The document summarizes the five senses - touch, sight, taste, smell, and hearing - and provides details on the anatomy and physiology of the chemical senses of taste and smell. It describes the structures involved in vision such as the eye, retina, and lens. For hearing and balance, it outlines the outer, middle, and inner ear as well as the mechanisms of sound transmission and processing. Disorders affecting the different sensory systems are also briefly discussed.
The document summarizes the five senses - touch, sight, taste, smell, and hearing - and provides details on the anatomy and physiology of the chemical senses of taste and smell. It describes the structures involved in vision such as the eye, retina, and lens. For hearing and balance, it outlines the outer, middle, and inner ear as well as the mechanisms of sound transmission and processing. Disorders affecting the different sensory systems are also briefly discussed.
The document summarizes the five senses - touch, sight, taste, smell, and hearing - and provides details on the anatomy and physiology of the chemical senses of taste and smell. It describes the structures involved in vision such as the eye, retina, and lens. For hearing and balance, it outlines the outer, middle, and inner ear as well as the mechanisms of sound transmission and processing. Disorders affecting the different sensory systems are also briefly discussed.
The document summarizes the five senses - touch, sight, taste, smell, and hearing - and provides details on the anatomy and physiology of the chemical senses of taste and smell. It describes the structures involved in vision such as the eye, retina, and lens. For hearing and balance, it outlines the outer, middle, and inner ear as well as the mechanisms of sound transmission and processing. Disorders affecting the different sensory systems are also briefly discussed.
SENSES Victoria Frawert Anatomy THE SENSES There are five general senses: Touch, sight, taste, smell, and hearing. Equilibrium is considered a special sense as well, found in the ear. Chemical Senses (Taste & Smell) Chemoreceptors – Receptors for taste & smell that only respond to chemicals. Excited by chemicals dissolved in saliva & airborn chemicals dissolved in nasal membranes. Taste buds: located in oral cavity; 10,000; most in tongue papillae; each taste bud has 40-100 epithelial cells made of 3 major types. Supporting Cells: separate and insulate Receptor Cells: deal with taste
Basal cells: like stem cells, they give rise to new cells
Taste Sensations Sweet at tip of tongue Salty & sour on the sides
Bitter in the back
Physiology of Taste Activation To be tasted, first must be dissolved in saliva, diffuse into the pore and make contact with gustatory hairs which trigger neurotransmitters to elicit action potentials in these fibers. Adapt rapidly 3-5 seconds & completely in 1-5 minutes Taste Transduction Process in which stimulus energy is converted into a nerve impulse due to influx of different ions Gustatory Pathway Taste is carried in two cranial nervers Facial: anterior 2/3rds of tongue Glossopharyngeal: posterior 1/3rd Taste triggers reflexes in digestion such as increasing saliva & gastric juice Influence of other sensations on taste Taste is 80% smell, when olfactory receptors are blocked food becomes bland Thermoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, nociceptors, temperature and texture can enhance or detract Olfactory & Sense of Smell Structure Detects chemicals in solution Olfactory Epithelium:
Located on roof of nasal cavity
Contain olfactory receptor cells with columnar supporting
cells Covered by mucous to trap airborn molecules
Physiology In order to smell the substance must be in a gaseous state Must be water soluble to dissolve in olfactory epithelium
Bind to protein receptors which open ion channels that send
action potentials to olfactory bulb Pathway Send impulses from bulb down tract Thalmus Frontal Lobe or Hypothalmus to interpret and elicit emotional responses to odor Imablances include anosmias (without smells) from head injuries; unicinate fits (olfactory hallucinations) EYE & VISION Accessory Structures Eyebrows Shade the eyes Prevent perspiration into eye
Conjunctiva Mucous membrane over eyelids and anterior surface of eyeball (white part) Vascular, when irritated eyes are blood shot Lacrimal Apparatus Consist of gland and ducts that drain excess secretions into nasal cavity Secretes saline solution (tears) Contains mucous, antibodies, and lysosomes to clean eye & destroy bacteria Eye muscles Movement is controlled by 6 muscles Four Rectus muscles: Superior, Inferior, Lateral, Medial Two Oblique muscles: Superior, Inferior Nerve Innervation: abducens, trochlear, oculomotor
Lens : Divides eye into anterior and
posterior segments Transparent, flexible structure that can change shape to allow focus of light on retina Avascular Becomes less elastic through life causing focus impairment Cataract – cloudy lens due to thickening of lens or diabetes Structure of the Eyeball Divided into 3 tunics Fibrous – dense avascular tissue Sclera: white part that protects, shapes, and provides
attachment for eye muscles
Cornea: buldges anteriorly and allows light into eye
Vascular
Choroid – highly vascular & provides nutrition
Ciliary Body – encircles lense and keeps it in place
Iris – contains pupil and changes in shape due to light
Sensory – contains the retina, which are photoreceptors of
Vitreous humor – in posterior Aqueous humor – in anterior (if undrained causes glaucoma) Physiology Wavelength & Color Eyes respond to visible light spectrum Progresses from red to violet
Refraction & lenses
Light travels in straight lines and blocked by nontrasnparent objects Light reflects or bounces off a surface
Reflection accounts for most of light reaching our eyes; as light
changes mediums it can bend or refract. Focus Your lens refracts the light to your focal point which projects on your retina Images are upside down & reversed
Myopia – nearsighted
Hyperopia – farsighted
Astigmatism – unequal curvature of lens leading to blur
Photoreception Photoreceptors are modified neurons
Outer segment connected to inner, inner connects to cell body
which has synaptic endings. Rods Sensitive to low light, best at night Cones Require high light, provides color EAR: HEARING & BALANCE Structure – three areas: Outer, middle, & inner ear Outer Ear Auricle or Pinna: ear composed of elastic cartilage & skin to direct sound waves to external auditory canal External auditory meatus: Short curved tube from auricle to eardrum Lined with skin, sebaceous glands, & ceruminous glands (secrete earwax) Tympanic membrane ( ear drum ) boundary between outer & middle ear Middle Ear (tympanic cavity) Small air filled mucus lined cavity Between eardrum & bony wall with two openings oval (vestibular) & round (cochlear) window Contains pharyngotympanic (auditory tube) running from middle ear to nasopharynx & helps equalize pressure Otitis Media – middle ear inflammation Inner Ear Behind eye socket & contains receptor information 2 Major divisions Bony (osseous ) labyrinth Vestibule – contains saccule and utricle which have equilibrium receptors that respond to gravity & changes of head position Cochlea – contains the organ of corti which is the sensory organ for hearing Semicircular Canals – respond to movement of head Membranous Labyrinth Series of sacs and ducts containing endolymph fluid to help conduct sound vibrations. Sound & Mechanisms of Hearing Sound – a disturbance of pressure Frequency – measurement of offurrences of a repeated event per unit of time Distance between two crests is a wavelength Frequency is expressed in hertz Range for humans is 20-20,000 Hz Amplitude or height of wave is related to intensity Loudness is measured in decibles We can hear from .1 dB to over 120 dB
Threshold for pain is 130 dB
Hearing loss occurs with exposure to 90 dB
Noisy restaurant is 70 dB, normal talking is 50 dB
A rock concert is 120 dB. You do the math.
Transmission Sound waves move through the air, membranes, bones, fluids to reach receptor cells in the organ of corti. Vibrations excite hair cells which send messages to cochlear nerve and brings the impulses to the brain for processing Imbalances of Hearing Deafness – any hearing loss Conduction deafness When something hampers sound conduction to fluids of
inner ear Ruptures, perforated eardrum can cause problems
Sensorinerual
Damage to neural structures of cochlear hair cells
Can be partial or complete & generally there is gradual loss
of hearing throughout life
Cells can be damaged to extremely loud noises or
prolonged exposure Can be fixed with cochlear implants
Tinnitus Ringing of ear Symptom of pathology and not disease st 1 symptom of cochlear nerve degeneration
Can be from inflammation or medication or trauma
Mild cases can be cleared with anti motion drugs, sometimes
surgery Equilibrium & Orientation Responds to head movement without awareness Receptors of inner ear are divided into two parts Static Sensory receptors for static are the maculae Found in saccules and utricle Monitor position of head in space, control posture Dynamic Receptor for dynamic are the crista ampullaris Excited by head movement but major stimuli are rotatory These areas are at work when twirling or feeling ill on a boat
