COMPONENTS

There are a few components used in our project which lead us to create a wonderful

traffic light controlling system. They are:-

1. 9V Battery (Input Battery)

2. 100K resistor

3. Six 1N4148 diodes

4. 555 timer IC (As a pulse generator)

5. 4017 IC counter (Main IC of the circuit)

6. 1M Potentiometer (Controls the timing of pulse generated by 555 timer)

7. Red, yellow and green LEDs. (Output)

 1. 9V Battery (Input Battery)

In our project,a 9V battery functions as an input battery. It supplies battery

continuously for our project to run without stopping for a limited time.

2. Resistor

A resistor is a specialized electrical component that provides resistance as a circuit

element. Resistors are passive, which means they are not affected by the current
they carry. A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that
implements electrical resistance as a circuit element. In electronic circuits,
resistors are used to reduce current flow, adjust signal levels, to divide
voltages, bias active elements, and terminate transmission lines, among other uses.
In our project, we use a 100K resistor to limit the flow of current inside the circuit.

Figure 1: 100K resistor

There are many colour codes to determine the correct resistor to be used for
project. The color code on the resistor has its own values to limit the current flow
inside the circuit.It can be determined using a chart of codes.The picture below
determines the value of a resistor.
 Chart 2: Resistor color coding chart.

Example: Band 1 = Red, Band 2 = Violet, Band 3 = Orange, Band 4 = Gold

The value of this resistor would be:

2 (Red) 7 (Violet) x1,000 (Orange)=27 x 1000

=27 000 with a 5% tolerance(gold)
= 27k ohms
3. 1N4148 diode
The 1N4148 is a standard silicon switching signal diode. It is one of the most
popular and long-lived switching diodes because of its dependable specifications and
low cost. Its name follows the JEDEC nomenclature. The 1N4148 is useful in
switching applications up to about 100 MHz with a reverse-recovery time of no more
than 4 ns. 1N4178 a are a single p-n diode in a discrete package. A switching dioden
our project, a 1N4148 provides the same functionality as a switch. It has high
resistance below the specified applied voltage similar to an open switch, whereas
above that voltage it changes in a sudden way to the low resistance of a closed switch.

Figure 3: 1N14148 diode

4. 555 Timer IC

A 555 timer is an integrated circuit which contains 8 pins and the description of each
pin is given in the pin description. This timer is used in the pulse generation,
oscillators and in different timer circuits. The 555timer produces time delays in the
oscillator, also in flip flop elements . The following diagram shows the 555 timer
integrated circuit. In our project, the 555 timer IC functions to set the speed of
running LED lights. Each pin of the 555 timer IC has its own function.

Figure 4: A NE555 timer

Pin Description of the 555 Timer IC

The 555 timer consists of 8 pins and these pins contain different types of functions.
The following table shows the functions of a 555 timer IC and its pin diagram.

Figure 5: Pin description

Pin No Pin Name Function of the Pin
1 Ground This pin is connected to Ground
This pin appears like a starter pistol to start the IC.
This trigger is an active low trigger. Because when
the 555 timer starts if the voltage on pin 2 is below
2 Trigger
1/3 of the main voltage. The output of the pin 3
goes higher when the 555 timer is triggered
through pin 2
The pin 3 is an output pin and the output is digital
nature. The output may be low or high. If the
output is low,then the value is close to 0V. If the
3 Output
output is high, then the value is close to +5V. The
output pin is connected to load to power the 555
timer
This pin is used to restart the 555 timer and it is
4 Reset
connected to the supply voltage.
This is used to control the voltage and it is
connected to the ground in most of the 555 circuits
Control
5 through a small capacitor of 0.1 micro F. This
Voltage
capacitor is used to avoid the faction in the power
supply voltage.
This pin is used to maintain the voltage across the
6 Threshold capacitor which is discharged with the help of the
pin 7.
This pin is a discharge pin it discharges the
7 Discharge external capacitor and worked as a conjunction
with the resistor to control the time interval.
The 555 timer gets the power supply from this pin
8 Power supply
the maximum power supply is not more than +5v.
Table 6: 555 timer function
Working Principle of 555 Timer

The working principle of the 555 timer is by considering the block diagram of the 555
timer IC. The first comparator has threshold input to pin 6 and control inputs for pin
5. The control input is used in some of the applications, but most of the applications
the control input is not used hence the control voltage is equal to +2/3 Vcc. The
output of the first comparator is given to the flip flop of set pin input. Whenever the
threshold voltage overcomes the control voltage then the first comparator is set to flip
flop and the output is very high.

The high output gives the flip flop saturation which discharges the transistor and
capacitor these are connected to pin 7. To the pin 3 the complementary signal is
connected and the output of this pin is low. These conditions are applied unless the
comparator 2 triggers the flip flop. If any cases occur threshold input is less than the
2/3 Vcc, then the first comparator can’t charge the charge flip flop. Hence, the first
comparator has the chances of high flip flops output high.

If the voltage at the trigger input is less than the 1/3 Vcc then the output of the flip-
flop changes to minimum or low. If the second comparator triggers output is
minimized to the flip flops. This situation is kept on continuing to the voltage of the
trigger input. The output is low for the second comparator with the help of flip flops.

Functions of 555 timer IC

 The 555 timer power supply has high range from +5volts to +18 volts.
 The load current for the 555 timer is sourcing 200 mA.
 The 555 timer has high output current and the output is driven for the TTL.
 To change in temperature in the 555 timer it has a temperature stability of 50
ppm/ degree.
 The duty cycle of the 555 timer has the maximum power dissipation.
5. 4017 IC counter

IC-4017 functions as a counter in our circuit.  It is a CMOS decade counter cum
decoder circuit which can work out of the box for most of our low range counting
applications. It can count from zero to ten and its outputs are decoded. It has 16 pins
which has different functions. This saves alot of space in a circuit .

Figure 7: IC 4017
 It has 16 pins and the functionality of each pin is explained as follows:

 Pin-1: It is the output 5. It goes high when the counter reads 5 counts.
 Pin-2: It is the output 1. It goes high when the counter reads 0 counts.
 Pin-3: It is the output 0. It goes high when the counter reads 0 counts.
 Pin-4: It is the output 2. It goes high when the counter reads 2 counts.
 Pin-5: It is the output 6. It goes high when the counter reads 6 counts.
 Pin-6: It is the output 7. It goes high when the counter reads 7 counts.
 Pin-7: It is the output 3. It goes high when the counter reads 3 counts.
 Pin-8: It is the Ground pin which should be connected to a LOW voltage (0V).
 Pin-9: It is the output 8. It goes high when the counter reads 8 counts.
 Pin-10: It is the output 4. It goes high when the counter reads 4 counts.
 Pin-11: It is the output 9. It goes high when the counter reads 9 counts.
 Pin-12: This is divided by 10 output which is used to cascade the IC with
another counter so as to enable counting greater than the range supported by a
single IC 4017. By cascading with another 4017 IC, we can count up to 20
numbers. We can increase and increase the range of counting by cascading it with
more and more IC 4017s.
 Pin-13: This pin is the disable pin. In normal mode of operation, this is
connected to ground or logic LOW voltage. If this pin is connected to logic HIGH
voltage, then the circuit will stop receiving pulses and so it will not advance the
count irrespective of number of pulses received from the clock.
 Pin-14: This pin is the clock input. This is the pin from where we need to give
the input clock pulses to the IC in order to advance the count. The count advances
on the rising edge of the clock.
 Pin-15: This is the reset pin which should be kept LOW for normal operation.
If you need to reset the IC, then you can connect this pin to HIGH voltage.
 Pin-16: This is the power supply (Vcc) pin. This should be given a HIGH
voltage of 3V to 15V for the IC to function.

Operating Principle of IC4017

The 555 IC will operate in a stable mode with a frequency of 14Hz. The 555 IC in the
circuit is used as a clock pulse generator to provide input clock pulses to the counter
IC 4017. The IC 555 in the circuit operates at a frequency of 14Hz, which means that
it produces about 14 clock pulses every second to the IC 4017.

IC 4017 is a digital counter plus decoder circuit. The clock pulses generated at the
output of IC 555 timer (PIN-3) is given as an input to IC 4017 through PIN-14.

Whenever a clock pulse is received at the clock input of IC 4017 counter, the counter
increments the count and activates the corresponding output PIN. When count is zero,
PIN-3 is HIGH, which means LED-1 will be ON and all the other LEDS are OFF.
After the next clock pulse, PIN-2 of IC 4017 is HIGH, which means that LED-2 will
glow and all the other LEDs can be turned OFF. This repeats and the LEDs turn ON
and OFF successively on each clock pulse thereby producing a circling effect
6. 1M Potentiometer (Controls the timing of pulse generated by 555

timer)

A potentiometer is an electrical component with a variable resistance.In electrical

engineering parlance, the term "potentiometer" is used in either one of two ways. It
may refer to an instrument that measures an unknown emf or voltage by comparing it
to a standard emf.A potentiometer is also referred to as a variable resistor or pot. They
have three terminals, where the one in the middle is known as the wiper, and the other
two are known as ends. The wiper is a movable contact where resistance is measured
with respect to it and either one of the end terminals.

They are useful for circuits where the resistance needs to be dynamically changed to
control the current. They are also popular as voltage dividers. The potentiometer in
our project functions as a vlotage controller. When the potentiometer is turned into
LOW mode, the LED lights blinks slowly. When its is turned HIGH mode, the LED
lights blinks and runs fast. Basically, its function is to control the speed of the running
lights in our project.

Figure 8: potentiometer
7. Capacitor

A capacitor, as its name implies, is capable of storing a fairly large electrical charge,

provided that its construction allows a large electrode surface area, and a dielectric

with suitably high dielectric constant is used. When a DC voltage is applied directly

from a power source, a current will momentarily flow in the conductor. As soon as the

electric potential difference between the electrodes is equal to the power source

voltage, the current stops and the charging process ends, meaning that the capacitor is

charged. 

8. Conclusion

The LED traffic Light circuit controls 3 LEDs (red, yellow and green) .The timing sequence is

generated using a CMOS 4017 decade counter and a 555 timer. Counter outputs 1

through 4 are wire 0 reducing 6 diodes so that the (Red) and (Green ) LEDs will be on

during the first four counts. The fifth count (pin 10) illuminates (Yellow ) and(Red).

Counts 6 through 9 are also wire Red using diodes toc ontrol (Red ) and (Green ). Count 10

(pin 11)controls (Red ) and (Yellow). The time period for the red and green lamps will be 4

times longer than for the yellow and the complete cycle time can be adjusted with the 100K

resistor. The 6 1N914diodes could be substituted with a dual 4 input OR gate

(CD4072).