INDEPENDENT

AND
DEPENDENT
VARIABLES

Subject Area Practical Research 2

Grade Level Grade 12
Content Domain
Content Standard The learner demonstrates
understanding of the nature
of variables
Performance Standard The learner is able to decide
on suitable quantitative
research in different areas of
interest
Competency The learner differentiate kinds
of variables and their uses

Author:
BERNADETTE D. DOMOLOAN
SHST-II, DepEd, Division of Camiguin

Department of Education, Republic of the Philippines

1
 General Instruction to the
Teachers

 This module is for students who have least

mastered skill in kinds of variables and those
that are absent when you taught it. Make
sure that they have mastered the
prerequisite concepts contained in this
module
 Revise or provide contextualized examples
and activities suggested herein based on the
learner’s specific need/s.
 Remind students to use another sheet to
write his/her answers to the given activities
 Make sure to retrieve the module after use.
Fill up the Module User at the back page for
monitoring.

General Instruction to the

Students

 Use another sheet to write your answers to the

given activities
 Read and answer the activities carefully and
review it afterwards.
 Fill up the Module User at the back page to
record the dates that you received and
returned this module
 Take care of this module. Your classmates
may use this as well.

2
WHAT IS THIS MODULE ALL ABOUT?

In our daily life, we always struggle to find solutions to problems

we encounter. May it be for enhancement, improvement, development
or innovation to uplift or make our life more convenient. We gather
information and entertain queries or inquiry to find probable answers
to questions or problems. Thus, research has become part of our daily
life.
When we gather information, we may use qualitative or
quantitative method of research. Qualitative researches are those
studies concerned with description of a phenomenon and can be
described without the use of numerical values of the data gathered.
Meanwhile, quantitative research use numbers to arrive to certain
generalizations. The numbers in quantitative research are the results
of objective scales of measurements of the units of analysis called
variables. Research findings are subjected to statistical treatment to
determine significant relationships or differences between variables,
the results of which are the bases for generalization about
phenomena.
In this module, you will be encountering and tackling two kinds
of variables and its uses, the independent and dependent variables.
This is intended for students who have least mastered skill in
distinguishing independent and dependent variables and those that
have missed the discussion of topic.

WHAT DO YOU EXPECT TO LEARN?

After studying this unit, you are expected to be able to
differentiate independent and dependent variables and their uses.

3
HOW ARE YOU GOING TO LEARN?

This icon signals a pre-test that you need to

answer to determine how much you about the
topic. At every pre-test, you will find a question
to answer. Write your answers in the blank
provided for or as instructed in the pre-test. If
you cannot answer a question may leave it
blank. But see to it that you go back to check
after you have studied or read the text.

You will find this icon before some chunks of

text in the following pages. It tells you to
carefully study the concepts, principles, or
processes discussed in the text. It also tells you
that there is a question to answer or an idea to
think about it.

This icon introduces a list of important ideas to

remember. Read it carefully and keep it in
mind.

From the good habit of reviewing the text and

how much time, effort, interest and patience
you invest in your learning will determine how
sure you are in having good scores in the
checkpoint. Your attitude will help you learn
more and effectively that makes you a better
learner.

You will find this icon at the end of every

lesson. It signals a self-test to determine how
well you have achieved the objectives set in the
unit. Study the lesson well and you will perform
quite well in the self-test. This will be submitted
to your teacher after you answering the self-
test. Write legibly and always follow
instructions properly.

4
 This icon tells you of an assignment you have to
perform. The quality of your output from this
assignment will show the extent to which you
can apply what have you learned from the
lesson. Submit this also to your teacher at the
date specified.

Source of icons: ___________________

Are you now set to perform the activity, answer the questions,
and read the texts? If so, then you may get your ball pen and
notebook as I will request you to answer the questions included
herein.
Good luck, enjoy reading and doing the activity. God bless.

5
LESSON 3: INDEPENDENT AND INDEPENDENT VARIABLES and
THEIR USES

PRE-TEST AND SELF-CHECK

Answer the questions below. Follow instructions properly.

(To be constructed)

6
INTRODUCTION

The root word of the word variable is “vary” or simply “can

change” (Prieto, Naval and Carey, 2017). These variables are among
the fundamental concepts of research, alongside with measurement,
validity, reliability, cause and effect; and theory. Bermudo, Araojo,
Morales and Yango (2010) defines a variable as something whose
value or name or property or characteristic which is yet to be known is
sought for by the researcher; that may change or may be changed
from one condition to another or can take more than one value, and
values can be words or numbers.
A variable specifically refers to characteristics, or attribute of an
individual or an organization that can be measured or observed and
that varies among the people or organization being studied (Creswell,
2002). As mentioned earlier, variables are units of analysis, some of
which include age, gender or sex, educational attainment, monthly
family income, marital status, grade level, attitudes or behaviors such
as bullying, absenteeism in class or in work, study habits, among
others.

7
 SUB-TOPIC 1: INDEPENDENT VARIABLES

INDEPENDENT VARIABLES –Those that probably

cause, influence, or affect outcomes. They are
invariably called treatment, manipulated,
antecedent or predictor variables. This is the
cause variable or the one responsible for the
conditions that act on something else to bring
about changes (Prieto, et. al).

Independent variables are stand alone, and

are not changed by other variables that you
are trying to measure.
Examples of independent variables are age,
gender or sex, how much time people spend
using their gadgets, educational
attainment, among others.
Independent variable causes an effect on
the dependent variable.

EXAMPLES:

1. A study is conducted on the relationship of study habits and

academic performance of TNHS senior high school students.
STUDY HABITS is the independent variable because it
influenced or affect the outcome or the academic performance of
the students.

2. You want to compare brands of ballpens, to see which lasts

the longest time. The independent variable in your experiment
would be the BRAND OF BALLPEN because it may influence
the length of time that it lasts.

8
GUIDED ACTIVITY 1

Direction: Suppose your teacher is to survey the profiles of her

students in your class. Fill up the student’s profile below
considering you are one of the respondents. Ask another
classmate to answer the survey and compare your answer with
that of your classmate.

Student’s Profile Part I

NAME : _______________________
ADDRESS : _______________________
SEX : _______________________
AGE : _______________________
BIRTHDAY : _______________________
BIRTHPLACE : _______________________
CELL. No. : _______________________
RELIGION : _______________________
SCHOOL BEFORE TNHS : _______________________
MOTHER’S NAME : _______________________
CELL. # : _______________________
OCCUPATION : _______________________
FATHER’S NAME : _______________________
OCCUPATION : _______________________
CELL. # : _______________________
GUARDIAN : _______________________
NUMBER OF SIBLINGS:______________________
GENERAL AVERAGE FROM PREVIOUS YEAR LEVEL: _____
ACTIVE IN Co-curricular Activities? (Yes/No) ____
ACTIVE IN Extracurricular Activities? (Yes/No) ____

Guide Questions:

1. Describe independent variable in a complete sentence.

2. Based on the answers of the student’s profile, enumerate the items
that are examples of an independent variables.
SELF-CHECK.

9
Directions: Do as directed. Write your answer on a separate sheet of
paper.
1. Explain the term “independent variable” in your own words in a
complete sentence.
2. Which of the two is the independent variable?
A. Students undergo remedial classes in an English subject.
B. Students who undergo remedial classes have improved
grades in an English subject.

Explain your answer in a complete sentence.

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. Give three examples of independent variable.

SUB-TOPIC 2: DEPENDENT VARIABLES

10
 DEPENDENT VARIABLES – those that depend on
the independent variables; they are the outcomes
or results of the influence of the independent
variable. That is why it is also called outcome
variable.

Dependent variables what researchers are

interested in. They depend on other
factors.
Examples include test scores because it
could change depending on many factors
such as your study habit, how much time
you spent on studying, how much sleep
you get the night before the exam or even
how hungry you are when you took the
test.

EXAMPLES:

11
 1. A study is on the relationship of study habits and academic
performance of TNHS senior high school students. ACADEMIC
PERFORMANCE is the dependent variable because it is
depending on the study habits of the students; if the students
change their study habit the academic performance probably
will also change.

2. You want to compare brands of ballpens, to see which lasts

the longest span of time. The dependent variable in your
experiment would be the SPAN OF TIME because it depends on
the brand of ballpen that you are using; if you will change the
brand, the length of time or span of time that it will last may be
influenced.

GUIDED ACTIVITY 2

Direction: Suppose your teacher has to survey additional

profiles of her students in your class. Fill up the student’s
additional profile below considering you are one of the
respondents. Ask another classmate to answer the survey and
compare your answer with that of your classmate.

Student’s Profile Part II

No. of Gadgets Owned: __________________

Avarage Grade for Quarter I:________________
Preferred Subject : _______________________
Attendance Rate (percentage) : _____________

Guide Questions:

1. Describe dependent variable in a complete sentence.

2. Based on the answers on the Student’s Profile II, enumerate the
items that are examples of a dependent variable.

SELF-CHECK.

12
Directions: Do as directed. Write your answer on a separate sheet of
paper.
1. Explain the term “dependent variable” in your own words in a
complete sentence.
2. Which of the two is the dependent variable?
A. A considerable number of consumers use the twin pack 3 in
1 coffee prodect.
B. A leading coffee manufacturer introduces twin pack in a 3 in
1 coffee product

Explain your answer in a complete sentence.

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. Give three examples of dependent variable.
4. Distinguish independent variable from dependent variable in
complete sentence.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

GUIDED ACTIVITY 3

Direction: Consider the following situation. Take note of the

independent and dependent variable described in it and
enclose them in a parenthesis. Then answer the guide
questions below. Take the following example as guide:
Example: You are keeping track of your time spent on studying and
your test score after the examination.
Independent variable : time spent on studying
Dependent variable: test scores
Distinguish between independent variable from dependent variable
Answer: (Time spent in studying) could cause a change in (test
scores) but it is not possible that (test scores) could cause a change in
(time spent studying).
Given situation:

13
 Climate change is one of the major concern around
the world at present. In the phenomenon of climate
change, temperature may influence the sea level. When
temperature is increased, there is a possibility that it can
cause water expansion in the sea leading the rise in sea
level globally.

Guide Questions:

1. What is the independent variable expressed in the situation?

2. What is the dependent variable expressed in the situation?
2. Distinguish the independent variable from the dependent variable
in the given situation in a complete sentence.

SELF-CHECK.

Directions: Do as directed. Write your answer on a separate

sheet of paper.

1. Distinguish an independent variable from a dependent variable in a

complete sentence.

GENERALIZATION

14
 POINTS TO REMEMBER
Kinds of Variables
1. Independent Variable - Those that probably cause,
influence, or affect outcomes. They are invariably called
treatment, manipulated, antecedent or predictor variables.
This is the cause variable or the one responsible for the
conditions that act on something else to bring about
changes (Prieto, et. al).
2. Dependent Variable - those that depend on the
independent variables; they are the outcomes or results of
the influence of the independent variable. That is why it is
also called outcome variable.
Usually, when you are aiming to see or point out the
relationship, you are actually trying to identify the
independent variable of the study and its possible effect,
influence or cause changes to the dependent variable.
You may distinguish an independent variable from a
dependent variable using the following:
(independent variable) causes a change in (dependent
variable) and it isn’t possible that (dependent variable) could
cause a change in (independent variable).

INDEPENDENT ACTIVITY

Directions: Do as directed. Write your answer on a separate sheet of

paper.

1. With a classmate assigned to you by your teacher, do a survey of

the kind of mobile phones used by your senior high school students
and the subscription used (TnT, globe, TM, etc) together with their
preferred online games.

2. Submit the results of your survey to your teacher, who will then
decide when you are going to present it in class.

ASSESSMENT AND SELF-CHECK

15
 SELF-CHECK.

Directions: Do as directed. Write your answer on a separate

sheet of paper.

1. Based on the result of the survey, identify the independent and

dependent variables. Then distinguish the two in the given situation.

POSTTEST AND SELF-CHECK

(To be constructed)

REFERENCES

Bermudo, P. J. V., Araojo, A. E., Morales, M. I. and Yango, A. R. (2010). Research writing
made simple (A modular approach for collegiate and graduate students)

Creswell, J. W. (2003). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods

approaches. Second Edition. Sage Production, Inc. United States of America

MODULE CHALLENGE

16
 MODULE USERS
Name of Student Date Student’s Date Teacher’s
Received Signature Returne Signature
d

17
 This module may be adopted, modified
and reproduced for educational purposes with
appropriate credit to the author.

For inquiries, feedback, recommendations

and suggestions, please contact the author
through the Division Learning Resource
Supervisor at cellular phone number
09171491640 and /or email address
bernadette.domoloan@deped.gov.ph

18