men of the Western world; Professional fees were reasonable, even gratis to the poor. Within a few months, he
but he remained at heart a true Filipino with an unquenchable love for the Philippines was able to earn P900 as a physician. By February, 1888, he earned a total of P5,000
and an unshakable determination to die in the land of his birth. Thus, after five years as medical fees.
of memorable sojourn in Europe, he returned to the Philippines in August 1887 and
practiced medicine in Calamba. He lived the quite life of a country doctor. But his Unlike many successful medical practitioners, Rizal did not selfishly devoted all his
enemies, who resented his Noli, persecuted him, even threatening to kill him. time to enriching himself. He opened a gymnasium for young folks, where he
introduced European sports. He tried to interest his townmates in gymnastics, fencing
Decision to Return Home and shooting so as to discourage the cockfights and gambling.
Because of the publication of the Noli Me Tangere and the uproar it caused among the Rizal suffered one failure during his six months of sojourn in Calamba – his failure to
friars, Rizal was warned by Paciano (his brother), Silvestre Ubaldo (his brother-in- see Leonor Rivera. He tried to go to Dagupan, but his parents absolutely forbade him
law), Chengoy (Jose M. Cecilio), and other friends to return home. But he did not to go because Leonor’s mother did not like him for a son-in-law. With a heavy heart,
heed their warnings. He was determined to return to the Philippines for the following Rizal bowed to his parent’s wish. He was caught within the iron grip of the custom of
reasons: (1) to operates on his mother’s eye’s; (2) to serve his people who had long his time that marriages must be arranged by the parents of both groom and bride.
been oppressed by the Spanish tyrants; (3) to find out for himself how the Noli and
his other writings were affecting the Filipinos and Spaniards in the Philippines: and Storm of the Noli
(4) to inquire why Leonor Rivera remained silent.
Meanwhile, as Rizal was peacefully living in Calamba, his enemies plotted his doom.
In a letter to Blumentritt, written in Geneva on June 19, 1887, Rizal said: “Your Aside from practicing medicine, attending to his gymnasium, which he established,
advice that I live in Madrid and continue to write from there is very benevolent but I and taking part in the town’s civic affairs. He painted several beautiful landscapes and
cannot accept it . I cannote endure the life in Madrid where everything is a voice in a translated the German poems of Von Wildernath into Tagalog.
wilderness. My parents wants to see me, and I want to see them also. All my life I
desire to live in my country by the side of my family. Until now I am not A few weeks after his arrival, a storm broke over his novel. One day Rizal received a
Europeanized like the Filipinos of Madrid; I always like to return to the country of my letter from Governor General Emilio Terrero (1885-88) requesting him to come in
birth”. Malacañan Palace. Somebody had whispered to the governor’s ear that the
Nolicontained subversive ideas.
In Rome, on June 29, 1887, Rizal wrote to his father, announcing his homecoming.
“On the 15th of July, at the latest”, he wrote, “I shall embark for our country, so that Rizal went to Manila and appeared at Malacañang. When he was informed by
from 15th to the 30th of August, we shall see each other”. Governor General Terrero of the charge, he denied it, explaining that he merely
exposed the truth, but he did not advocate subversive ideas. Pleased by his
Delightful Trip to Manila explanation and curious about the controversial book, the governor general asked the
author for a copy then because the only copy he brought home was given to a friend.
Rizal left Rome by the train for Marseilles, a French port, which he researched However, he promised to secure one for the governor general.
without mishap. On July 3, 1887, he boarded the streamer Djemnah, the same
streamer which brought him to Europe five years ago. There were about 50 Rizal Visited the Jesuit father to ask for the copy he sent them, but they would not
passengers, including 4 Englishmen, 2 Germans, 3 Chinese, 2 Japanese, many part with it. The Jesuits, especially his former professors – Fr. Francisco de Paula
Frenchmen, and 1 Filipino (Rizal). Sanchez, Fr. Jose Bech, and Fr. Federico Faura, who ventured an opinion that
“everything in it was the truth”, but added: “You may lose your head for it”.
Rizal was the only one among the passengers who could speak many languages, so
that he acted as interpreter for his companions. Fortunately, Rizal found a copy in the hands of a friend. He was able to get it and
gave it to Governor General Terrero. The governor general, who was a liberal-minded
The Streamer was enroute to the Orient via the Suez Canal. Rizal thus saw this Spaniard, knew that Rizal’s life in jeopardy because the friars were powerful. For
historic canal for the second time, the first time was when he sailed to Europe from security measure, he assigned a young Spanish lieutenant, Don Jose Taviel de
Manila in 1882. On board, he played chess with fellow passengers and engage in Andrade, as bodyguard of Rizal. This lieutenant belonged to a noble family. He was
lively conversation in many languages. Some passengers sang: others played on the cultured and knew painting, and could speak English, French, and Spanish.
piano and accordion. After leaving Aden, the weather became rough and some of
Rizal’s books got wet. At Saigon, on July 30, he transferred to another streamer Governor General Terrero rand the Noli and found nothing wrong with in. But Rizal’s
Haiphong which was Manila-bound. On August 2, this streamer left Saigon to enemies were powerful. The Archbishop of Manila, Msgr. Pedro Payo (a Dominican)
Manila. sent a copy of the Nolito Father Rector Gregorio Echavarria of the University of
Santo Tomas for examination by a committee of the faculty. The committee, which
Arrival in Manila was composed of Dominican professor’s, submitted its report to the Father Rector,
who immediately transmitted it to Archbishop Payo. The archbishop in turn, lost no
Rizal”s voyage from Saigon to Manila wa pleasant. On August 3rd the moon was full, time in forwarding it to the governor general. This report of the faculty members of
and he slept soundly the whole night. The calm see, illumined by the silvery the University of Santo Tomas stated that the Noli was “heretical, impious, and
moonlight, was a magnificent sight to him. scandalous in the religion order, and anti-patriotic, subversive of public order,
injurious to the government of Spain and its function in the Philippine Islands in the
Near midnight of August 5, the Haiphong arrived in Manila. Rizal went ashore with a political order”.
happy heart for he once more trod his beloved native soil. He stayed in the city for a
short time to visit his friends. He found Manila the same as when he left it five years
Governor General Terrero was dissatisfied with the report of the Dominicans, for he 2. Rizal does not attack the Church and Spain, as Fr. Rodriguez claimed,
knew that the Dominicans were prejudiced against Rizal. He send the novel to the because what Rizal attacked in the Noliwere the bad Spanish officials and not Spain,
Permanent Commission of Censorship which was composed of priest and laymen. and the bad and corrupt friars and not the Church.
The report of this commission was drafted by its head, Fr. Salvador Font, Augustinian
curaof Tondo, and submitted to the governor general on December 29. It found the 3. Father Rodriguez said that those who read the Noli commit a mortal
novel to contain subversive ideas against the Church and Spain, and recommended sin; since he (Rodriguez) had read the novel, therefore he also commits a mortal sin.
“that the importation, reproduction and circulation of this pernicious book in the
islands be absolutely prohibited”. Later, when Rizal learned of the brilliant defense of Father Garcia of his novel, he
cried because his gratitude was over-whelming. Rizal, himself defended his novel
When the newspapers published Font’s written report of the censorship commission, against Barrantes attack, in a letter written in Brussels, Belgium, in February, 1880. In
Rizal and his friends became apprehensive and uneasy. The enemies of Rizal exulted this letter, he exposed Barrantes’ ignorance of Philippine affairs and mental
in unholy glee. The banning of the Noli only served to make it popular. Everybody dishonesty which is unworthy of an academician. Barrantes met in Rizal his master in
wanted to read it. News about the great book spread among the masses. What the satire and polemics.
hated Spanish masters did not like, the oppressed masses liked very much. Despite the
government prohibition and the vigilance of the cruel Guardia Civil many Filipinos During the days when the Noli was the target of a heated controversy between the
were able to get hold of copies of the Noli which they read at night behind closed friars (and their minions) and the friends of Rizal, all copies of it were sold out and
doors. the price per copy soared to unprecedented level. Both friends and enemies of the
Noli found it extremely difficult to secure a copy. According to Rizal, in a letter to
Thanks to Governor General Terrero, there were no mass imprisonment or mass Fernando Canon from Geneva, June 13, 1887, the price he set per copy was five
execution of Filipinos. He refused to be intimidated by the friars who clamored for pesetas (equivalent to one pese), but the price later rose to fifty pesos per copy.
harsh measures against people who caught reading the novel and its author.
Rizal and Taviel de Andrade
Attackers of the Noli
While the storm over the Noliwas raging in fury, Rizal was not molested in Calamba.
The battle over the Noli took the form of a virulent war of words. Father Font printed This is due to Governor General Terrero’s generosity in assigning a bodyguard to
his report and distributed copies for it in order to discredit the controversial novel. him. Between this Spanish bodyguard, Lt. Jose Taviel de Andrade, and Rizal, a
Another Augustinian, Fr. Jose Rodriguez, Prior of Guadalupe, published a series of beautiful friendship bloomed.
eight pamphlets under the general heading Cuestiones de Sumo Interes (Questions of
Supreme Interes) to blast the Noli and other anti-Spanish writings. These eight Together, Rizal and Andrade, young, educated and cultured, made walking tours of
pamphlets wer entitled as follows: the verdant countrysides, discussed topics of common interest, and enjoyed fencing,
shooting, hunting, and painting. Lt. Andrade became a great admirer of the man he
1. Porque no los he de leer? (Why Should I not Read Them?). was ordered to watch and protect. Years later, he wrote for Rizal: “Rizal was refined,
educated and gentlemanly. The hobbies that most interested him were hunting,
2. Guardaos de ellos. Porque?(Beware of Them. Why?). fencing, shooting, painting and hiking. . . I well remember our excursion to Mount
Makiling, not so much for the beautiful view . . . as for the rumors and pernicious
3. Y_que me dice usted de la peste? (And What Can You Tell Me of Plague?). effects that result from it. There has one who believed and reported to Manila that
Rizal and I at the top of the mountain hoisted the German flag and proclaimed its
4. Porquetriufan los impios? (Why Do the Impious Truimph?). sovereignty over the Philippines. I imagined that such nonsense emanated from the
friars of Calamba, but did not take the trouble to make inquiries about the matter”.
5. Cree ustedque de versa no hay purgatorio? (Do You Think There Is Really No
Purgatory?). What marred Rizal’s happy days in Calamba with Lt. Andrade were (1) the death of
his older sister, Olimpia, and (2) the groundless tales circulated by his enemies that he
6. Hay o no hay infierno? (Is There o Is There No Hell?). was “a German spy, an agent of Bismarck, a Protestant, a Mason, a witch, a soul
beyong salvation, etc”
7. Que le pareceausted de esoslibelos? (What Do You Think of These Libels?).
Calamba’s Agrarian Trouble
8. Confession o condenacion? (Confession or Damnation?).
Governor General Terrero, influenced by certain facts in Noli Me Tangere, ordered a
Copies of these anti-Rizal pamphlets written by Fray Rodriguez were sold daily in the government investigation of the friar estates to remedy whatever iniquities might have
churches after Mass. Many Filipinos were forced to buy them in order not to displease been present in connection with land taxes and with tenant relations. One of the friars
the friars, but they did not believe what their author said with hysterical fervor. estates affected was the Calamba Hacienda which the Dominican Order owned since
1883. In compliance with the governor general’s orders, dated December 30, 1887,
Repercussions of the storm over the Noli reached Spain. It was fiercely attacked on the Civil Governor of Laguna Province directed the municipal authorities of Calamba
the session hall of the Senate of the Spanish Cortes by various senators, particularly to investigate the agrarian conditions of their locality.
General Jose deSalamanca on April 1, 1888, General Luis M. de Pando on April 12,
and Sr. Fernando Vida on June 11. The Spanish academician of Madrid, Vicente Upon hearing of the investigation, the Calamba folks solicited Rizal’s help in
Barrantes, who formerly occupied high government positions in the Philippines, gathering the facts and listing their grievances against the hacienda management, so
bitterly criticized the Noli in the article published in La EsapañaModerna (a that the central government might institute certain agrarian reforms.
newspaper of Madrid) in January, 1890.
After a thorough study of the conditions of Calamba, Rizal wrote down his findings
Defenders of the Noli which tenants and three of the officials of the hacienda signed on January 8, 1888.
These findings, which were formally submitted to the government for action, were the
The much-maligned Nolihad its gallant defenders who fearlessly came out to prove following:
the merits of the novel or to refute the arguments of the unkind attackers. Marcelo H.
delPilar, Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor, Graciano Lopez Jaena, Mariano Ponce, and other 1. The hacienda of the Dominican Order comprised not only the lands around
Filipino reformist in foreign lands, of course, rushed to uphold the truths of the Noli. Calamba, but also the town of Calamba.
Father Sanchez, Rizal’s favorite teacher at the Ateneo, defended and praised it in
public. Don SegismundoMoret, former Minister of the Crown; Dr. Miguel Morayta, 2. The profits of the Dominican Order continually increased because of the arbitrary
historian and statesman; and Professor Blumentritt, scholar and educator, read and increase of the rentals paid by the tenants.
liked the novel.
3. The hacienda owner never contributed a single centavo for the celebration of the
A brilliant defense of the Noli came from an unexpected source. It was by Rev. town fiesta, for the education of the children, and for the improvement of agriculture.
Vicente Garcia, a Filipino Catholic priest-scholar, theologian of the Manila Cathedral,
and a Tagalog translator of the famous Imitation of Christ by Thomas a Kempis. 4. Tenants who had spent much labor in clearing the lands were dispossessed of said
Father Garcia, writing under the penname Justo DesiderioMagalang, wrote a defense lands for flimsy reason.
of the Noli which was published in Singapore as an appendix to a pamphlet dated July 5. High rates of interest were charged the tenants for delayed payment of rentals, and
18, 1888. He blasted the arguments of Fr. Rodriguez as follows: when the rentals could not be paid, the hacienda management confiscated their
carabaos, tools and homes.
1. Rizal cannot be an “ignorant man”, as Fr. Rodriguez alleged, because
he was a graduated of Spanish universities and was a recipient of scholastic honors. Farewell to Calamba
Rizal’s exposure of the deplorable conditions of tenancy in Calamba infuriated further
his enemies. The friars exerted pressure on Malacañan Palace to eliminate him. They
asked Governor General Terrero to deport him, but the latter refused because there Chapter 12: Romantic Interlude in Japan (1888)
was no valid charge against Rizal in court. Anonymous threats against Rizal’s life
were received by his parents. The alarmed parents, relatives and friends (including Lt.
Taviel de Andrade) advised him to go away, for his life was in danger. One of the happiest interludes in the life of Rizal was his sojourn in the Land of the
Cherry Blossoms for one month and a half (February 28-April 13, 1888).
One day Governor General Terrero summoned Rizal and “advise” him to leave the February 28, 1888- early in the morning of Tuesday, Rizal arrived in Yokohama. He
Philippines for his own good. He was giving Rizal a chance to escape the fury of the registered at the Grand Hotel.
friar’s wrath.
Tokyo Hotel- Rizal stayed here from March 2 to March 7.
This time Rizal had to go. He could not very well disobey the governor general’s Rizal wrote to Professor Blumentritt: “Tokyo is more expensive then Paris. The
veiled orders. But he was not running like a coward from a fight. He was courageous, walls are built in
a fact which his worst enemies could not deny. A valiant hero that he was, he was not cyclopean manner. The streets are large and wide.”
afraid of any man and neither was he afraid to die. He was compelled to leave Juan Perez Caballero-secretary of the Spanish Legation, who visited Rizal at his
Calamba for two reason: (1) his presence in Calamba was jeopardizing the safety and hotel who latter invited him to live at the Spanish Legation.
happiness of his family and friends and (2) he could not fight better his enemies and
serve his country’s cause with greater efficacy by writing in foreign countries. Rizal accepted the invitation for two reasons: (1) he could economize his living
expenses by staying at the legation (2) he had nothing to hide from the prying eyes of
A Poem for Lipa the Spanish authorities.
March 7, 1888- Rizal checked out of Tokyo Hotel and lived at the Spanish Legation.
Shortly before Rizal left Calamba in 1888 his friend from Lipa requested him to write Rizal was favorably impressed by Japan. The things which favorably impressed
a poem in commemoration of the town’s elevation to a villa (city) by virtue of the Rizal in Japan were: (1) the beauty of the country—its flowers, mountains, streams
Becerra Law of 1888. Gladly, he wrote a poem dedicated to the industrious folks of and scenic panoramas, (2) the cleanliness, politeness, and industry of the Japanese
Lipa. This was the “Himno Al Trabajo” (Hymn to Labor). He finished it and sent it to people (3)the picturesque dress and simple charm of the Japanese women (4) there
Lipa before his departure from Calamba. were very few thieves in Japan so that the houses remained open day and night, and in
hotel room one could safely leave money on the table (5) beggars were rarely seen in
the city, streets, unlike in Manila and other cities.
Rickshaws-popular mode of transportation drawn by men that Rizal did not like in
Chapter 11: In Hong Kong and Macao, 1888 Japan.
April 13, 1888-Rizal left Japan and boarded the Belgic, an English steamer, at
Hounded by powerful enemies, Rizal was forced to leave his country for a second Yokohama, bound for the United States.
time in February 1888. He was then a full-grown man of 27 years of age, a practicing Tetcho Suehiro- a fighting Japanese journalist, novelist and champion of human
physician, and a recognized man-of-letters rights, who was forced by the Japanese government to leave the country; passenger
which Rizal befriended on board the Belgic.
The Trip to Hong Kong
April 13 to December 1, 1888- eight months of intimate acquaintanceship of Rizal
and Tetcho.
February 3, 1888-Rizal left Manila for Hong Kong on board the Zafiro
December 1, 1888- after a last warm handshake and bidding each other “goodbye”,
February 7, 1888- Zafiro made a brief stopover at Amoy
Rizal and Tetcho, parted ways—never to meet again.
Rizal did not get off his ship at Amoy for three reasons: (1) he was not feeling well
(2) it was raining hard (3) he heard that the city was dirty
February 8, 1888- Rizal arrived in Hong Kong
Victoria Hotel- Rizal stayed while in Hong Kong. He was welcomed by Filipino
residents, including Jose Maria Basa, Balbino Mauricio, and Manuel Yriarte (son of
Francisco Yriarte (son of Francisco Yriarte, alcalde mayor of Laguna) Chapter 13: Rizal’s Visit to the United States (1888)
Jose Sainz de Varanda - a Spaniard, who was a former secretary of Governor
General Terrero, April 28, 1888- the steamer Belgic, with Rizal on board, docked at San Francisco on
shadowed Rizal’s movement in Hong Kong it is believed that he was commissioned Saturday morning.
by the Spanish authorities to spy on Rizal May 4, 1888- Friday afternoon, the day Rizal was permitted to go ashore.
“Hong Kong”, wrote Rizal to Blumentritt on February 16, 1888, “is a small, but very
Palace Hotel- Rizal registered here which was then considered a first-class hotel in
clean city.”
the city.
Rizal stayed in San Francisco for two days—May 4 to 6, 1888.
Visit to Macao
May 6, 1888-Sunday, 4:30PM, Rizal left San Francisco for Oakland.
Macao is a Portuguese colony near Hong Kong. May 13, 1888-Sunday morning, Rizal reached New York, thus ending his trip across
the American continent.
According to Rizal, the city of Macao is small, low, and gloomy. There are many
junks, sampans, but few steamers. It looks sad and is almost dead. Rizal stayed three days in this city, which he called the “big town.”
February 18, 1888- Rizal, accompanied by Basa, boarded the ferry steamer, Kiu- May 16, 1888- Rizal left New York for Liverpool on board the City of Rome.
Kiang for Macao According to Rizal, this steamer was “the second largest ship in the world, the largest
being the Great Eastern”.
Don Juan Francisco Lecaros- A filipino gentleman married to a Portuguese lady.
Rizal had good and bad impressions of the United States. The good impressions
Rizal and Basa stayed at his home while in Macao.
were (1) the material progress of the country as shown in the great cities, huge farms,
February 18, 1888- Rizal witnessed a Catholic possession, in which the devotees
flourishing industries and busy factories (2) the drive and energy of the American
were dressed in blue and purple dresses and were carrying unlighted candles.
people (3) the natural beauty of the land (4) the high standard of living (5) the
February 20, 1888- Rizal and Basa returned to Hong Kong, again on board the ferry
opportunities for better life offered to poor immigrants.
steamer Kiu Kiang.
One bad impression Rizal had of America was the lack of racial equality: “America
is the land par excellence of freedom but only for the whites”
Departure from Hong Kong

February 22, 1888- Rizal left Hong Kong on board the Oceanic, an American
steamer, his destination was Japan.
Rizal’s cabin mate was a British Protestant missionary who called Rizal “a good
man”.