2-324 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA

TABLE 2-367 TABLE 2-366 Viscosity of Sucrose Solutions*

Viscosity in centipoises
Percentage sucrose by Percentage sucrose by
weight weight
Temp., Temp.,
°C 20 40 60 °C 20 40 60
0 3.818 14.82 50 0.974 2.506 14.06
5 3.166 11.60 55 0.887 2.227 11.71
10 2.662 9.830 113.9 60 0.811 1.989 9.87
15 2.275 7.496 74.9 65 0.745 1.785 8.37
20 1.967 6.223 56.7 70 0.688 1.614 7.18
25 1.710 5.206 44.02 75 0.637 1.467 6.22
30 1.510 4.398 34.01 80 0.592 1.339 5.42
35 1.336 3.776 26.62 85 0.552 1.226 4.75
40 1.197 3.261 21.30 90 1.127 4.17
45 1.074 2.858 17.24 95 1.041 3.73
*International Critical Tables, vol. 5, p. 23. Bingham and Jackson, Bur. Stan-
dards Bull. 14 (1919): 59.

FIG. 2-34 and TABLE 2-367 Nomograph (right) for thermal conductivity of organic liquids.

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 TRANSPORT PROPERTIES 2-325

TABLE 2-368 Prandtl Number of Air*

Pressure, bar
Temperature, K 1 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
80 mix 2.31 2.32 2.35 2.37 2.40 2.42 2.45 2.48 2.51 2.54 2.57
90 0.796 1.76 1.77 1.78 1.79 1.81 1.82 1.83 1.85 1.87 1.89 1.91
100 0.786 0.872 1.54 1.53 1.53 1.53 1.53 1.53 1.53 1.54 1.54 1.55
120 0.773 0.813 0.89 1.44 1.65 1.54 1.48 1.43 1.40 1.38 1.36 1.34
140 0.763 0.782 0.82 0.94 1.20 1.59 2.14 2.43 2.07 1.78 1.62 1.52

160 0.754 0.765 0.78 0.84 0.92 1.03 1.13 1.25 1.37 1.65 1.83 1.72
180 0.745 0.754 0.763 0.792 0.830 0.876 0.932 1.00 1.07 1.14 1.20 1.25
200 0.738 0.743 0.749 0.766 0.788 0.812 0.841 0.87 0.90 0.95 0.97 1.00
240 0.724 0.727 0.729 0.737 0.746 0.756 0.767 0.78 0.80 0.81 0.81 0.82
280 0.710 0.711 0.713 0.717 0.721 0.726 0.731 0.737 0.742 0.75 0.75 0.76

300 0.705 0.707 0.708 0.712 0.715 0.717 0.721 0.725 0.728 0.732 0.737 0.742
350 0.699 0.699 0.699 0.701 0.703 0.705 0.707 0.709 0.711 0.712 0.714 0.716
400 0.694 0.694 0.694 0.695 0.696 0.697 0.698 0.699 0.700 0.701 0.703 0.704
450 0.691 0.691 0.691 0.691 0.692 0.692 0.693 0.693 0.694 0.695 0.695 0.696
500 0.689 0.689 0.689 0.689 0.689 0.690 0.690 0.690 0.690 0.691 0.691 0.691

600 0.690 0.690 0.690 0.689 0.689 0.689 0.689 0.689 0.689 0.690 0.690 0.690
700 0.696 0.696 0.695 0.695 0.695 0.695 0.695 0.695 0.695 0.695 0.695 0.695
800 0.705 0.704 0.704 0.704 0.704 0.703 0.703 0.703 0.703 0.702 0.702 0.702
900 0.709 0.709 0.708 0.708 0.708 0.708 0.708 0.708 0.708 0.708 0.708 0.708
1000 0.711 0.711 0.711 0.711 0.711 0.710 0.710 0.710 0.710 0.709 0.709 0.709
*Compiled by P. E. Liley from tables of specific heat at constant pressure, thermal conductivity, and viscosity given in SI units for integral kelvin temperatures and
pressures in bars by Vasserman. Thermophysical Properties of Air and Its Components and Thermophysical Properties of Liquid Air and Its Components. Nauka,
Moscow, and in translated form by the National Bureau of Standards, Washington. The number of significant figures given above reflects the similar numbers appear-
ing for the constituent properties in the source references. While reasonable agreement occurs for atmospheric pressure with some other works, the fragmentary data
available for the saturated, etc., states show large deviations.

TABLE 2-369 Prandtl Number of Liquid Refrigerants*

Temperature, K
Refrigerant No. 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380
Trichlorofluoromethane 11 11.9 8.64 6.73 5.33 4.74 4.18
Dichlorodifluoromethane 12 7.00 5.25 4.27 3.65 3.27 3.08 3.04 3.19 3.44 4.00
Chlorotrifluoromethane 13 2.96 2.67 2.69 3.05 3.57 — — — —
Bromotrifluoromethane 13B1 4.80 3.75 3.27 2.94 2.83 3.03 3.61 4.52 — —
Dichlorofluoromethane 21 5.72 4.50 3.87 3.48 3.25 3.16 3.17

Chlorodifluoromethane 22 4.68 3.76 3.23 2.93 2.79 2.77 2.87 3.18 3.54 —
Methyl chloride 40 2.53 2.42 2.40 2.45 2.60 2.85
Trichlorotrifluoroethane 113 — — — 7.04 6.23 5.61 5.18
Dichlorotetrafluoroethane 114 25.7 15.13 11.18 8.59 6.94 5.77 5.06 4.78 4.82
Chloropentafluoroethane 115 — 7.85 6.16 5.21 4.67 4.40 4.46 4.90 — —

Ethane 170 2.55 2.29 2.22 2.40 2.70 — — — —

Propane 290 5.28 4.46 3.88 3.44 3.16 3.02 3.16
Octafluorocyclobutane C318 — — — 11.2 8.74 7.35 6.37 5.87 5.96 —
Dichlorodifluoromethane/difluoroethane 500 5.78 4.23 3.40 3.13 3.01 3.13 3.35 3.72 —
Chlorodifluoromethane/chloropentafluoroethane 502 5.73 4.71 4.13 3.81 — —

Trifluoromethane/chlorotrifluoromethane 503 2.10 2.09 2.24 2.43 2.89 — — — — —

Methylene fluoride/chloropentafluoroethane 504 4.90 3.60 3.04 2.79 2.69 2.85 3.30 — — —
Butane 600 8.35 6.19 5.20 4.44 3.83 3.44 3.22 3.07 3.02
Isobutane (2-methyl propane) 600a 8.26 6.36 5.18 4.49 3.93 3.66 3.53 3.53 3.77 4.68
Ammonia 717 — 1.97 1.76 1.54 1.40 1.29 1.24 1.25 1.34

Water 718 — — — — — 10.3 5.69 3.65 2.60 1.99 1.59

Ethylene 1150 1.85 1.74 1.78 2.07 2.70 4.4 — — — — —
Propylene 1270 3.80 2.24 1.88 1.71 1.71 1.88 2.24 3.91 4.73 —
*Dashes indicate inaccessible states. Average uncertainty is about 20 percent. Values derived from formulations for thermal conductivity, specific heat at constant
pressure, and viscosity contained in Thermophysical Properties of Refrigerants. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, New
York, 1976. For further details see M. W. Johnson, M.S.M.E. thesis, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Ind., 1976.

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2-326 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA

TABLE 2-370 Thermophysical Properties of Miscellaneous Saturated Liquids

Temperature, °C
Substance Property −50 −40 −30 −20 −10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Acetaldehyde ρ (kg/m3) 863 852 840 828 816 804 794 783
cp(kJ/kg⋅K) 2.05 2.08 2.11 2.14 2.17 2.20 2.24 2.28
µ (10−6Pa⋅s) 460 404 358 321 290 263 241 222
k (W/m⋅K) 0.211 0.206 0.200 0.195 0.189 0.184 0.182 0.180
Pr 4.47 4.08 3.78 3.52 3.33 3.14 2.97 2.81

Acetic acid ρ (kg/m3) 1049 1039 1028 1018 1006 995 984 972 960
cp (kJ/kg⋅K) 2.031
µ (10−6Pa⋅s) 1210 1102 1010 795 600
k (W/m⋅K) 0.173 0.170 0.168 0.167 0.165 0.163 0.161
Pr 14.2

Aniline ρ (kg/m3) — — — — — 1039 1030 1022 1013 1005 996 987 978 969 960 951
cp(kJ/kg⋅K) — — — — — 2.024 2.047 2.071 2.093 2.113 2.132 2.17 2.20 2.23 2.27 2.32
µ (10−6Pa⋅s) — — — — — 10200 6500 4400 3160 2370 1850 1510 1270 1090 935 825
k (W/m⋅K) — — — — — 0.186 0.184 0.182 0.180 0.177 0.174 0.171 0.169 0.168 0.167 0.167
Pr — — — — — 111 72 50 36.7 28.3 22.7 19.2 16.5 14.5 12.7 11.5

Butanol ρ (kg/m3) 845 841 837 833 829 825 817 810 803 797 791 784 776 768 760 753
cp(kJ/ kg⋅K) 1.947 1.996 2.046 2.100 2.153 2.202 2.262 2.345 2.437 2.524 2.621
µ (10−6Pa⋅s) 34700 22400 14700 10300 7400 5190 3870 2950 2300 1780 1410 1140 930 760 630 535
k (W/m⋅K) 0.175 0.174 0.173 0.172 0.171 0.170 0.168 0.167 0.166 0.165 0.164 0.163 0.162 0.161 0.160 0.159
Pr 3860 2570 1740 1260 930 670 120 41 33.8 27.2 22.5

Carbon ρ (kg/m3) 1362 1348 1334 1320 1306 1292 1278 1263
disulfide cp(kJ/kg⋅K) 0.988 0.989 0.990 0.991 0.993 0.996 1.004 1.017
µ (10−6Pa⋅s) 630 580 535 496 463 435 405 375 350 330
k (W/m⋅K) 0.194 0.190 0.186 0.182 0.178 0.174 0.170 0.166 0.161 0.158 0.156 0.154 0.152 0.150
Pr 3.21 3.02 2.85 2.70 2.58 2.49 2.39 2.30

Cyclohexane ρ (kg/m3) — — — — — — 789 779 769 759 750 740 731 721
cp(kJ/kg⋅K) — — — — — — 2.068 2.081 2.094 2.106 2.119
µ (10−6Pa⋅s) — — — — — — 1175 980 820 710 605 540
k (W/m⋅K) — — — — — — 0.122 0.120 0.119 0.118 0.117 0.116 0.114 0.112
Pr — — — — — — 19.9 17.0 14.4 12.7 11.0

Ethanol ρ (kg/m3) 806 798 789 781 776 763 754 745 735 725 716
cp(kJ/ kg⋅K) 2.01 2.04 2.08 2.13 2.19 2.27 2.35 2.43 2.52 2.62 2.73 2.83 2.93 3.03 3.19 3.30
µ (10−6Pa⋅s) 6400 4790 3650 2825 2220 1770 1470 1200 1000 835 700 590 500 435 370 314
k (W/m⋅K) 0.188 0.186 0.184 0.181 0.179 0.177 0.175 0.173 0.171 0.168 0.165 0.162 0.159 0.156 0.153 0.151
Pr 68.4 52.5 41.3 33.2 27.2 22.7 19.7 16.9 14.7 13.0 11.6 10.3 9.2 8.4 7.7 6.9

Ethyl ρ (kg/m3) 947 935 924 912 901 888 876 863 851 838 825 811 797
acetate cp(kJ/kg⋅K) 2.01
µ (10−6Pa⋅s) 1090 580 510 455 400 370 345 310 280 250 230 220
k (W/m⋅K) 0.145 0.142 0.139 0.136 0.133 0.130 0.127 0.123 0.119
Pr 6.3

Ethylamine ρ (kg/m3) 761 750 739 729 718 707 695 683 671 658 646 633 620 607
cp(kJ/ kg⋅K) 2.95 2.97 2.98 3.00 3.01 3.03
µ (10−6Pa⋅s) 580 500 435 390 350 320
k (W/m⋅K) 0.204 0.201 0.199 0.196 0.194 0.191
Pr 8.39 7.39 6.51 5.97 5.43 5.08

Ethyl ρ (kg/m3) 790 780 769 758 747 736 725 714 702 689 676 666 653 640 625 611
ether cp(kJ/kg⋅K) 2.135 2.156 2.179 2.205 2.233 2.265 2.299 2.332 2.36 2.39 2.43 2.47 2.51
µ (10−6Pa⋅s) 550 470 410 365 330 290 265 233 214 197 181 166 153 140 129 118
k (W/m⋅K) 0.159 0.155 0.151 0.147 0.144 0.140 0.139 0.134 0.129 0.125 0.120 0.116 0.112
Pr 7.39 6.54 5.92 5.48 5.12 4.69 4.38 4.05 3.92 3.77 3.67 3.54 3.43

Ethyl ρ (kg/m3)
iodide cp(kJ/kg⋅K) 0.656 0.663 0.670 0.677 0.684 0.691 0.698 0.705 0.712 0.718 0.724
µ (10−6Pa⋅s) 730 655 590 539 495 455 420 390
k (W/m⋅K) 0.092 0.090 0.088 0.086 0.085 0.083 0.081 0.080
Pr 5.37 4.98 4.63 4.30 4.11 3.90 3.72 3.53

Ethylene ρ (kg/m3) 1127 1120 1113 1106 1099 1092 1085 1077 1070 1063 1056
glycol cp(kJ/kg⋅K) 2.272 2.327 2.381 2.431 2.484 2.536 2.586 2.636 2.685 2.734 2.779
µ (10−6Pa⋅s) 57000 33300 20200 13400 9100 7070 4000 3450 3000 2440 2000
k (W/m⋅K) 0.254 0.255 0.256 0.258 0.259 0.260
Pr 510 305 190 126 87.3 69.0

Formic acid ρ (kg/m3) 1241 1231 1220 1209 1196 1184 1170 1156 1140 1124 1108
cp(kJ/ kg⋅K)
µ (10−6Pa⋅s) 2260 1800 1470 1220 1030 890 780 680 615 550
k (W/m⋅K) 0.265 0.261 0.257 0.257 0.253 0.250 0.246 0.243 0.240 0.236 0.232
Pr

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 TRANSPORT PROPERTIES 2-327

TABLE 2-370 Thermophysical Properties of Miscellaneous Saturated Liquids (Concluded )

Temperature, °C
Substance Property −50 −40 −30 −20 −10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Gasoline ρ (kg/m3) 784 775 767 759 751 743 735 721 717 708 699 690 681
cp(kJ/ kg⋅K) 1.88 1.92 1.97 2.02 2.06 2.11 2.15 2.20 2.25 2.30 2.35 2.41 2.46
µ (10−6Pa⋅s) 1710 1400 1170 990 850 735 645 530 464 410 367 330 298 270 246 225
k (W/m⋅K) 0.131 0.128 0.125 0.123 0.121 0.120 0.118 0.116 0.114 0.112 0.110 0.108 0.106 0.104 0.102 0.100
Pr 15.1 13.5 12.1 11.0 9.41 8.59 7.87 7.34 6.88 6.47 6.10 5.81 5.54

Glycerol ρ (kg/m3) — — — — — 1276 1270 1260 1254 1248 1242

cp(kJ/ kg⋅K) 2.393 2.406 2.457 2.504 2.548 2.588 2.625 2.657 2.686
µ (10−6Pa⋅s) 1.2.+7 4.0.+6 1.5.+6
k (W/m⋅K) 0.284 0.285 0.287 0.288 0.289 0.291 0.293 0.294 0.295
Pr 12650

Kerosine ρ (kg/m3) 781 774 767 760 754 748 742

cp(kJ/kg⋅K) 1.91 1.96 2.02 2.07 2.13 2.18 2.23 2.28 2.32 2.35 2.38
µ (10−6Pa⋅s) 1150 725 500 360 275 215 173 149 126 108 95 83 73 66 60 55
k (W/m⋅K) 0.140 0.139 0.139 0.138 0.138 0.137 0.137
Pr 2.93 2.44 2.17 1.89 1.67 1.51 1.35

Methanol ρ (kg/m3) 783 774 766 756 746 736 725 711
cp(kJ/ kg⋅K) 2.30 2.32 2.35 2.37 2.40 2.42 2.45 2.47 2.49 2.52 2.55 2.65 2.78 2.94 3.13 3.30
µ (10−6Pa⋅s) 2305 1800 1410 1170 975 820 692 590 510 455 400 355 315 271 240 218
k(W/m⋅K) 0.225 0.222 0.219 0.216 0.212 0.209 0.206 0.203 0.199 0.195 0.192 0.189 0.187 0.184 0.182 0.180
Pr 23.6 18.8 15.1 12.9 11.0 9.53 8.23 7.18 6.38 5.88 5.31 4.98 4.68 4.34 4.13 3.99

Methyl ρ (kg/m3) 1069 1056 1043 1030 1017 1003 989 975 960 944 929 913 897 880 863 845
formate cp(kJ/kg⋅K) 1.84 1.86 1.88 1.90 1.92 1.95 1.99 2.03 2.08
µ (10−6Pa⋅s) 830 711 618 544 481 430 380 345 315
k (W/m⋅K) 0.217 0.213 0.209 0.205 0.200 0.195 0.191 0.186 0.180
Pr 7.04 6.21 5.56 5.04 4.62 4.30 3.96 3.77 3.64

Oil, ρ (kg/m3)
castor cp(kJ/ kg⋅K)
µ (10−6Pa⋅s) 2,420,000 986,000 451,000 231,000 125,000 74,000 43,000
k (W/m⋅K) 0.182 0.181 0.180 0.179 0.178 0.177 0.176 0.175 0.174 0.17
Pr

Oil, ρ (kg/m3) 914

olive cp(kJ/ kg⋅K) 1.633
µ (10−6Pa⋅s) 138,000 84,000 52,000 36,300 24,500 17,000 12,400
k (W/m⋅K) 0.170 0.169 0.168 0.167 0.166 0.166 0.165 0.165 0.164 0.164
Pr 810

Pentane ρ (kg/m3) 693 684 674 665 656 646 636 626 616 606 596 585 574 562 550 538
cp(kJ/kg⋅K) 2.060 2.084 2.110 2.137 2.167 2.206 2.239 2.273
µ (10−6Pa⋅s) 489 428 379 339 307 279 254 234 209 190 175 161 148 137 124 113
k (W/m⋅K) 0.142 0.139 0.136 0.132 0.128 0.125 0.122 0.119 0.115 0.112 0.108 0.105 0.101 0.098 0.095 0.091
Pr 7.14 6.42 5.88 5.49 5.20 4.92 4.66 4.47

Propanol ρ (kg/m3) 849 819 811 814 796 788 779 770 761 752 747 743
cp(kJ/kg⋅K) 1.955 2.219
µ (10−6Pa⋅s) 20,200 13,500 9500 6900 5110 3900 2900 2245 1720 1400 1130 921 760 630 508 447
k (W/m⋅K) 0.167 0.166 0.165 0.171 0.169 0.168 0.167 0.165 0.164 0.163 0.162
Pr 236

Sulfuric ρ (kg/m3) 1834

acid cp(kJ/kg⋅K) 1.382
µ (10−6Pa⋅s) 48,400 35,200 25,400 15,700 11,500 8820 7220 6090 5190
k (W/m⋅K) 0.314
Pr

Toluene ρ (kg/m3) 932 923 913 904 895 886 876 867 858 848 839 829 820 810 800 790
cp(kJ/kg⋅K) 1.514 1.535 1.556 1.579 1.602 1.633 1.652 1.675 1.701 1.73 1.76 1.80 1.83 1.87 1.92 1.97
µ (10−6Pa⋅s) 2120 1670 1345 1100 915 770 670 590 520 470 420 380 355 325 295 270
k (W/m⋅K) 0.152 0.149 0.147 0.144 0.142 0.139 0.137 0.134 0.132 0.129 0.126 0.124 0.122 0.119 0.117 0.114
Pr 21.1 17.8 14.2 12.1 10.3 9.0 8.1 7.4 6.7 6.3 5.9 5.5 5.3 5.1 4.8 4.7

Turpentine ρ (kg/m3)
cp(kJ/kg⋅K) 1.72 1.76 1.80 1.93
µ (10−6Pa⋅s) 2250 1780 1490 1270 1070 925 820 730 675
k (W/m⋅K) 0.130 0.129 0.128 0.127 0.126 0.125
Pr 29.8 24.3 20.9 18.4 16.1 14.3

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